Homoclinic classes with shadowing
- Jiweon Ahn1,
- Keonhee Lee1 and
- Manseob Lee2Email author
https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2012-97
© Ahn et al; licensee Springer. 2012
Received: 10 November 2011
Accepted: 23 April 2012
Published: 23 April 2012
Abstract
We show that for C1 generic diffeomorphisms, an isolated homoclinic class is shadow-able if and only if it is a hyperbolic basic set.
Mathematics Subject Classification 2000: 37C20; 37C05; 37C29; 37D05.
Keywords
1 Introduction
Let M be a closed C∞ manifold, and denote by d the distance on M induced from the Riemannian metric ∥ · ∥ on the tangent bundle TM. Denote by Diff(M) the space of diffeo-morphisms of M endowed with the C1-topology. Let f ∈ Diff(M). For δ > 0, a sequence of points in M is called a δ-pseudo orbit of f if d(f(x i ),xi+1) < δ for all a ≤ i ≤ b - 1. A closed f-invariant set Λ ⊂ M is said to be chain transitive if for any points x, y ⇝ Λ and δ > 0, there is a δ-pseudo orbit of f such that and . For given x, y ∈ M, we write x ⇝ y if for any δ > 0, there is a δ-pseudo orbit of f such that x a = x and x b = y. Write x ↭ y if x ⇝ y and y ⇝ x. The set of points {x ∈ M : x ↭ x} is called the chain recurrent set of f and is denoted by . If we denote the set of periodic points f by P(f), then , where Ω(f) is the non-wandering set of f. The relation ↭ on induces an equivalence relation, whose classes are called chain components of f. Every chain component of f is a closed f-invariant set.
Denote by f|Λ the restriction of f to the set Λ. We say that f|Λ has the shadowing property (or, Λ is shadowable for f) if for any ϵ > 0 there is δ > 0 such that for any δ-pseudo orbit {x i }i∈ℤ⊂ Λ of f there is y ∈ M such that d(f i (y),x i ) < ϵ, for i ∈ ℤ.
are C1-injectively immersed submanifolds of M. Every point in the transversal intersection (W s (p) ⋔ W u (p)) of W s (p) and W u (p) is called the homoclinic point of f associated to p. The closure of the homoclinic points of f associated to p is called the homoclinic class of f and it is denoted by H f (p).
Note that the homoclinic class H f (p) is a subset of the chain component C f (p) of f containing p. We consider only the hyperbolic periodic orbits of saddle type. We say that two hyperbolic periodic points p and q are homoclinically related, and write p ~ q, if and . We know that if p ~ q then index(p) = index(q). Here index(p) denotes the dimension of the stable manifold W s (p) of p. By Smale's transverse homoclinic theorem, we know that the closure of the set of homoclinically related points with a hyperbolic periodic point p is the homoclinic class H f (p) of f associated to p.
for all x ∈ Λ and n ≥ 0. It is well-known that if Λ is hyperbolic, then Λ is shadowable.
We say that Λ is isolated (or locally maximal) if there is a compact neighborhood U of Λ such that ∩n∈ℤf n (U) = Λ. We say that a subset is residual if contains the intersection of a countable family of open and dense subsets of Diff (M); in this case, is dense in Diff(M). A property "P" is said to be (C1)-generic if "P" holds for all diffeo-morphisms which belong to a residual subset of Diff(M). We use the terminology "for C1 generic f" to express "there is a residual subset such that for any ...".
In [1], Abdenur and Díaz posed the following conjecture:
Conjecture. For C1 generic f, f is shadowable if and only if it is hyperbolic.
In this article, we gives a partial answer to the above conjecture. First, we show that C1-generically, the chain recurrent set is hyperbolic if and only if it has the shadowing property. Next, we prove that C1-generically, the isolated homoclinic class containing a hyperbolic periodic point is shadowable if and only if it is hyperbolic.
It is explain in [2] that every C1-generic diffeomorphism come in one of two types: tame diffeomorphisms, which have a finite number of homoclinic classes and whose nonwandering sets admits partitions into a finite number of disjoint transitive sets; and wild diffeomor-phisms, which have an infinite number of homoclinic classes and whose nonwandering sets admit no such partitions. It is easy to show that if a diffeomorphism has a finite number of chain components, then every chain component is locally maximal, and therefore, every chain component of a tame diffeomorphism is locally maximal. Hence, we can get the following result.
Theorem 1.1 For C 1 generic f, if f is tame then the following two conditions are equivalent:
(a)is hyperbolic,
(b)is shadowable.
We say that a closed f-invariant set Λ is basic , if Λ is isolated, f|Λ is transitive and the periodic orbits are dense in Λ. The main result of this article is the following.
Theorem 1.2 For C1generic f, the isolated homoclinic class H f (p) of f containing a hy-perbolic periodic point p is shadowable if and only if it is a hyperbolic basic set.
A similar result for locally maximal chain transitive sets was proved in [3]. More precisely, it is proved that C1-generically, every locally maximal chain transitive set is hyperbolic if it is shadowable.
2 Proof of Theorem 1.2
Let M and f ∈ Diff(M) be as before. In this section, to prove Theorem 1.2, we use the techniques developed by Mañé [4]. Let Λ j (f) be the closure of the set of hyperbolic periodic points of f with index j(0 ≤ j ≤ dimM). If there is a C1-neighborhood of f such that for any , any periodic points of g are hyperbolic, then f satisfies both Axiom A and the no-cycle condition. To prove our result, we first note that if p is homoclinically related to q, then H f (p) = H f (q).
Lemma 2.1 Suppose that f has the shadowing property on H f (p). Then for any hyperbolic periodic point, and.
Proof. We will only show that . Since p and q are hyperbolic saddles, there are ϵ(p) > 0 and ϵ(q) > 0 such that
-
both and are C1-embedded disks,
-
if d(f n (x), f n (p)) < ϵ(p) for n ≥ 0, then ,
-
if d(f n (x), f n (q)) < ϵ(q) for n ≤ 0 then .
Therefore, . This means y ∈ W s (p) ∩ W u (q), and so .
Lemma 2.2 There is a residual set such that satisfies the following properties:
(a) Every periodic point of f is hyperbolic and all their invariant manifolds are intersect transversely (Kupka-Smale).
(b) C f (p) = H f (p), where p is a hyperbolic periodic point ([5]).
where π(q) denotes the period of q.
We introduce the following notion which was introduced in [6]. For η > 0 and f ∈ Diff(M), a C1 curve γ is called an η-simply periodic curve of f if
-
γ is diffeomorphic to [0,1] and its two end points are hyperbolic periodic points of f,
-
γ is periodic with period π(γ), i.e., fπ(γ)(γ) = γ, and l(f i (γ)) < η for any 0 ≤ i ≤ π (γ) - 1, where l(γ) denotes the length of γ.
-
γ is normally hyperbolic.
Let p be a periodic point of f. For δ ∈ (0,1), we say p has a δ-weak eigenvalue if D fπ(p)(p) has an eigenvalue μ such that (1 - δ)π(p)< μ < (1 + δ)π(p).
Lemma 2.5[6]There is a residual setsuch that for any, any hyper-bolic periodic point p of f, and
(a) for any η > 0, if for any C1neighborhoodof f, somehas an η-simply periodic curve γ such that two endpoints of γ are homoclinic related with p g , then f has an 2η-simply periodic curve α such that two endpoints of α are homoclinically related with p;
(b) for any δ > 0, if f has a periodic point q ~ p with δ-weak eigenvalue, then f has a periodic point q' ~ p with δ-weak eigenvalue, whose eigenvalues are all real.
The following lemma shows that the map f ↦ C f (p) is upper semi-continuous.
Lemma 2.6 For any ϵ > 0, there is δ > 0 such that if d1 (f,g) < δ then C g (p g ) ⊂ Bϵ(C f (p)), where d1denotes the C1-metric on Diff(M).
Proof. See [[7], Lemma].
Let H f (p) be the homoclinic class of f associated to p. It is known that the map f ↦ H f (p) is lower semi-continuous. Thus by Lemma 2.3(b), there is a residual set in Diff(M) such that for any f in , the map f ↦ H f (p)(= C f (p)) is semi-continuous.
Remark 2.7 There is a residual setsuch that for any, we have the following property. Let C f (p) be the isolated chain component of f containing p in an open set U in M. If C f (p) is semi-continuous, then for any ϵ > 0, there is δ > 0 such that if d1(f,g) < δ then C g (p g ) ⊂ Bϵ (C f (p)) and C f (p) ⊂ Bϵ (C g (p g )), where d1is the C1metric on M.
Let p be a hyperbolic periodic point f ∈ Diff(M).
Remark 2.8[6]There is a residual setsuch that for anyand any δ > 0, if every periodic point q ~ p has no 2δ-weak eigenvalue, then there is a C1neighborhoodof f such that for anyevery periodic point q which is homoclinically related to p g has no δ-weak eigenvalue, where p g is the continuation of p.
Lemma 2.9 There is a residual setsuch that if, and the isolated homoclinic class H f (p) is shadowable, then there is a δ > 0 such that every periodic point q ∈ H f (p) has no δ-weak eigenvalue.
Since is a simple periodic curve of f, is the identity map. Since f has the shadowing property on C f (p), f must have the shadowing property on . But it is a contradiction. Thus every periodic point q ∈ H f (p) has no δ-weak eigenvalue.
Proof of Proposition 2.4. Let , and suppose that there is a nonhyperbolic periodic point q ∈ H f (p). Then q has a δ-weak eigenvalue. This contradicts Lemma 2.9, and com-pletes the proof of Proposition 2.4 by Mañé [4].
Proof of Theorem 1.2. Let , and let C f (p) be isolated in an open set U. Assume that f has the shadowing property on C f (p). Then C f (p) satisfy the assumptions of Propo-sition 2.4. Since f has the shadowing property on C f (p), C f (p) is hyperbolic by the main result in [9]. Consequently, we have proved that C1-generically, H f (p) is a hyperbolic basic set.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank the referee for carefully reading the manuscript and providing us many good suggestions. J. Ahn was supported by the BK21 Mathematics Vision 2013 Project. K. Lee was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (No. 2011-0015193). M. Lee was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (No. 2011-0007649).
Authors’ Affiliations
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