Some topological and geometrical properties of new Banach sequence spaces

Let ω be the space of all real-valued sequences. Any vector subspace of ω is called a sequence space. By ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}$, c, $c_0$ and ${\ell }_p$ ($1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$), we denote the sets of all bounded, convergent, null sequences and p-absolutely convergent series, respectively. Also, we use the conventions that $e=(1,1,\dots )$ and $e^{(n)}$ is the sequence whose only non-zero term is 1 in the n th place for each $n\in \mathbb{N}$, where $\mathbb{N}=\{0,1,2,\dots \}$.

For simplicity in notation, here and in what follows, the summation without limits runs from 0 to ∞. Also, if $x\in \omega$, then we write $x=(x_k)$ instead of $x={(x_k)}_{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}$.

By $(X,Y)$, we denote the class of all matrices A such that $A:X\to Y$. Thus, $A\in (X,Y)$ if and only if the series on the right-hand side of (1.1) converges for each $n\in \mathbb{N}$ and every $x\in X$ and we have $Ax\in Y$ for all $x\in X$.

which is a sequence space.

The approach constructing a new sequence space by means of the matrix domain of a particular limitation method has recently been employed by several authors; see, for instance, [1–12].

was examined by Ahmad and Mursaleen [16] and Malkowsky [17], where $\lambda (p)$ is any of the paranormed spaces ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}(p)$, $c(p)$ and $c_0(p)$ defined by Simons [18] and Maddox [19].

for all $n,k\in \mathbb{N}$ and $r,s,t\in \mathbb{R}-\{0\}$. Also in [23–34], the authors studied some difference sequence spaces.

In this paper, we define the Fibonacci difference matrix $\hat{F}$ by using the Fibonacci sequence ${\{f_n\}}_{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}$ and introduce new sequence spaces ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ and ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}(\hat{F})$ related to the matrix domain of $\hat{F}$ in the sequence spaces ${\ell }_p$ and ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}$, respectively, where $1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$. This study is organized as follows.

In Section 2, we give some notations and basic concepts including the Fibonacci sequence and a BK-space. In Section 3, we define a new band matrix with Fibonacci numbers and introduce the sequence spaces ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ and ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}(\hat{F})$. Also, we establish some inclusion relations concerning these spaces and construct the basis of the space ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ for $1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$. In Section 4, we determine the α-, β-, γ-duals of the spaces ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ and ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}(\hat{F})$. In Section 5, we characterize the classes $({\ell }_p(\hat{F}),X)$ and $({\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}(\hat{F}),X)$, where $1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$ and X is any of the spaces ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}$, ${\ell }_1$, c and $c_0$. In the final section of the paper, we investigate some geometric properties of the space ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ for $1<p<\mathrm{\infty }$.

Fibonacci numbers have many interesting properties and applications in arts, sciences and architecture. For example, the ratio sequences of Fibonacci numbers converges to the golden ratio which is important in sciences and arts. Also, some basic properties of Fibonacci numbers [35] are given as follows:

Substituting for $f_{n+1}$ in Cassini’s formula yields $f_{n-1}^2+f_n{f}_{n-1}-f_n^2={(-1)}^{n+1}$.

A sequence space X is called a FK-space if it is a complete linear metric space with continuous coordinates $p_n:X\to \mathbb{R}$ ($n\in \mathbb{N}$), where ℝ denotes the real field and $p_n(x)=x_n$ for all $x=(x_k)\in X$ and every $n\in \mathbb{N}$. A BK space is a normed FK space, that is, a BK-space is a Banach space with continuous coordinates. The space ${\ell }_p$ ($1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$) is a BK-space with ${\parallel x\parallel }_p={({\sum }_{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}|x_k{|}^p)}^{1/p}$ and $c_0$, c and ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}$ are BK-spaces with ${\parallel x\parallel }_{\mathrm{\infty }}={sup}_k|x_k|$.

A sequence $(b_n)$ in a normed space X is called a Schauder basis for X if for every $x\in X$, there is a unique sequence $({\alpha }_n)$ of scalars such that $x={\sum }_n{\alpha }_n{b}_n$, i.e., ${lim}_{m\to \mathrm{\infty }}\parallel x-{\sum }_{n=0}^m{\alpha }_n{b}_n\parallel =0$.

The α-, β- and γ-duals of the sequence space X are respectively defined by

where cs and bs are the sequence spaces of all convergent and bounded series, respectively [36].

We assume throughout that $p,q\ge 1$ with $p^{-1}+q^{-1}=1$ and denote the collection of all finite subsets of ℕ by ℱ.

In this section, we define the Fibonacci band matrix $\hat{F}=({\hat{f}}_{nk})$ and introduce the sequence spaces ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ and ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}(\hat{F})$, where $1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$. Also, we present some inclusion theorems and construct the Schauder basis of the space ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ for$1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$.

Now, we introduce the Fibonacci difference sequence spaces ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ and ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}(\hat{F})$ as the set of all sequences such that their $\hat{F}$-transforms are in the space ${\ell }_p$ and ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}$, respectively, i.e.,

Now, we may begin with the following theorem which is essential in the text.

Theorem 3.1 Let $1\le p\le \mathrm{\infty }$. Then ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ is a BK-space with the norm , that is,

${\parallel x\parallel }_{{\ell }_p(\hat{F})}={\left(\sum _n\right|{\hat{F}}_n(x){|}^p)}^{1/p}(1\le p<\mathrm{\infty })$

Proof Since (3.1) holds, ${\ell }_p$ and ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}$ are BK-spaces with respect to their natural norms and the matrix $\hat{F}$ is a triangle; Theorem 4.3.12 of Wilansky [[37], p.63] gives the fact that the spaces ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ and ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}(\hat{F})$ are BK-spaces with the given norms, where $1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$. This completes the proof. □

Remark 3.2 One can easily check that the absolute property does not hold on the spaces ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ and ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}(\hat{F})$, that is, ${\parallel x\parallel }_{{\ell }_p(\hat{F})}\ne {\parallel |x|\parallel }_{{\ell }_p(\hat{F})}$ and ${\parallel x\parallel }_{{\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}(\hat{F})}\ne {\parallel |x|\parallel }_{{\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}(\hat{F})}$ for at least one sequence in the spaces ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ and ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}(\hat{F})$, and this shows that ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ and ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}(\hat{F})$ are the sequence spaces of non-absolute type, where $|x|=(|x_k|)$ and $1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$.

Theorem 3.3 The Fibonacci difference sequence space ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ of non-absolute type is linearly isomorphic to the space ${\ell }_p$, that is, ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})\cong {\ell }_p$ for $1\le p\le \mathrm{\infty }$.

Proof To prove this, we should show the existence of a linear bijection between the spaces ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ and ${\ell }_p$ for $1\le p\le \mathrm{\infty }$. Consider the transformation T defined, with the notation of (3.2), from ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ to ${\ell }_p$ by $x\to y=Tx$. Then $Tx=y=\hat{F}x\in {\ell }_p$ for every $x\in {\ell }_p(\hat{F})$. Also, the linearity of T is clear. Further, it is trivial that $x=0$ whenever $Tx=0$ and hence T is injective.

Then, in the cases $1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$ and $p=\mathrm{\infty }$, we get

respectively. Thus, we have $x\in {\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ ($1\le p\le \mathrm{\infty }$). Hence, T is surjective and norm preserving. Consequently, T is a linear bijection which shows that the spaces ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ and ${\ell }_p$ are linearly isomorphic for $1\le p\le \mathrm{\infty }$. This concludes the proof. □

Now, we give some inclusion relations concerning the space ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$.

Theorem 3.4 The inclusion ${\ell }_p\subset {\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ strictly holds for $1\le p\le \mathrm{\infty }$.

Proof To prove the validity of the inclusion ${\ell }_p\subset {\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ for $1\le p\le \mathrm{\infty }$, it suffices to show the existence of a number $M>0$ such that ${\parallel x\parallel }_{{\ell }_p(\hat{F})}\le M{\parallel x\parallel }_p$ for every $x\in {\ell }_p$.

which together yield, as expected,

(3.4)

for $1<p\le \mathrm{\infty }$. Further, since the sequence $x=(x_k)=(f_{k+1}^2)=(1,2^2,3^2,5^2,\dots )$ is in ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})-{\ell }_p$, the inclusion ${\ell }_p\subset {\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ is strict for $1<p\le \mathrm{\infty }$. Similarly, one can easily prove that inequality (3.4) also holds in the case $p=1$, and so we omit the details. This completes the proof. □

Theorem 3.5 Neither of the spaces $b{v}_p$ and ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ includes the other one, where $1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$.

Then $|{(-1)}^k-f_k{f}_{k+1}|>f_k{f}_{k+1}$ whenever k is odd, which implies that the series ${\sum }_k|\frac{f_k}{f_{k+1}}-\frac{f_{k+1}}{f_k}{|}^p$ is not convergent, where $1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$. Thus, $\hat{F}e=(\frac{f_k}{f_{k+1}}-\frac{f_{k+1}}{f_k})$ is not in ${\ell }_p$ for $1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$. Additionally, since $\mathrm{\Delta }e=(1,0,0,\dots )$, the sequence e is in ${\ell }_p$. Hence, the sequence spaces ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ and $b{v}_p$ overlap but neither contains the other, as asserted. □

Theorem 3.6 If $1\le p<s$, then ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})\subset {\ell }_s(\hat{F})$.

Proof Let $1\le p<s$ and $x\in {\ell }_p(\hat{F})$. Then we obtain from Theorem 3.1 that $y\in {\ell }_p$, where y is the sequence given by (3.2). Thus, the well-known inclusion ${\ell }_p\subset {\ell }_s$ yields $y\in {\ell }_s$. This means that $x\in {\ell }_s(\hat{F})$ and hence, the inclusion ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})\subset {\ell }_s(\hat{F})$ holds. This completes the proof. □

Now, we give a sequence of the points of the space ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ which forms a basis for the space ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ ($1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$).

Proof Let $1\le p<\mathrm{\infty }$. Then it is obvious by (3.5) that $\hat{F}(c^{(k)})=e^{(k)}\in {\ell }_p$ ($k\in \mathbb{N}$) and hence $c^{(k)}\in {\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ for all $k\in \mathbb{N}$.

which shows that ${lim}_{m\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\parallel x-x^{(m)}\parallel }_{{\ell }_p(\hat{F})}=0$ and hence x is represented as in (3.6).

Hence, the representation (3.6) of $x\in {\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ is unique. This concludes the proof. □

In this section, we determine the α-, β- and γ-duals of the sequence space ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ of non-absolute type. Since the case $p=1$ can be proved by analogy, we omit the proof of that case and consider only the case $1<p\le \mathrm{\infty }$ in the proof of Theorems 4.5 and 4.6, respectively.

The following known results [38] are fundamental for our investigation.

Lemma 4.2 $A=(a_{nk})\in ({\ell }_p,c)$ if and only if

(4.1)

(4.2)

Lemma 4.4 $A=(a_{nk})\in ({\ell }_p,{\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }})$ if and only if (4.2) holds with $1<p\le \mathrm{\infty }$.

where $1<p\le \mathrm{\infty }$.

which implies that ${({\ell }_p(\hat{F}))}^{\alpha }={\hat{d}}_1$. □

Theorem 4.6 Define the sets ${\hat{d}}_2$, ${\hat{d}}_3$ and ${\hat{d}}_4$ by

Then ${({\ell }_p(\hat{F}))}^{\beta }={\hat{d}}_2\cap {\hat{d}}_3$ and ${({\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}(\hat{F}))}^{\beta }={\hat{d}}_2\cap {\hat{d}}_4$, where $1<p<\mathrm{\infty }$.

Then we deduce from Lemma 4.2 with (3.2) that $ax=(a_k{x}_k)\in cs$ whenever $x=(x_k)\in {\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ if and only if $Dy\in c$ whenever $y=(y_k)\in {\ell }_p$. Thus, $(a_k)\in {({\ell }_p(\hat{F}))}^{\beta }$ if and only if $(a_k)\in {\hat{d}}_2$ and $(a_k)\in {\hat{d}}_3$ by (4.1) and (4.2), respectively. Hence, ${({\ell }_p(\hat{F}))}^{\beta }={\hat{d}}_2\cap {\hat{d}}_3$. It is clear that one can also prove the case $p=\mathrm{\infty }$ by the technique used in the proof of the case $1<p<\mathrm{\infty }$ with Lemma 4.3 instead of Lemma 4.2. So, we leave the detailed proof to the reader. □

Theorem 4.7 ${({\ell }_p(\hat{F}))}^{\gamma }={\hat{d}}_3$, where $1<p\le \mathrm{\infty }$.

Proof This result can be obtained from Lemma 4.4 by using (4.5). □

In this section, we characterize the classes $({\ell }_p(\hat{F}),X)$, where $1\le p\le \mathrm{\infty }$ and X is any of the spaces ${\ell }_{\mathrm{\infty }}$, ${\ell }_1$, c and $c_0$.

for all $k,n\in \mathbb{N}$.

The following lemma is essential for our results.

Lemma 5.1 (see [[21], Theorem 4.1])

and $c_{nk}={\sum }_{j=k}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{a}_{nj}{v}_{jk}$ for all $k,m,n\in \mathbb{N}$.

Now, we list the following conditions:

(5.1)

(5.2)

(5.3)

(5.4)

(5.5)

(5.6)

(5.7)

(5.8)

(5.9)

(5.10)

(5.11)

(5.12)

Then, by combining Lemma 5.1 with the results in [38], we immediately derive the following results.

In this section, we study some geometric properties of the space ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ for $1<p<\mathrm{\infty }$.

For these properties, we refer to [3, 39–47].

A Banach space X is said to have the weak Banach-Saks property whenever, given any weakly null sequence $(x_n)\subset X$, there exists a subsequence $(z_n)$ of $(x_n)$ such that the sequence $\{t_k(z)\}$ is strongly convergent to zero.

where $B(X)$ denotes the unit ball of X.

Remark 6.1 A Banach space X with $R(X)<2$ has the weak fixed point property [44].

for all $n\in \mathbb{N}$ ( see [45]).

Now, we may give the following results related to some geometric properties, mentioned above, of the space ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$, where $1<p<\mathrm{\infty }$.

Theorem 6.2 Let $1<p<\mathrm{\infty }$. Then the space ${\ell }_p(\hat{F})$ has the Banach-Saks type p.

when $n\ge n_3$.