Jessen’s type inequality and exponential convexity for positive $C_{0}$-semigroups

Abstract

In this paper a Jessen’s type inequality for normalized positive $C_{0}$-semigroups is obtained. An adjoint of Jessen’s type inequality has also been derived for the corresponding adjoint semigroup, which does not give the analogous results but the behavior is still interesting. Moreover, it is followed by some results regarding positive definiteness and exponential convexity of complex structures involving operators from a semigroup.

Introduction and preliminaries

A significant theory regarding inequalities and exponential convexity for real-valued functions has been developed [1, 2]. The intention to generalize such concepts for the $C_{0}$-semigroup of operators is motivated from [3].

In the present article, we shall derive a Jessen type inequality and the corresponding adjoint inequality, for some $C_{0}$-semigroup and the adjoint semigroup, respectively.

The notion of Banach lattice was introduced to get a common abstract setting, within which one could talk about the ordering of elements. Therefore, the phenomena related to positivity can be generalized. It had mostly been studied in various types of spaces of real-valued functions, e.g. the space $C(K)$ of continuous functions over a compact topological space K, the Lebesque space $L^{1}(\mu)$ or even more generally the space $L^{p}(\mu)$ constructed over measure space $(X,\Sigma,\mu)$ for $1\leq p\leq\infty$. We shall use without further explanation the terms: order relation (ordering), ordered set, supremum, infimum.

First, we shall go through the definition of a vector lattice.

Definition 1

[4]

Any (real) vector space V with an ordering satisfying:

$O_{1}$::

$f\leq g$ implies $f+h\leq g+h$ for all $f,g,h\in V$,

$O_{2}$::

$f\geq0$ implies $\lambda f\geq0$ for all $f\in V$ and $\lambda\geq0$,

is called an ordered vector space.

The axiom $O_{1}$, expresses the translation invariance and therefore implies that the ordering of an ordered vector space V is completely determined by the positive part $V_{+}=\{f\in V: f\geq0\}$ of V. In other words, $f\leq g$ if and only if $g-f\in V_{+}$. Moreover, the other property, $O_{2}$, reveals that the positive part of V is a convex set and a cone with vertex 0 (mostly called the positive cone of V).

• An ordered vector space V is called a vector lattice, if any two elements $f,g\in V$ have a supremum, which is denoted by $\sup(f,g)$ and an infimum denoted by $\inf(f,g)$.

  It is trivially understood that the existence of supremum of any two elements in an ordered vector space implies the existence of supremum of finite number of elements in V. Furthermore, $f\geq g$ implies $-f\leq-g$, so the existence of finite infima is therefore implied.

• Some important quantities are defined as follows:

  $$\begin{aligned}& \sup(f,-f) = \vert f\vert \quad (\mathit{absolute\ value\ of\ }f), \\& \sup(f,0) = f^{+}\quad (\mathit{positive\ part\ of\ }f), \\& \sup(-f,0) = f^{-} \quad (\mathit{negative\ part\ of\ }f). \end{aligned}$$

• Some compatibility axiom is required between norm and order. This is given in the following short way:

  $$ \vert f\vert \leq \vert g\vert \quad \mbox{implies}\quad \Vert f\Vert \leq \Vert g\Vert . $$

  (1)

  The norm defined on a vector lattice is called a lattice norm.

Now, we are in a position to define a Banach lattice in a formal way.

Definition 2

A Banach lattice is a Banach space V endowed with an ordering ≤, such that $(V,\leq)$ is a vector lattice with a lattice norm defined on it.

A Banach lattice transforms to Banach lattice algebra, provided $u,v\in V_{+}$ implies $uv\in V_{+}$.

A linear mapping ψ from an ordered Banach space V into itself is positive (denoted $\psi\geq0$) if $\psi f\in V_{+}$, for all $f\in V_{+}$. The set of all positive linear mappings forms a convex cone in the space $L(V)$ of all linear mappings from V into itself, defining the natural ordering of $L(V)$. The absolute value of ψ, if it exists, is given by

$$\vert \psi \vert (f)=\sup\bigl\{ \psi h: \vert h\vert \leq f\bigr\} \quad (f\in V_{+}). $$

Thus $\psi:V\rightarrow V$ is positive if and only if $\vert \psi f\vert \leq\psi \vert f\vert$ holds for any $f\in V$.

Lemma 1

([4], p.249)

A bounded linear operator ψ on a Banach lattice V is a positive contraction if and only if $\Vert (\psi f)^{+}\Vert \leq \Vert f^{+}\Vert$ for all $f\in V$.

An operator A on V satisfies the positive minimum principle if for all $f\in D(A)_{+}=D(A)\cap V_{+}$, $\phi\in V_{+}'$

$$ \langle f,\phi\rangle= 0 \quad \mbox{implies}\quad \langle Af,\phi\rangle \geq0. $$

(2)

Definition 3

A (one parameter) $C_{0}$-semigroup (or strongly continuous semigroup) of operators on a Banach space V is a family $\{Z(t)\}_{t\geq0}\subset B(V)$ such that:

• (i) $Z(s)Z(t)=Z(s+t)$ for all $s,t\in\mathbb{R}^{+}$.

• (ii) $Z(0)=I$, the identity operator on V.

• (iii) For each fixed $f\in V$, $Z(t)f\rightarrow f$ (with respect to the norm on V) as $t\rightarrow0^{+}$.

Here $B(V)$ denotes the space of all bounded linear operators defined on a Banach space V.

Definition 4

The (infinitesimal) generator of $\{Z(t)\}_{t\geq0}$ is the densely defined closed linear operator $A:V\supseteq D(A)\rightarrow R(A)\subseteq V$ such that

$$\begin{aligned}& D(A)=\Bigl\{ f:f\in V,\lim_{t\rightarrow0^{+}}A_{t}f \mbox{ exists in }V \Bigr\} , \\& Af=\lim_{t\rightarrow0^{+}}A_{t}f \quad \bigl(f\in D(A)\bigr), \end{aligned}$$

where, for $t> 0$,

$$A_{t}f=\frac{[Z(t)-I]f}{t}\quad (f\in V). $$

Let $\{Z(t)\}_{t\geq0}$ be the strongly continuous positive semigroup, defined on a Banach lattice V. The positivity of the semigroup is equivalent to

$$\bigl\vert Z(t)f\bigr\vert \leq Z(t)\vert f\vert ,\quad t\geq0, f\in V. $$

Here, for positive contraction semigroups $\{Z(t)\}_{t\geq0}$, defined on a Banach lattice V, we have

$$\bigl\Vert \bigl(Z(t)f\bigr)^{+}\bigr\Vert \leq\bigl\Vert f^{+}\bigr\Vert ,\quad \mbox{for all }f\in V. $$

Reference [4] guarantees the existence of the strongly continuous positive semigroups and positive contraction semigroups on a Banach lattice V, with some conditions imposed on the generator. A very important among them is that it must always satisfy (2).

A Banach algebra X, with the multiplicative identity element e, is called the unital Banach algebra. We shall call the strongly continuous semigroup $\{Z(t)\}_{t\geq0}$ defined on X a normalized semigroup whenever it satisfies

$$ Z(t) (e)=e, \quad \mbox{for all }t>0. $$

(3)

The notion of normalized semigroup is inspired by normalized functionals [2]. The theory presented in the next section is defined on such semigroups of positive linear operators defined on a Banach lattice V.

Jessen’s type inequality

In 1931, Jessen [5] gave the generalization of the Jensen’s inequality for a convex function and positive linear functionals. See [6], p.47. We shall prove this inequality for a normalized positive $C_{0}$-semigroup and a convex operator defined on a Banach lattice.

Throughout the present section, V will always denote a unital Banach lattice algebra, endowed with an ordering ≤.

Definition 5

Let U be a nonempty open convex subset of V. An operator $F:U\rightarrow V$ is convex if it satisfies

$$ F\bigl(tu+(1-t)v\bigr)\leq tF(u)+(1-t)F(v), $$

(4)

whenever $u,v\in U$ and $0\leq t\leq1$.

Let $\mathfrak{D}_{c}(V)$ denotes the set of all differentiable convex functions $\phi:V\rightarrow V$.

Theorem 1

(Jessen’s type inequality)

Let $\{Z(t)\}_{t\geq0}$ be the positive $C_{0}$-semigroup on V such that it satisfies (3). For an operator $\phi\in\mathfrak {D}_{c}(V)$ and $t\geq0$,

$$ \phi\bigl(Z(t)f\bigr)\leq Z(t) (\phi f),\quad f\in V. $$

(5)

Proof

Since $\phi:V\rightarrow V$ is convex and differentiable, by considering an operator analog of (Theorem A, p.98, [7]), we see, for any $f_{0}\in V$, that there is a fixed vector $m=m(f_{0})=\phi '(f_{0})$ such that

$$\phi(f)\geq\phi(f_{0})+m(f-f_{0}),\quad f\in V. $$

Using the property (3) along with the linearity and positivity of operators in a semigroup, we obtain

$$ Z(t) \bigl(\phi(f)\bigr)\geq\phi(f_{0})+m\bigl(Z(t)f-f_{0} \bigr),\quad f\in V,t\geq0. $$

In this inequality, set $f_{0}=Z(t)f$ and the assertion (5) follows. □

The existence of an identity element and condition (3), imposed in the hypothesis of the above theorem, is necessary. We shall elaborate all this by the following examples.

Example 1

Let $X:= C_{0}(\mathbb{R})$, $\{Z(t)\}_{t\geq0}$ be the left shift semigroup defined on X and ϕ taking the mirroring along y-axis. The identity function does not contain a compact support and therefore is not in X. We now take a bell-shaped curve like $f(x):= e^{-x^{2}}$, $x\in\mathbb{R}$. Then f is positive, $\phi f=f$, and $Z(t)(\phi f)$ has maximum at $x=-t$, and it is between 0 and 1 elsewhere. On the other hand, $\phi(Z(t)f)$ has a maximum at $s=t$ and it is immediate that we cannot compare the two functions in the usual ordering. See Figure 1(a).

Figure 1

Visualization of the behavior of Jessen’s inequality for examples 1 & 2.

Example 2

Let $\Gamma:=\{z\in\mathbb{C}:\vert z\vert =1\}$, and $X=C(\Gamma)$. The rotation semigroup $\{Z(t)\}_{t\geq0}$ is defined as $T(t)f(z)=f(e^{it}\cdot z)$, $f\in X$. The identity element $E\in X$, s.t. for all $z\in\Gamma$, $E(z)=z$. Then $Z(t)E(z)=E(e^{it}\cdot z)=e^{it}\cdot z$. Or we can say that any complex number $z=e^{ix}$ is mapped to $e^{i(x+t)}$. $Z(t)$ satisfies (3), only when t is a multiple of 2π. Let $f(z)=\mathfrak{R}(z)+1 >0$, then $(Z(t)f)(e^{iz})=f(e^{i(t+z)})=\cos(t+z)+1$, hence $\phi (Z(t)f)(e^{iz})=\cos(t-z)+1$. On the other hand, $\phi(f)=f$, and $Z(t)(\phi f)(e^{iz})=(Z(t)f)(e^{iz})=\cos(t+z)+1$. Hence, equality holds in (5) when t is a multiple of 2π, but the two sides are not comparable in general. It can easily be verified that $Z'=\{Z(2\pi t)\}_{t=0}^{\infty}$ is a subgroup of $Z=\{ Z(t)\}_{t=0}^{\infty}$, as $Z(2\pi t)Z(2\pi s)=Z(2\pi(t+s))$. Therefore $Z'$ is a normalized semigroup. See Figure 1(b).

Adjoint Jessen’s type inequality

In the previous section, a Jessen type inequality has been derived for a normalized positive $C_{0}$-semigroup $\{Z(t)\}_{t\geq0}$. This gives us the motivation toward finding the behavior of its corresponding adjoint semigroup $\{Z^{\ast}(t)\}_{t\geq0}$ on $V^{\ast}$. As the theory for dual spaces gets more complicated, we do not expect to have the analogous results. One may ask for a detailed introduction toward a part of the dual space $V^{\ast}$, for which an adjoint of Jessen’s type inequality makes sense.

Definition 6

Given two Banach spaces X and Y and a bounded linear operator $L:X\rightarrow Y$, recall that the adjoint $L^{\ast}: Y^{\ast}\rightarrow X^{\ast}$ is defined by

$$ \bigl(L^{\ast}y^{\ast}\bigr)x := y^{\ast}(Lx),\quad y^{\ast}\in Y^{\ast}, x\in X. $$

(6)

For a strongly continuous positive semigroup $\{Z(t)\}_{t\geq0}$ on a Banach space X, by defining $Z^{\ast}(t)=(Z(t))^{\ast}$ for every t, we get a corresponding adjoint semigroup $\{Z^{\ast}(t)\}_{t\geq0}$ on the dual space $X^{\ast}$. In [8], the result is obtained that the adjoint semigroup $\{ Z^{\ast}(t)\}_{t\geq0}$ fails in general to be strongly continuous. The investigation [9], shows that $\{Z^{\ast}(t)\}_{t\geq0}$ acts in a strongly continuous way on

$$ X^{\bigodot} := \Bigl\{ x^{\ast}\in X^{\ast}: \lim_{t\rightarrow0}\bigl\Vert Z^{\ast}(t)x^{\ast}-x^{\ast}\bigr\Vert =0\Bigr\} . $$

This is the maximal such subspace on $X^{\ast}$. The space $X^{\bigodot}$ was introduced by Philips in 1955 and later has been studied extensively by various authors. At the present moment, we do not necessarily require the strong continuity of the adjoint semigroup $\{Z^{\ast}(t)\} _{t\geq0}$ on $X^{\ast}$.

If X is an ordered vector space, we say that a functional $x^{\ast}$ on X is positive if $x^{\ast}(x)\geq0$, for each $x\in X$. By the linearity of $x^{\ast}$, this is equivalent to $x^{\ast}$ being order preserving; i.e. $x\leq y$ implies $x^{\ast}(x)\leq x^{\ast}(y)$. The set P of all positive linear functionals on X is a cone in $X^{\ast}$.

We are mainly interested in the study of the space $V^{\ast}$, where in our case V is a Banach lattice algebra. Let us consider the regular ordering among the elements of $V^{\ast}$, i.e. $v_{1}^{\ast}\geq v_{2}^{\ast}$, whenever $v_{1}^{\ast}(v)\geq v_{2}^{\ast}(v)$, for each $v\in V$.

Consider the convex operator (4). In the case of equality, F is simply a linear operator and the adjoint F can be defined as above. But how can it be defined in the other case? This question has already been answered.

In [10], some kind of adjoint has been associated to a nonlinear operator F. In fact, this is possible for Lipschitz continuous operators only. Consider the Banach space $\mathfrak{Lip}_{0}(X,Y)$ of all Lipschitz continuous operators $F : X \rightarrow Y$ satisfying $F(\theta) = \theta$, equipped with the norm

$$ [F]_{\mathrm{Lip}}= \sup_{x_{1}\neq x_{2}}\frac{\Vert F(x_{1})-F(x_{2})\Vert }{\Vert x_{1}-x_{2}\Vert },\quad x_{1},x_{2}\in X. $$

Here $\theta\in X$ is the identity. It is easy to see that the space $L(X, Y )$ of all bounded linear operators from X to Y is a closed subspace of $\mathfrak{Lip}_{0}(X,Y)$. In particular, we set

$$ \mathfrak{Lip}_{0}(X,\mathbb{K}):= X^{\sharp} $$

and call $X^{\sharp}$ the pseudo-dual space of X; this space contains the usual dual space $X^{\ast}$ as a closed subspace.

Definition 7

For $F\in\mathfrak{Lip}_{0}(X,Y)$, the pseudo-adjoint $F^{\sharp} : Y^{\sharp}\rightarrow X^{\sharp}$ of F is defined by

$$ F^{\sharp}\bigl(y^{\sharp}\bigr) (x) := y^{\sharp}\bigl(F(x)\bigr),\quad y^{\sharp}\in Y^{\sharp}, x\in X. $$

(7)

This is, of course, a straightforward generalization of (6); in fact, for linear operators L we have $L^{\sharp}|_{Y^{\ast}} = L^{\ast}$; i.e. the restriction of the pseudo-adjoint to the dual space is the classical adjoint.

For the sake of convenience, we shall denote the adjoint of the operator F by $F^{\ast}$ throughout the present section. Either it is a classical adjoint or the pseudo-adjoint (depending upon the operator F).

Similarly, the considered dual space of the vector lattice algebra V will be denoted by $V^{\ast}$, which can be the intersection of the pseudo-dual and classical dual spaces in the case of a nonlinear convex operator.

Lemma 2

Let F be the convex operator on a Banach space X, then the adjoint operator $F^{\ast}$ on the dual space $X^{\ast}$ is also convex.

Proof

For $x\in X$ and $0\leq\lambda\leq1$

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl(F^{\ast}\bigl(\lambda x_{1}^{\ast}+(1- \lambda)x_{2}^{\ast}\bigr),x\bigr) =& \bigl(\lambda x_{1}^{\ast}+(1-\lambda)x_{2}^{\ast}, F(x) \bigr), \\ =& \lambda\bigl(x_{1}^{\ast}, F(x)\bigr)+(1-\lambda) \bigl(x_{2}^{\ast},F(x)\bigr), \end{aligned}$$

where $x_{1}^{\ast},x_{2}^{\ast}\in X^{\ast}$. By putting $x=\mu x+(1-\mu)x$, for $0\leq\mu\leq1$ and using the convexity of the operator F we finally get

$$ F^{\ast}\bigl(\lambda x_{1}^{\ast}+(1- \lambda)x_{2}^{\ast}\bigr)\leq\lambda F^{\ast}\bigl(x_{1}^{\ast}\bigr)+(1-\lambda)F^{\ast}\bigl(x_{2}^{\ast}\bigr). $$

Hence, $F^{\ast}$ is convex on $X^{\ast}$. □

Theorem 2

(Adjoint Jessen’s inequality)

Let $\{Z^{\ast}(t)\}_{t\geq0}$ be the adjoint semigroup on $V^{\ast}$ such that the original semigroup $\{Z(t)\}_{t\geq0}$, the operator ϕ and the space V are same as in Theorem  1. For a convex operator $\phi^{\ast}: V^{\ast}\rightarrow V^{\ast}$ and $t\geq0$

$$ \phi^{\ast}\bigl(Z^{\ast}(t)f^{\ast}\bigr) \geq Z^{\ast}(t) \bigl(\phi^{\ast}f^{\ast}\bigr),\quad f^{\ast}\in V^{\ast}. $$

(8)

Proof

For $f\in V$ and $t\geq0$, consider

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl(\phi^{\ast}\bigl[Z^{\ast}(t)f^{\ast}\bigr],f\bigr) =& \bigl(Z^{\ast}(t)f^{\ast},\phi(f)\bigr) \\ =& \bigl(f^{\ast},Z(t) (\phi f)\bigr) \\ \geq& \bigl(f^{\ast},\phi\bigl(Z(t)f\bigr)\bigr) \\ =& \bigl(\phi^{\ast}\bigl(f^{\ast}\bigr),Z(t)f\bigr) \\ =& \bigl(Z^{\ast}(t)\bigl[\phi^{\ast}f^{\ast}\bigr],f \bigr). \end{aligned}$$

Therefore, the assertion (8) is satisfied. □

Exponential convexity

In this section we shall define the exponential convexity of an operator. Moreover, some complex structures, involving the operators from a semigroup, will be proved to be exponentially convex.

Definition 8

Let V be a Banach lattice endowed with ordering ≤. An operator $H:I\rightarrow V$ is exponentially convex if it is continuous and for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$

$$ \sum_{i,j=1}^{n} \xi_{i}\xi_{j} H(x_{i}+x_{j})f\geq0,\quad f \in V, $$

(9)

where $\xi_{i}\in\mathbb{R}$ such that $x_{i}+x_{j}\in I\subseteq\mathbb{R}$, $1\leq i,j\leq n$.

Proposition 1

Let V be a Banach lattice endowed with ordering ≤. For an operator $H:I\rightarrow V$, the following propositions are equivalent:

• (i) H is exponentially convex.

• (ii) H is continuous and for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$

  $$ \sum_{i,j=1}^{n} \xi_{i}\xi_{j} H \biggl(\frac{x_{i}+x_{j}}{2} \biggr)f\geq0,\quad f \in V, $$

  (10)

  where $\xi_{i}\in\mathbb{R}$ and $x_{i}\in I\subseteq\mathbb{R}$, $1\leq i\leq n$.

Proof

(i) ⇒ (ii). Take any $\xi_{i}\in\mathbb{R}$ and $x_{i}\in I$, $1\leq i\leq n$. Since the interval $I\subseteq\mathbb{R}$ is convex, the midpoints $\frac {x_{i}+x_{j}}{2}\in I$. Now set $y_{i}=\frac{x_{i}}{2}$, for $1\leq i\leq n$. Then we have $y_{i}+y_{j}=\frac{x_{i}+x_{j}}{2}\in I$, for all $1\leq i,j\leq n$. Therefore, for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$, we can apply (i) to get

$$ \sum_{i,j=1}^{n}\xi_{i} \xi_{j} H(y_{i}+y_{j})f=\sum _{i,j=1}^{n}\xi_{i}\xi_{j} H \biggl(\frac{x_{i}+x_{j}}{2} \biggr)f\geq0,\quad f\in V. $$

(ii) ⇒ (i). Let $\xi_{i},x_{i}\in\mathbb{R}$, such that $x_{i}+x_{j}\in I$, for $1\leq i,j\leq n$. Define $y_{i}=2x_{i}$, so that $x_{i}+x_{j}=\frac{y_{i}+y_{j}}{2}\in I$. Therefore, for all $n\in\mathbb{N}$, we can apply (ii) to get

$$ \sum_{i,j=1}^{n}\xi_{i} \xi_{j} H \biggl(\frac{y_{i}+y_{j}}{2} \biggr)f = \sum _{i,j=1}^{n}\xi_{i}\xi_{j} H(x_{i}+x_{j})f\geq0, \quad f\in V. $$

 □

Remark 1

Let H be an exponentially convex operator. Writing down the fact for $n=1$, in (10), we get $H(x)f\geq0$, for $x\in I$ and $f\in V$. For $n=2$, we have

$$ \xi_{1}^{2}H(x_{1})f+2\xi_{1} \xi_{2} H \biggl(\frac{x_{1}+x_{2}}{2} \biggr)f+\xi _{2}^{2}H(x_{2})f \geq0. $$

Hence, for $\xi_{1}=-1$ and $\xi_{2}=1$, we have

$$ H \biggl(\frac{x_{1}+x_{2}}{2} \biggr)f\leq\frac{H(x_{1})f+H(x_{2})f}{2}, $$

i.e. $H:I\rightarrow V$ does indeed satisfy the condition of convexity.

For $U\subseteq V$, let us assume that $F:U\rightarrow V$ is continuously differentiable on U, i.e. the mapping $F': U\rightarrow\mathfrak{L}(V)$, is continuous. Moreover, $F''(f)$, will be a continuous linear transformation from V to $\mathfrak{L}(V)$. A bilinear transformation B defined on $V\times V$ is symmetric if $B(f,g)=B(g,f)$ for all $f,g\in V$. Such a transformation is positive definite (nonnegative definite), if for every nonzero $f\in V$, $B(f,f)>0$ ($B(f,f)\geq0$). Then $F''(f)$ is symmetric wherever it exists. See [7], p.69.

Theorem 3

([7], p.100)

Let F be continuously differentiable and suppose that the second derivative exists throughout an open convex set $U\subseteq V$. Then F is convex on U if and only if $F''(f)$ is nonnegative definite for each $f\in U$. If $F''(f)$ is positive definite on U, then F is strictly convex.

Definition 9

[11]

Let V be a Banach algebra with unit e. For $f\in V$, we define a function $\log(f)$ from V to V,

$$ \log(f)= -\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{(e-f)^{n}}{n}= -(e-f)-\frac {(e-f)^{2}}{2}-\frac{(e-f)^{3}}{3}-\cdots $$

for $\Vert (e-x)\Vert \leq1$.

Lemma 3

Let V be a unital Banach algebra. For $f\in V$, a family of operators $F_{t}$ is defined as

$$ F_{t}(f)= \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{f^{t}}{t(t-1)}, & t\neq0,1; \\ -\log f, & t=0;\\ f\log f, & t=1. \end{cases} $$

(11)

Then $D^{2}F_{t}(f):= f^{t-2}$. Whenever $f\in V_{+}$, $D^{2}F_{t}(f)\in V_{+}$, therefore by Theorem  3, the mapping $f\rightarrow F_{t}(f)$ is convex.

Theorem 4

Let $\{Z(t)\}_{t\geq0}$ be the positive $C_{0}$-semigroup, defined on a unital Banach lattice algebra V, such that it satisfies (3). Let $f\in V$, such that $f^{r}\in V$, for $r\in\mathbb{R}\supseteq I \{ 0,1\}$, $\log f\in V$, if $r=0$ and $f \log f\in V$, if $r=1$. Let us define

$$ \Lambda_{t} := Z(t) \bigl(F_{t}(f)\bigr)-F_{t} \bigl(Z(t)f\bigr) . $$

(12)

Then:

• (i) For every $n\in\mathbb{N}$ and for every $p_{k}\in I$, $k=1,2,\ldots,n$,

  $$ [\Lambda_{\frac{p_{i}+p_{j}}{2}} ]_{i,j=1}^{n}\geq0. $$

  (13)

• (ii) If the mapping $f\rightarrow\Lambda_{t}$ is continuous on I, then it is exponentially convex on I.

Proof

Consider the operator

$$ G(f)=\sum_{i,j=1}^{n} u_{i}u_{j} F_{p_{ij}}(f) $$

for $f>0$, $u_{i}\in\mathbb{R}$ and $p_{ij}\in I$ where $p_{ij}=\frac {p_{i}+p_{j}}{2}$. Then

$$ D^{2}G(f):= \sum_{i,j=1}^{n}u_{i}u_{j}f^{p_{ij}-2}= \Biggl(\sum_{i=1}^{1} u_{i}f^{\frac{p_{i}}{2}-1} \Biggr)^{2}\geq0,\quad f>0. $$

So, $G(f)$ is a convex operator. Therefore by applying (5) we get

$$ \sum_{i,j=1}^{n} u_{i}u_{j} \Lambda_{p_{ij}}\geq0, $$

and the assertion (13) follows. Assuming the continuity and using Proposition 1 we have also exponential convexity of the operator $f\rightarrow\Lambda_{t}$. □

Lemma 4

Let V be a unital Banach algebra, for $f\in V$, let us define the following family of operators:

$$ H_{t}(f)= \textstyle\begin{cases} \frac{e^{tf}}{t^{2}}, & t\neq0; \\ \frac{f^{2}}{2}, & t=0. \end{cases} $$

Then $D^{2}H_{t}(f)=e^{tf}$. By Theorem  3, the mapping $f\rightarrow H_{t}(f)$ is convex on V.

Theorem 5

For $\Lambda_{t} := Z(t)(H_{t}(f))-H_{t}(Z(t)f)$, (i) and (ii) from Theorem  4 hold.

Proof

Similar to the proof of Theorem 4. □