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Some identities of higher-order Bernoulli, Euler, and Hermite polynomials arising from umbral calculus
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2013, Article number: 211 (2013)
Abstract
In this paper, we study umbral calculus to have alternative ways of obtaining our results. That is, we derive some interesting identities of the higher-order Bernoulli, Euler, and Hermite polynomials arising from umbral calculus to have alternative ways.
MSC:05A10, 05A19.
1 Introduction
As is well known, the Hermite polynomials are defined by the generating function to be
with the usual convention about replacing by (see [1, 2]). In the special case, , are called the nth Hermite numbers. The Bernoulli polynomials of order r are given by the generating function to be
From (1.2), the n th Bernoulli numbers of order r are defined by (see [1–16]). The higher-order Euler polynomials are also defined by the generating function to be
and are called the nth Euler numbers of order r (see [1–16]).
The first Stirling number is given by
and the second Stirling number is defined by the generating function to be
For , the Frobenius-Euler polynomials are given by
In the special case, , are called the nth Frobenius-Euler numbers of order r.
Let ℱ be the set of all formal power series in the variable t over ℂ with
Let us assume that â„™ is the algebra of polynomials in the variable x over â„‚ and that is the vector space of all linear functionals on â„™. denotes the action of the linear functional L on a polynomial , and we remind that the vector space structure on is defined by
where c is a complex constant (see [8, 10, 13]).
The formal power series defines a linear functional on â„™ by setting
Then, by (1.7), we get
where is the Kronecker symbol (see [8, 10, 13]).
Let (see [13]). For , we have . The map is a vector space isomorphism from onto ℱ. Henceforth, ℱ will be thought of as both a formal power series and a linear functional. We will call ℱ the umbral algebra. The umbral calculus is the study of umbral algebra (see [8, 10, 13]).
The order of the non-zero power series is the smallest integer k for which the coefficient of does not vanish. A series having is called a delta series, and a series having is called an invertible series. Let be a delta series and let be an invertible series. Then there exists a unique sequence of polynomials such that , where . The sequence is called a Sheffer sequence for , which is denoted by . By (1.7) and (1.8), we see that . For and , we have
and, by (1.9), we get
Thus, from (1.10), we have
In [8, 10, 13], we note that .
For , we have
where is the compositional inverse of . For and , let us assume that
Then we have
Equations (1.13) and (1.14) are called the alternative ways of Sheffer sequences.
In this paper, we study umbral calculus to have alternative ways of obtaining our results. That is, we derive some interesting identities of the higher-order Bernoulli, Euler, and Hermite polynomials arising from umbral calculus to have alternative ways.
2 Some identities of higher-order Bernoulli, Euler, and Hermite polynomials
In this section, we use umbral calculus to have alternative ways of obtaining our results. Let us consider the following Sheffer sequences:
Then, by (1.13), we assume that
From (1.14) and (2.2), we have
Therefore, by (2.2) and (2.3), we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.1 For , we have
Let us consider the following two Sheffer sequences:
Let us assume that
By (1.14) and (2.4), we get
Therefore, by (2.5) and (2.6), we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.2 For , we have
Consider
Let us assume that
By (1.14), we get
Therefore, by (2.8) and (2.9), we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.3 For , we have
Let us assume that
From (1.14), (2.1), and (2.10), we have
Therefore, (2.10) and (2.11), we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.4 For , we have
Note that . Thus, we have
From (2.12), we have
By (2.11) and (2.13), we also see that
Therefore, by (2.10) and (2.14), we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.5 For , we have
Let us assume that
From (1.14), (2.4), and (2.15), we have
From (2.13) and (2.16), we have
For , by (1.5) and (2.17), we get
Therefore, by (2.15) and (2.18), we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.6 For , we have
Let us assume that . For , by (2.18), we get
For , by (2.17), we get
Therefore, by (2.15), (2.19), and (2.20), we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.7 For , we have
Let us assume that
Then, by (1.14), (2.7), and (2.21), we get
By (2.13) and (2.22), we get
Therefore, by (2.21) and (2.23), we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 2.8 For , we have
Remark From (2.22), we have
Thus, by (2.21) and (2.24), we get
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Acknowledgements
This paper is supported in part by the Research Grant of Kwangwoon University in 2013.
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Kim, D.S., Kim, T., Dolgy, D.V. et al. Some identities of higher-order Bernoulli, Euler, and Hermite polynomials arising from umbral calculus. J Inequal Appl 2013, 211 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-211
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-211