Weak solutions of functional differential inequalities with first-order partial derivatives

Abstract

The article deals with functional differential inequalities generated by the Cauchy problem for nonlinear first-order partial functional differential equations. The unknown function is the functional variable in equation and inequalities, and the partial derivatives appear in a classical sense. Theorems on weak solutions to functional differential inequalities are presented. Moreover, a comparison theorem gives an estimate for functions of several variables by means of functions of one variable which are solutions of ordinary differential equations or inequalities. It is shown that there are solutions of initial problems defined on the Haar pyramid.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 35R10, 35R45.

1 Introduction

Two types of results on first-order partial differential or functional differential equations are taken into considerations in the literature. Theorems of the first type deal with initial problems which are local or global with respect to spatial variables, while the second one are concerned with initial boundary value problems. We are interested in results of the first type. More precisely, we consider initial problems which are local with respect to spatial variables. Then, the Haar pyramid is a natural domain on which solutions of differential or functional differential equations or inequalities are considered.

Hyperbolic differential inequalities corresponding to initial problems were first treated in the monographs [1]. (Chapter IX) and [2] (Chapters VII, IX). As is well known, they found applications in the theory of first-order partial differential equations, including questions such as estimates of solutions of initial problems, estimates of domains of solutions, estimates of the difference between solutions of two problems, criteria of uniqueness and continuous dependence of solution on given functions. The theory of monotone iterative methods developed in the monographs [3, 4] is based on differential inequalities.

Two different types of results on differential inequalities are taken into consideration in [1, 2]. The first type allows one to estimate a function of several variables by means of an another function of several variables, while the second type, the so-called comparison theorems give estimates for functions of several variables by means of functions of one variable, which are solutions of ordinary differential equations or inequalities.

There exist many generalizations of the above classical results. We list some of them below. Differential inequalities and the uniqueness of semi-classical solutions to the Cauchy problem for the weakly coupled systems were developed in [5] (Chapter VIII). Hyperbolic functional differential inequalities and suitable comparison results for initial problems are given in [6, 7] (Chapter I). Infinite systems of functional differential equations and comparison results are discussed in [8, 9]. Impulsive partial differential inequalities were investigated in [10]. A result on implicit functional differential inequalities can be found in [11]. Differential inequalities with unbounded delay are investigated in [12]. Functional differential inequalities with Kamke-type comparison problems can be found in [13]. Viscosity solutions of functional differential inequalities were studied in [14, 15].

The aim of this article is to add a new element to the above sequence of generalizations of classical theorems on differential inequalities.

We now formulate our functional differential problem. For any metric spaces, U and V, we denote by C(U, V) the class of all continuous functions from U into V. We use vectorial inequalities with the understanding that the same inequalities hold between their corresponding components. Suppose that , a > 0, ℝ₊ = [0, + ∞), is nondecreasing and M(0) = 0_[n]where 0_[n]= (0, ..., 0) ∈ ℝⁿ. Let E be the Haar pyramid:

where b ∈ ℝⁿ and b > M(a). Write E₀ = [-b₀, 0] × [-b, b] where b₀ ∈ ℝ₊. For (t, x) ∈ E define

Then, D[t, x] = D₀[t, x]∪[D_⋆[t, x] where

Write r₀ = -b₀ - a, r = 2b and B = [-r₀, 0] × [-r, r]. Then, D[t, x] ⊂ B for (t, x) ∈ E. Given z: E₀ ∪ E → ℝ and (t, x) ∈ E, define z_{(t, x)}: D[t, x] → ℝ by z_{(t, x)}(τ, s) = z(t + τ, x + s), (τ, s) ∈ D[t, x]. Then z_{(t, x)}is the restriction of z to the set (E₀ ∪ E) ∩ ([-b₀, t] × ℝⁿ) and this restriction is shifted to D[t, x].

Put Ω = E × ℝ × C(B, ℝ) × ℝⁿ and suppose that f : Ω → ℝ is a given function of the variables (t, x, p,w, q), x = (x₁, ..., x _n ), q = (q₁, ..., q _n ). Let us denote by z an unknown function of the variables (t, x). Given ψ: E₀ → ℝ, we consider the functional differential equation:

(1)

with the initial condition

(2)

where . We will say that f satisfies condition (V ), if for each (t, x, p, q) ∈ E × ℝ × ℝⁿ and for w, such that for (τ, s) ∈ D[t, x] then we have . It is clear that condition (V) means that the value of f at the point (t, x, p,w, q) ∈ Ω depends on (t, x, p, q) and on the restriction of w to the set D[t, x] only.

We assume that F satisfies condition (V). Let us write

We consider weak solutions of initial problems. A function where 0 < c ≤ a, is a weak solution of (1), (2) provided

• (i)
  

  is continuous, and exists on E ∩ ([0, c] × ℝⁿ) and for t ∈ [0, c],

• (ii) for x ∈ [-b, b], the function is absolutely continuous,

• (iii) for each x ∈ [-b, b], the function satisfies equation 1 for almost all t ∈ I[x] ∩ [0, c] and condition (2) holds.

This class of solutions for nonlinear equations was introduced and widely studied in nonfunctional setting by Cinquini and Cinquini Cibrario [16, 17].

The paper is organized as follows. In Sections 2 and 3 we present theorems on functional differential inequalities corresponding to (1), (2). They can be used for investigations of solutions to (1), (2). We show that the set of solutions is not empty. In Section 4 we prove that there is a weak solution to (1), (2) defined on E _c where c ∈ (0, a] is a sufficiently small constant.

2 Functional differential inequalities

Let , [τ, t] ⊂ ℝ, be the class of all integrable functions Ψ: [τ, t] → ℝⁿ. The maximum norm in the space C(B, ℝ) will be denoted by ||·|| _B . We will need the following assumptions on given functions.

Assumption H₀. The function f : Ω → ℝ satisfies the condition (V) and

• (1)
  

  where (x, p,w, q) ∈ [-b, b] × ℝ × C(B, ℝ) × ℝⁿ and f(t, ·): S _t × ℝ × C(B, ℝ) × ℝⁿ → ℝ is continuous for almost all t ∈ [0, a],

• (2) there exist the derivatives and where (x, p,w,q) ∈ [-b, b] × ℝ × C(B, ℝ) × ℝⁿ, and the function ∂ _q f(t, ·): S _t × ℝ × C(B, ℝ) × ℝⁿ → ℝⁿ is continuous for almost all t ∈ [0, a],

• (3) there is , L = (L₁, ..., L _n ), such that where P = (t, x, p,w, q) ∈ Ω, and

  

  (3)

• (4) there is such that

  

  (4)

• (5) f is nondecreasing with respect to the functional variable and , and

• (i) the derivatives , exist on E and , for t ∈ [0, a],

• (ii) for each x ∈ [-b, b] the functions , are absolutely continuous.

We start with a theorem on strong inequalities. Write

Theorem 2.1. Suppose that Assumption H₀ is satisfied and

(1) for each x ∈ [-b, b], the functional differential inequality

(5)

is satisfied for almost all t ∈ I[x],

(2) for (t,x) ∈ E₀ and

(6)

Under these assumptions, we have

(7)

Proof Suppose by contradiction, that assertion (7) fails to be true. Then, the set

is not empty. Put A₊. From (6), we conclude that and there is such that

(8)

and

(9)

Write

where . It follows from (5) and (8) that for x ∈ [-b, b] and for almost all , we have

(10)

Set

(11)

We conclude from the Hadamard mean value theorem that

Let us denote by g(·, t, x) the solution of the Cauchy problem:

(12)

where (t, x) ∈ E and . Suppose that [t₀, t] is the interval on which the solution g(·, t, x) is defined. Then,

and consequently,

We conclude that (τ, g(τ, t, x)) ∈ E for τ ∈ [t₀, t] and, consequently, the function g(·, t, x) is defined on [0, t]. It follows from (10) that

(13)

Where . We conclude from (8), (13) that

This gives

and consequently which contradicts (9). Hence, A₊ is empty and the statement (7) follows.

Now we prove that a weak initial inequality for and on E₀ and weak functional differential inequalities on E imply weak inequality for and on E.

Assumption H[σ]. The function σ : [0, a] × ℝ₊ → ℝ₊ satisfies the conditions:

• (1) σ (t, ·): ℝ₊ → ℝ₊ is continuous for almost all t ∈ [0, a],

• (2) σ (·, p): [0, a] → ℝ₊ is measurable for every p ∈ → ℝ₊ and there is such

that σ (t, p) ≤ m _σ (t) for p ∈ ℝ₊ and for almost all t ∈ [0, a],

• (3) the function for t ∈ [0, a] is the maximal solution of the Cauchy problem:

  

Theorem 2.2. Suppose that Assumptions H₀ and H[σ] are satisfied and

(1) the estimate

(14)

holds on Ω for,

(2) for (t, x) ∈ E₀, and for each x ∈ [-b, b] the functional differential inequality

(15)

is satisfied for almost all t ∈ I[x].

Under these assumptions, we have

(16)

Proof Let us denote by ω(·, ε), ε > 0, the right-hand maximal solution of the Cauchy problem

There is ε₀ > 0 such that, for every 0 < ε < ε₀, the solution ω(·, ε) is defined on [0, a] and

Let be defined by

Then, we have on E₀. We prove that for each x ∈ [-b, b] the functional differential inequality

(17)

is satisfied for almost all t ∈ I[x]. It follows from (4), (14), that

which completes the proof of (17). It follows from Theorem 2.1 that on E. From this inequality, we obtain in the limit, letting ε tend to zero, inequality (16). This completes the proof.

The results presented in Theorems 2.1 and 2.2 have the following properties. In both the theorems, we have assumed that on E₀. It follows from Theorem 2.1 that the strong inequality (6) and the strong functional differential inequality (5) for almost all t ∈ I[x] imply the strong inequality (7). Theorem 2.2 shows that the weak initial inequality on E and the weak functional differential inequality (15) for almost all t ∈ I[x] imply the weak inequality (16).

In the next two lemmas, we assume that on E₀ and we prove that the strong initial inequality (6) and the weak functional inequality (15) imply the strong inequality (7).

We prove also that the weak initial inequality on E₀ and the strong functional differential inequality (5) imply the inequality for (t, x) ∈ E, 0 < t ≤ a.

Lemma 2.3. Suppose that Assumptions H₀ and H[σ] are satisfied and

(1) the estimate (14) holds on Ω for ,

(2) for (t, x) ∈ E₀ and for each x ∈ [-b, b] the functional differential inequality (5) is satisfied for almost all t ∈ I[x].

Under these assumption, we have for (t, x) ∈ E, 0 < t ≤ a.

Proof It follows from Theorem 2.2 that for (t, x) ∈ E. Suppose that there is , such that . By repeating the argument used in the proof of Theorem 2.1, we obtain

where g(·, t, x) is the solution to (12). Then, , which completes the proof of the lemma.

Lemma 2.4. Suppose that Assumption H₀ and H[σ] are satisfied and

(1) the estimate (14) holds on Ω for ,

(2) for (t, x) ∈ E₀ and for x∈ [-b, b],

(3) for each x ∈ [-b, b] the functional differential inequality (15) is satisfied for almost all t ∈ I[x].

Under these assumption, we have

(18)

Proof Let

For δ > 0, we denote by ω(·, δ) the solution of the Cauchy problem

(19)

There is δ₀ > 0 such that for 0 < δ ≤ δ₀, we have

(20)

Let us denote by a continuous function such that on E₀ and for x ∈ [-b, b]. Suppose that z^⋆: E₀ ∪ E → ℝ is defined by

where 0 < δ ≤ δ₀. We prove that

(21)

Note that on E₀ and for x ∈ [-b, b]. We prove that for each x ∈ [-b, b], the functional differential inequality

(22)

is satisfied for almost all t ∈ I[x]. By Assumption H₀ and (19), we have

which completes the proof of (22). We get from Theorem 2.1 that (21 holds. Inequalities (20), (21), imply (18), which completes the proof of the lemma.

Remark 2.5. The results presented in Section 2 can be extended on functional differential inequalities corresponding to the system:

where z = (z₁, ..., z _k ) and f = (f₁, ..., f _k ): E × ℝ^k × C(B, ℝ^k) × ℝⁿ → ℝⁿ is a given function of the variables (t, x, p,w, q), p = (p₁, ..., p _k ), w = (w₁, ..., w _k ), Some quasi-monotone assumptions on the function f with respect to p are needed in this case.

3 Comparison theorem

For z ∈ C(E₀ ∪ E, ℝ), we put

Assumption H_⋆. The functions Δ: E × C(B, ℝ) → ℝⁿ, Δ = (Δ₁, ..., Δ _n ), and ϱ: [0, a] × ℝ₊ → ℝ₊ satisfy the conditions:

• (1) Δ satisfies condition (V) and where (x, w) ∈ [-b, b] × C(B, ℝ) and Δ(t, ·): S _t × C(B, ℝ) → ℝⁿ is continuous for almost all t ∈ [0, a],

• (2) there is , L = (L₁, ..., L _n ), such that

  

and is given by (3),

• (3) ϱ(·, p): [0, a] → ℝ₊ is measurable for p ∈ ℝ₊ and ϱ(t, ·): ℝ₊ → ℝ₊ is continuous and nondecreasing for almost all t ∈ [0, a], and there is such that ϱ(t, p) ≤ m ϱ(t) for p ∈ ℝ₊ and for almost all t ∈ [0, a],

• (4) z^⋆: E₀ ∪ E → ℝ is continuous and

• (i) the derivatives exist on E and ∂ _x z^⋆(t, ·) ∈ C(S _t , ℝⁿ) for t ∈ [0, a],

• (ii) for each x ∈ [-b, b] the function z^⋆(·, x): I[x] → ℝ is absolutely continuous.

Theorem 3.1. Suppose that Assumption H _⋆ is satisfied and

(1) for each x ∈ [-b, b] the functional differential inequality

(23)

is satisfied for almost all t ∈ I[x],

(2) the number η ∈ ℝ₊ is defined by the relation: |z^⋆(t, x)| ≤ η for (t, x) ∈ E₀.

Under these assumptions we have

(24)

where ω(·, η) is the maximal solution of the Cauchy problem

(25)

Proof Let us denote by g[z^⋆](·, t, x) the solution of the Cauchy problem

where (t, x) ∈ E. It follows from condition 1) of Assumption H_⋆ that g[z^⋆](·, t, x) is defined on [0, t]. We conclude from (23) that for each x ∈ [-b, b], the differential inequality

is satisfied for almost all τ ∈ [0, t]. This gives the integral inequality

The function ω(·, η) satisfies the integral equation corresponding to the above inequality. From condition 3) of Assumption H_⋆ we obtain (24), which completes the proof.

We give an estimate of the difference between two solutions of equation 1.

Theorem 3.2. Suppose that the function f : Ω → ℝ satisfies condition (V) and

(1) conditions (1)-(3) of Assumption H₀ hold,

(2) there is ϱ : [0, a] × ℝ₊ → ℝ₊ such that condition (3) of Assumption H _⋆ is satisfied and

(26)

(3) the functions , are weak solutions to (1) and η ∈ ℝ₊ is defined by the relation: for (t, x) ∈ E₀.

Under these assumptions, we have

(27)

where ω(·, η) is the maximal solution to (25).

Proof Let us write

Then, for each x ∈ [-b, b] and for almost all t ∈ I[x], we have

Set . It follows from the Hadamard mean value theorem that

where D(t, xξ) is given by (11). We conclude from (26 that

Thus, we see that for each x ∈ [-b, b] the functional differential inequality

is satisfied for almost all ∈ I[x]. From Theorem 3.1 we obtain (27), which completes the proof.

The next lemma on the uniqueness of weak solutions is a consequence of Theorem 3.2.

Lemma 3.3. Suppose that the function f : Ω → ℝ satisfies condition (V ) and

(1) assumptions (1), (2) of Theorem 3.2 hold,

(2) the function for t ∈ [0, a] is the maximal solution to (25) with η = 0.

Then, problem (1), (2) admits one weak solution at the most.

Proof From (27) we deduce that for η = 0 we have on E and the lemma follows.

4 Existence of solutions of initial problems

Put Ξ = E × C(B, ℝ) × ℝⁿ and suppose that F : Ξ → ℝ is a given function of the variables (t, x, w, q). Given ψ : E₀ → ℝ, we consider the functional differential equation:

(28)

with the initial condition

(29)

We assume that F satisfies condition (V) and we consider weak solutions to (28), (29).

Let us denote by M_{n × n}the class of all n × n matrices with real elements. For x ∈ ℝⁿ, W ∈ M_{n × n}, where x = (x₁, ..., x _n ), W = [w _ij ]_{i,j = 1,...,n}, we put

If W ∈ M_{n × n}, then W ^T denotes the transpose matrix. Suppose that v ∈ C(E₀ ∪ R, ℝⁿ), U ∈ C(E₀ ∪ R, M_{n × n}). The following seminorms will be needed in our considerations:

where t ∈ [0, a]. The scalar product in ℝⁿ will be denoted by "∘". We will use the symbol CL(B, ℝ) to denote the class of all linear and continuous operators defined on C(B, ℝ) and taking values in ℝ. The norm in the space CL(B, ℝ) generated by the maximum norm in C(B, ℝ) will be denoted by ||·||_⋆. The maximum norms in C(E₀, ℝ) and C(E₀, ℝⁿ) will be denoted by and , respectively.

Assumption H₀[F ]. The function F : Ξ → ℝ satisfies the condition (V ) and

• (1)
  

  where (x, w, q) ∈ [-b, b] × C(B, ℝ) × ℝⁿ and F(t, ·): S _t × C(B, ℝ) × ℝⁿ → ℝ is continuous for almost all t ∈ [0, a],

• (2) there is such that

  

where θ ∈ C(B, ℝ) is given by θ (τ, s) = 0 on B,

• (3) for P = (t, x, w, q) ∈ Ξ there exist the derivatives

  

and and where (x, w, q) ∈ [-b, b] × C(B, ℝ) × ℝⁿ, ,

• (4) the functions

  

are continuous for almost all t ∈ [0, a] and there are , L = (L₁, ..., L _n ), such that

and

where (t, x, w, q) ∈ Ξ, and is given by (3).

Now we define some function spaces. Given , we denote by the set of all ψ ∈ C(E₀, ℝ) such that

• (i) the derivatives exist on E₀ and ∂ _x ψ ∈ C(E₀ , ℝⁿ),

• (ii) the estimates

  

are satisfied on E₀.

Let be given and 0 < c ≤ a. We denote by C_ψ.cthe class of all z ∈ C(E _c , R) such that z(t, x) = ψ (t, x) on E₀. For the above ψ and c we denote by C_∂ψ.cthe class of all v ∈ C(Ec, ℝⁿ) such that v(t, x) = ∂ _x ψ(t, x) on E₀.

Suppose that Assumption H₀[F] is satisfied and , z ∈ C_ψ.c, u ∈ C_∂ψ.cwhere 0 < c ≤ a. We consider the Cauchy problem

(30)

where (t, x) ∈ E and 0 ≤ t ≤ c. Let us denote by g[z, u](·, t, x) the solution of (30). The function g[z, u](·, t, x) is the bicharacteristic of (28) corresponding to (z, u).

For u ∈ C_∂ψ.c, u = (u₁, ..., u _n ), and P ∈ Ξ, (t, x) ∈ E ∩ ([0, c] × ℝⁿ), we write

Set

Let be defined by

(31)

and

(32)

Set where

(33)

and

(34)

We consider the system of integral functional equations

(35)

System (35) is obtained in the following way. We first introduce an additional unknown function u = ∂ _x z in (28). Then, we consider the linearization of (28) with respect to the last variable, and we obtain the equation

(36)

By virtue of (28) we get the following differential equation for the unknown function u ::

(37)

Finally, we put u = ∂ _x z in (37). If we consider (36) and (37) along the bicharacteristic g[z, u](·, t, x), then we obtain

(38)

and

(39)

By integrating of (38) and (39) on [0, t] with respect to τ, we get (35).

We prove that there is a solution to (35) defined on E _c where c ∈ (0, a] is sufficiently a small constant, and and are weak solutions to (28), (29). We first give estimates of solutions to (35).

Lemma 4.1. Suppose that Assumption H₀[F] is satisfied and

(1) and 0 < c ≤ a.

(2) the functions , are continuous and they satisfy (35).

Then

where

Proof. Write

It follows from Assumption H₀[F] and from (31) - (34) that satisfy the integral inequalities

where t ∈ [0, c]. The functions satisfy integral equations corresponding to the above inequalities. This proves the lemma.

Suppose that ζ, χ : [0, c] → ℝ₊ are continuous and they satisfy the integral inequalities

where t ∈ [0, c]. It is clear that satisfy the above conditions.

Given d, h ∈ ℝ₊, d ≥ c₁, h ≥ c₂ and 0 < c ≤ a. Suppose that . We denote by C_ψ.c[ζ, d] the class of all z ∈ C_ψ.csuch that

For the above ψ , we denote by C_∂ψc[χ, h] the class of all satisfying the conditions

Write A = ζ(a), C = χ(a) and where

Assumption H[F]. The function F : Ξ → ℝ satisfies Assumption H₀[F], and there is such that the terms

are bounded from above on Ξ[A,C] by

Remark 4.2. It is important that we have assumed the Lipschitz condition for ∂ _x F, ∂ _w F, ∂ _q F for satisfying the condition: ||w|| _B , .

There are differential integral equations and differential equations with deviated variables such that Assumption H[F] is satisfied and the functions ∂ _x F, ∂ _w F, and ∂ _q F do not satisfy the Lipschitz condition with respect to the functional variable on Ξ.

It is clear that there are functional differential equations which satisfy Assumptions H[F] and they do not satisfy the assumptions of the existence theorem presented in [18].

Lemma 4.3. Suppose that Assumption H[F], H[φ] are satisfied and

where 0 < c ≤ a.

Then the bicharacteristics g[z, u](·, t, x) and exist on intervals [0, δ[z, u](t, x)] and such that for τ = δ[z, u](t, x), , we have (τ, g[z, u](τ, t, x)) ∈ ∂E _c , , where ∂E _c is the boundary of E _c .

The solution of (30) is unique, and we have the estimates

(40)

and

(41)

where , , τ ∈ [0, c].

Proof The existence and uniqueness of the solution to (30) follows from classical theorems on Carathéodory solutions of ordinary differential equations. We conclude from Assumption H[F] that the integral inequalities

and

are satisfied. Then, we obtain (40) and (41) from the Gronwall inequality.

Write

Assumption H[c]. The constants c ∈ (0, a], d, h > 0 satisfy the relations: Λ(c) ≤ d, Γ(c) ≤ h.

Remark 4.4. If we assume that

then there is c ∈ (0, a] such that Λ(c) ≤ d and Γ(c) ≤ h.

Theorem 4.5. Suppose that Assumptions H[F], H[c] are satisfied and . Then there is a solution of (28), (29).

If and is a solution to (28) with the initial condition

then there is C_⋆ ∈ ℝ₊ such that for t ∈ [0, c], we have.

(42)

Proof The proof will be divided into four steps

I. We define the sequences {z^(m)}, {u^(m)}, where

In the following way. We put first

If z^(m): E _c → ℝ, u^(m): E _c → ℝⁿ are already defined then u ^(m+1)is a solution of the equation

(43)

where

(44)

and

(45)

The function z^(m+1)is given by

(46)

We prove that

(I _m ) the sequences {z^(m)} and {u^(m)} are defined on E _c and for m ≥ 0, we have

(II _m ) there exist the sequences {∂ _x z^(m)} and for m ≥ 0 we have

We prove (I _m ), (II _m ) by induction. It is easily seen that conditions (I₀), (II₀) are satisfied. Suppose that (I _m ) and (II _m ) hold for a given m ≥ 0. We first prove that there is u^(m+1): E _c → ℝⁿ, and u^(m+1)∈ C_∂ψ.c[χ, h]. We claim that

(47)

Indeed, it follows from Assumption H[F] and from (44), (45) that for v ∈ C_∂ψ.cwe have

and consequently

It follows easily that

From the above estimates and from (44), we deduce (47).

There is such that for v, , we have

For the above v, we put

Then, we have

and consequently

If follows from the Banach fixed point theorem that there is u^(m+1)∈ C_∂ψ.c[χ, h] and it is unique.

Then u^(m+1)is defined E _c . It follows from Assumption H[F] and from (I _m ) that

and

We conclude from the above estimates that z^(m+1)∈ C_∂ψ.c[ζ, d] which completes the proof of (II_m+1).

Put

It follows easily that there is C^⋆ ∈ ℝ₊ such that

(48)

We conclude from (48) that there exist the derivatives ∂ _x z^(m+1)and

This proves (II_m+1).

II. We prove that the sequences {z^(m)} and {u^(m)} are uniformly convergent on E _c .

It follows from (43)-(46) that there are K₀,

(49)

and

(50)

where t ∈ [0, c]. From (50) and from the Gronwall inequality, we deduce that there is such that

(51)

Write

It follows from (49), (51) that there is such that

(52)

Set

We conclude from (52) that

and consequently

There is C₁ ∈ ℝ₊ such that [|V⁽¹⁾|] ≤ C₁. Then,

and there are

such that

It follows from (II _m ) that there exist the derivatives , and

III. We prove that is a solution to (28), (29). We conclude from (46) that the functions , satisfy the relations

(53)

For a given (t, x) ∈ E∩([0, c] × ℝⁿ) set . Then for . Then relations (53) imply

(54)

The relations and are equivalent. By differentiating (54) with respect to τ and by putting again , we find that is a weak solution to (28). Since , it follows that initial condition (29) is satisfied.

IV. Now we prove (42). It follows from (31) - (35) and from Assumption H[F] that there are such that

and

Hence, there is such that the integral inequality

is satisfied, We conclude from the Gronwall inequality that estimate (42) is satisfied with

This completes the proof of the theorem.

Remark 4.6. It is easy to see that differential integral equations and equations with deviated variables are particular cases of (28).

Suppose that f: Ω → ℝ is a given function. Let F: Ξ → ℝ be defined by

Then, equation 1 is equivalent to (28). It follows that existence results for (1), (2) can be obtained from Theorem 4.5.