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Refinements of the Heinz inequalities
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2012, Article number: 18 (2012)
Abstract
This article aims to discuss Heinz inequalities involving unitarily invariant norms. We obtain refinements of the Heinz inequalities. In particular, our results refine some results given in Kittaneh.
1. Introduction
If A,B,X are operators on a complex separable Hilbert space such that A and B are positive, then for every unitarily invariant norm ||| · |||, the function f(v) = ||| AvXB1-v+ A1-vXBv||| is convex on the interval [0, 1], attains its minimum at , and attains its maximum at v = 0 and v = 1. Moreover, f(v) = f(1 - v) for 0 ≤ v ≤ 1. Thus, for every unitarily invariant norm, we have the Heinz inequalities (see [1])
In this article, we use the convexity of the function
on [0, 1] to obtain new refinements of the inequalities (1.1). Our analysis enables us to discuss the equality conditions in (1.1) for certain unitarily invariant norms. When we consider |||T|||, we are implicitly assuming that the operator T belongs to the norm ideal associated with ||| · |||. Our results are better than those in [2].
2. Main results
The following Hermite-Hadamard integral inequality for convex functions is well known (see p. 122 in [3], also see Lemma 1 in [2]).
Lemma 1 (Hermite-Hadamard Integral Inequality). Let f be a real-valued function which is convex on the interval [a, b]. Then
In [2], Kittaneh obtained several refinements of the Heinz inequalities by using the previous lemma. In the following, we will use the following lemma to obtain several better refinements of the Heinz inequalities.
The following lemma can be proved by using the previous lemma.
Lemma 2. Let f be a real-valued function which is convex on the interval [a, b]. Then
Proof. Using the previous lemma, we can easily verify the inequality
Next, we will prove the following inequality.
From the previous lemma, we have
Applying the previous lemma to the function f(v) = |||AvXB1-v+ A1-vXBv||| on the interval [μ, 1 - μ] when , and on the interval [1 - μ, μ] when , we obtain refinement of the first inequality in (1.1).
Theorem 1. Let A, B, X be operators such that A, B are positive. Then for 0 ≤ μ ≤ 1 and for every unitarily invariant norm, we have
Proof. First assume that . Then it follows by the previous lemma that
and so
Thus,
Now, assume that . Then by applying (2.2) to 1 - μ, it follows
that
Since
the inequalities in (2.1) follow by combining (2.2) and (2.3).
Applying the previous lemma to the function f(v) = |||AvXB1-v+ A1-vXBv||| on the interval when , and on the interval when , we obtain the following.
Theorem 2. Let A, B, X be operators such that A, B are positive. Then for 0 ≤ μ ≤ 1 and for every unitarily invariant norm, we have
The inequality (2.4) and the first inequality in (1.1) yield the following refinement of the first inequality in (1.1).
Corollary 1. Let A,B,X be operators such that A, B are positive. Then for 0 ≤ μ ≤ 1 and for every unitarily invariant norm, we have
Applying the previous lemma to the function f(v) = |||AvXB1-v+ A1-vXBv||| on the interval [0, μ] when , and on the interval [μ, 1] when , we obtain the following theorem.
Theorem 3. Let A, B, X be operators such that A, B are positive. Then
(1) for and for every unitarily norm,
(2) for and for every unitarily norm,
Since the function f(v) = |||AvXB1-v+ A1-vXBv||| is decreasing on the interval and increasing on the interval , and using the inequalities (2.6) and (2.7), we obtain the refinement of the second inequality in (1.1).
Corollary 2. Let A, B, X be operators such that A, B are positive. Then for 0 ≤ μ ≤ 1 and for every unitarily invariant norm, we have
(1) for and for every unitarily norm,
(2) for and for every unitarily norm,
It should be noticed that in the inequalities (2.6) to (2.9),
References
Bhatia R, Davis C: More matrix forms of the arithmeticgeometric mean inequality. SIAM J Matrix Anal Appl 1993, 14: 132–136. 10.1137/0614012
Kittaneh F: On the convexity of the Heinz means. Integ Equ Oper Theory 2010, 68: 519–527. 10.1007/s00020-010-1807-6
Bullen PS: A Dictionary of Inequalities. In Pitman Monographs and Surveys in Pure and Applied Mathematics. Volume 97. Addison Wesley Longman Ltd., U.K; 1998.
Acknowledgements
This article is prepared before the author's visit to Udine University, he wishes to express his gratitude to Prof. Corsini, Dr. Paronuzzi and Prof. Russo for their hospitality. Also, he wishes to thank Mr. Baojie Zhang, from Qujing Normal University, for the discussion. This research is financed by CMEC (KJ091104, KJ111107), CSTC, CTGU (10QN-27) and QNU (2008QN-034).
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Feng, Y. Refinements of the Heinz inequalities. J Inequal Appl 2012, 18 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2012-18
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2012-18