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Weak solutions of functional differential inequalities with first-order partial derivatives
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2011, Article number: 15 (2011)
Abstract
The article deals with functional differential inequalities generated by the Cauchy problem for nonlinear first-order partial functional differential equations. The unknown function is the functional variable in equation and inequalities, and the partial derivatives appear in a classical sense. Theorems on weak solutions to functional differential inequalities are presented. Moreover, a comparison theorem gives an estimate for functions of several variables by means of functions of one variable which are solutions of ordinary differential equations or inequalities. It is shown that there are solutions of initial problems defined on the Haar pyramid.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 35R10, 35R45.
1 Introduction
Two types of results on first-order partial differential or functional differential equations are taken into considerations in the literature. Theorems of the first type deal with initial problems which are local or global with respect to spatial variables, while the second one are concerned with initial boundary value problems. We are interested in results of the first type. More precisely, we consider initial problems which are local with respect to spatial variables. Then, the Haar pyramid is a natural domain on which solutions of differential or functional differential equations or inequalities are considered.
Hyperbolic differential inequalities corresponding to initial problems were first treated in the monographs [1]. (Chapter IX) and [2] (Chapters VII, IX). As is well known, they found applications in the theory of first-order partial differential equations, including questions such as estimates of solutions of initial problems, estimates of domains of solutions, estimates of the difference between solutions of two problems, criteria of uniqueness and continuous dependence of solution on given functions. The theory of monotone iterative methods developed in the monographs [3, 4] is based on differential inequalities.
Two different types of results on differential inequalities are taken into consideration in [1, 2]. The first type allows one to estimate a function of several variables by means of an another function of several variables, while the second type, the so-called comparison theorems give estimates for functions of several variables by means of functions of one variable, which are solutions of ordinary differential equations or inequalities.
There exist many generalizations of the above classical results. We list some of them below. Differential inequalities and the uniqueness of semi-classical solutions to the Cauchy problem for the weakly coupled systems were developed in [5] (Chapter VIII). Hyperbolic functional differential inequalities and suitable comparison results for initial problems are given in [6, 7] (Chapter I). Infinite systems of functional differential equations and comparison results are discussed in [8, 9]. Impulsive partial differential inequalities were investigated in [10]. A result on implicit functional differential inequalities can be found in [11]. Differential inequalities with unbounded delay are investigated in [12]. Functional differential inequalities with Kamke-type comparison problems can be found in [13]. Viscosity solutions of functional differential inequalities were studied in [14, 15].
The aim of this article is to add a new element to the above sequence of generalizations of classical theorems on differential inequalities.
We now formulate our functional differential problem. For any metric spaces, U and V, we denote by C(U, V) the class of all continuous functions from U into V. We use vectorial inequalities with the understanding that the same inequalities hold between their corresponding components. Suppose that , a > 0, ℝ+ = [0, + ∞), is nondecreasing and M(0) = 0[n]where 0[n]= (0, ..., 0) ∈ ℝn. Let E be the Haar pyramid:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equa_HTML.gif)
where b ∈ ℝn and b > M(a). Write E0 = [-b0, 0] × [-b, b] where b0 ∈ ℝ+. For (t, x) ∈ E define
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equb_HTML.gif)
Then, D[t, x] = D0[t, x]∪[D⋆[t, x] where
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equc_HTML.gif)
Write r0 = -b0 - a, r = 2b and B = [-r0, 0] × [-r, r]. Then, D[t, x] ⊂ B for (t, x) ∈ E. Given z: E0 ∪ E → ℝ and (t, x) ∈ E, define z(t, x): D[t, x] → ℝ by z(t, x)(τ, s) = z(t + τ, x + s), (τ, s) ∈ D[t, x]. Then z(t, x)is the restriction of z to the set (E0 ∪ E) ∩ ([-b0, t] × ℝn) and this restriction is shifted to D[t, x].
Put Ω = E × ℝ × C(B, ℝ) × ℝn and suppose that f : Ω → ℝ is a given function of the variables (t, x, p,w, q), x = (x1, ..., x n ), q = (q1, ..., q n ). Let us denote by z an unknown function of the variables (t, x). Given ψ: E0 → ℝ, we consider the functional differential equation:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ1_HTML.gif)
with the initial condition
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ2_HTML.gif)
where . We will say that f satisfies condition (V ), if for each (t, x, p, q) ∈ E × ℝ × ℝn and for w,
such that
for (τ, s) ∈ D[t, x] then we have
. It is clear that condition (V) means that the value of f at the point (t, x, p,w, q) ∈ Ω depends on (t, x, p, q) and on the restriction of w to the set D[t, x] only.
We assume that F satisfies condition (V). Let us write
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equd_HTML.gif)
We consider weak solutions of initial problems. A function where 0 < c ≤ a, is a weak solution of (1), (2) provided
-
(i)
is continuous, and
exists on E ∩ ([0, c] × ℝn) and
for t ∈ [0, c],
-
(ii)
for x ∈ [-b, b], the function
is absolutely continuous,
-
(iii)
for each x ∈ [-b, b], the function
satisfies equation 1 for almost all t ∈ I[x] ∩ [0, c] and condition (2) holds.
This class of solutions for nonlinear equations was introduced and widely studied in nonfunctional setting by Cinquini and Cinquini Cibrario [16, 17].
The paper is organized as follows. In Sections 2 and 3 we present theorems on functional differential inequalities corresponding to (1), (2). They can be used for investigations of solutions to (1), (2). We show that the set of solutions is not empty. In Section 4 we prove that there is a weak solution to (1), (2) defined on E c where c ∈ (0, a] is a sufficiently small constant.
2 Functional differential inequalities
Let , [τ, t] ⊂ ℝ, be the class of all integrable functions Ψ: [τ, t] → ℝn. The maximum norm in the space C(B, ℝ) will be denoted by ||·||
B
. We will need the following assumptions on given functions.
Assumption H0. The function f : Ω → ℝ satisfies the condition (V) and
-
(1)
where (x, p,w, q) ∈ [-b, b] × ℝ × C(B, ℝ) × ℝn and f(t, ·): S t × ℝ × C(B, ℝ) × ℝn → ℝ is continuous for almost all t ∈ [0, a],
-
(2)
there exist the derivatives
and
where (x, p,w,q) ∈ [-b, b] × ℝ × C(B, ℝ) × ℝn, and the function ∂ q f(t, ·): S t × ℝ × C(B, ℝ) × ℝn → ℝn is continuous for almost all t ∈ [0, a],
-
(3)
there is
, L = (L1, ..., L n ), such that
where P = (t, x, p,w, q) ∈ Ω, and
(3) -
(4)
there is
such that
(4) -
(5)
f is nondecreasing with respect to the functional variable and
,
and
-
(i)
the derivatives
,
exist on E and
,
for t ∈ [0, a],
-
(ii)
for each x ∈ [-b, b] the functions
,
are absolutely continuous.
We start with a theorem on strong inequalities. Write
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Eque_HTML.gif)
Theorem 2.1. Suppose that Assumption H0 is satisfied and
(1) for each x ∈ [-b, b], the functional differential inequality
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ5_HTML.gif)
is satisfied for almost all t ∈ I[x],
(2) for (t,x) ∈ E0 and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ6_HTML.gif)
Under these assumptions, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ7_HTML.gif)
Proof Suppose by contradiction, that assertion (7) fails to be true. Then, the set
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equf_HTML.gif)
is not empty. Put A+. From (6), we conclude that
and there is
such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ8_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ9_HTML.gif)
Write
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equg_HTML.gif)
where . It follows from (5) and (8) that for x ∈ [-b, b] and for almost all
, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ10_HTML.gif)
Set
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ11_HTML.gif)
We conclude from the Hadamard mean value theorem that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equh_HTML.gif)
Let us denote by g(·, t, x) the solution of the Cauchy problem:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ12_HTML.gif)
where (t, x) ∈ E and . Suppose that [t0, t] is the interval on which the solution g(·, t, x) is defined. Then,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equi_HTML.gif)
and consequently,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equj_HTML.gif)
We conclude that (τ, g(τ, t, x)) ∈ E for τ ∈ [t0, t] and, consequently, the function g(·, t, x) is defined on [0, t]. It follows from (10) that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ13_HTML.gif)
Where . We conclude from (8), (13) that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equk_HTML.gif)
This gives
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equl_HTML.gif)
and consequently which contradicts (9). Hence, A+ is empty and the statement (7) follows.
Now we prove that a weak initial inequality for and
on E0 and weak functional differential inequalities on E imply weak inequality for
and
on E.
Assumption H[σ]. The function σ : [0, a] × ℝ+ → ℝ+ satisfies the conditions:
-
(1)
σ (t, ·): ℝ+ → ℝ+ is continuous for almost all t ∈ [0, a],
-
(2)
σ (·, p): [0, a] → ℝ+ is measurable for every p ∈ → ℝ+ and there is
such
that σ (t, p) ≤ m σ (t) for p ∈ ℝ+ and for almost all t ∈ [0, a],
-
(3)
the function
for t ∈ [0, a] is the maximal solution of the Cauchy problem:
Theorem 2.2. Suppose that Assumptions H0 and H[σ] are satisfied and
(1) the estimate
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ14_HTML.gif)
holds on Ω for,
(2) for (t, x) ∈ E0, and for each x ∈ [-b, b] the functional differential inequality
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ15_HTML.gif)
is satisfied for almost all t ∈ I[x].
Under these assumptions, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ16_HTML.gif)
Proof Let us denote by ω(·, ε), ε > 0, the right-hand maximal solution of the Cauchy problem
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equn_HTML.gif)
There is ε0 > 0 such that, for every 0 < ε < ε0, the solution ω(·, ε) is defined on [0, a] and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equo_HTML.gif)
Let be defined by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equp_HTML.gif)
Then, we have on E0. We prove that for each x ∈ [-b, b] the functional differential inequality
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ17_HTML.gif)
is satisfied for almost all t ∈ I[x]. It follows from (4), (14), that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equq_HTML.gif)
which completes the proof of (17). It follows from Theorem 2.1 that on E. From this inequality, we obtain in the limit, letting ε tend to zero, inequality (16). This completes the proof.
The results presented in Theorems 2.1 and 2.2 have the following properties. In both the theorems, we have assumed that on E0. It follows from Theorem 2.1 that the strong inequality (6) and the strong functional differential inequality (5) for almost all t ∈ I[x] imply the strong inequality (7). Theorem 2.2 shows that the weak initial inequality
on E and the weak functional differential inequality (15) for almost all t ∈ I[x] imply the weak inequality (16).
In the next two lemmas, we assume that on E0 and we prove that the strong initial inequality (6) and the weak functional inequality (15) imply the strong inequality (7).
We prove also that the weak initial inequality on E0 and the strong functional differential inequality (5) imply the inequality
for (t, x) ∈ E, 0 < t ≤ a.
Lemma 2.3. Suppose that Assumptions H0 and H[σ] are satisfied and
(1) the estimate (14) holds on Ω for ,
(2) for (t, x) ∈ E0 and for each x ∈ [-b, b] the functional differential inequality (5) is satisfied for almost all t ∈ I[x].
Under these assumption, we have for (t, x) ∈ E, 0 < t ≤ a.
Proof It follows from Theorem 2.2 that for (t, x) ∈ E. Suppose that there is
, such that
. By repeating the argument used in the proof of Theorem 2.1, we obtain
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equr_HTML.gif)
where g(·, t, x) is the solution to (12). Then, , which completes the proof of the lemma.
Lemma 2.4. Suppose that Assumption H0 and H[σ] are satisfied and
(1) the estimate (14) holds on Ω for ,
(2) for (t, x) ∈ E0 and
for x∈ [-b, b],
(3) for each x ∈ [-b, b] the functional differential inequality (15) is satisfied for almost all t ∈ I[x].
Under these assumption, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ18_HTML.gif)
Proof Let
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equs_HTML.gif)
For δ > 0, we denote by ω(·, δ) the solution of the Cauchy problem
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ19_HTML.gif)
There is δ0 > 0 such that for 0 < δ ≤ δ0, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ20_HTML.gif)
Let us denote by a continuous function such that
on E0 and
for x ∈ [-b, b]. Suppose that z⋆: E0 ∪ E → ℝ is defined by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equt_HTML.gif)
where 0 < δ ≤ δ0. We prove that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ21_HTML.gif)
Note that on E0 and
for x ∈ [-b, b]. We prove that for each x ∈ [-b, b], the functional differential inequality
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ22_HTML.gif)
is satisfied for almost all t ∈ I[x]. By Assumption H0 and (19), we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equu_HTML.gif)
which completes the proof of (22). We get from Theorem 2.1 that (21 holds. Inequalities (20), (21), imply (18), which completes the proof of the lemma.
Remark 2.5. The results presented in Section 2 can be extended on functional differential inequalities corresponding to the system:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equv_HTML.gif)
where z = (z1, ..., z k ) and f = (f1, ..., f k ): E × ℝk × C(B, ℝk) × ℝn → ℝn is a given function of the variables (t, x, p,w, q), p = (p1, ..., p k ), w = (w1, ..., w k ), Some quasi-monotone assumptions on the function f with respect to p are needed in this case.
3 Comparison theorem
For z ∈ C(E0 ∪ E, ℝ), we put
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equw_HTML.gif)
Assumption H⋆. The functions Δ: E × C(B, ℝ) → ℝn, Δ = (Δ1, ..., Δ n ), and ϱ: [0, a] × ℝ+ → ℝ+ satisfy the conditions:
-
(1)
Δ satisfies condition (V) and
where (x, w) ∈ [-b, b] × C(B, ℝ) and Δ(t, ·): S t × C(B, ℝ) → ℝn is continuous for almost all t ∈ [0, a],
-
(2)
there is
, L = (L1, ..., L n ), such that
and is given by (3),
-
(3)
ϱ(·, p): [0, a] → ℝ+ is measurable for p ∈ ℝ+ and ϱ(t, ·): ℝ+ → ℝ+ is continuous and nondecreasing for almost all t ∈ [0, a], and there is
such that ϱ(t, p) ≤ m ϱ(t) for p ∈ ℝ+ and for almost all t ∈ [0, a],
-
(4)
z⋆: E0 ∪ E → ℝ is continuous and
-
(i)
the derivatives
exist on E and ∂ x z⋆(t, ·) ∈ C(S t , ℝn) for t ∈ [0, a],
-
(ii)
for each x ∈ [-b, b] the function z⋆(·, x): I[x] → ℝ is absolutely continuous.
Theorem 3.1. Suppose that Assumption H ⋆ is satisfied and
(1) for each x ∈ [-b, b] the functional differential inequality
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ23_HTML.gif)
is satisfied for almost all t ∈ I[x],
(2) the number η ∈ ℝ+ is defined by the relation: |z⋆(t, x)| ≤ η for (t, x) ∈ E0.
Under these assumptions we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ24_HTML.gif)
where ω(·, η) is the maximal solution of the Cauchy problem
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ25_HTML.gif)
Proof Let us denote by g[z⋆](·, t, x) the solution of the Cauchy problem
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equy_HTML.gif)
where (t, x) ∈ E. It follows from condition 1) of Assumption H⋆ that g[z⋆](·, t, x) is defined on [0, t]. We conclude from (23) that for each x ∈ [-b, b], the differential inequality
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equz_HTML.gif)
is satisfied for almost all τ ∈ [0, t]. This gives the integral inequality
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equaa_HTML.gif)
The function ω(·, η) satisfies the integral equation corresponding to the above inequality. From condition 3) of Assumption H⋆ we obtain (24), which completes the proof.
We give an estimate of the difference between two solutions of equation 1.
Theorem 3.2. Suppose that the function f : Ω → ℝ satisfies condition (V) and
(1) conditions (1)-(3) of Assumption H0 hold,
(2) there is ϱ : [0, a] × ℝ+ → ℝ+ such that condition (3) of Assumption H ⋆ is satisfied and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ26_HTML.gif)
(3) the functions ,
are weak solutions to (1) and η ∈ ℝ+ is defined by the relation:
for (t, x) ∈ E0.
Under these assumptions, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ27_HTML.gif)
where ω(·, η) is the maximal solution to (25).
Proof Let us write
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equab_HTML.gif)
Then, for each x ∈ [-b, b] and for almost all t ∈ I[x], we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equac_HTML.gif)
Set . It follows from the Hadamard mean value theorem that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equad_HTML.gif)
where D(t, xξ) is given by (11). We conclude from (26 that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equae_HTML.gif)
Thus, we see that for each x ∈ [-b, b] the functional differential inequality
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equaf_HTML.gif)
is satisfied for almost all ∈ I[x]. From Theorem 3.1 we obtain (27), which completes the proof.
The next lemma on the uniqueness of weak solutions is a consequence of Theorem 3.2.
Lemma 3.3. Suppose that the function f : Ω → ℝ satisfies condition (V ) and
(1) assumptions (1), (2) of Theorem 3.2 hold,
(2) the function for t ∈ [0, a] is the maximal solution to (25) with η = 0.
Then, problem (1), (2) admits one weak solution at the most.
Proof From (27) we deduce that for η = 0 we have on E and the lemma follows.
4 Existence of solutions of initial problems
Put Ξ = E × C(B, ℝ) × ℝn and suppose that F : Ξ → ℝ is a given function of the variables (t, x, w, q). Given ψ : E0 → ℝ, we consider the functional differential equation:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ28_HTML.gif)
with the initial condition
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ29_HTML.gif)
We assume that F satisfies condition (V) and we consider weak solutions to (28), (29).
Let us denote by Mn × nthe class of all n × n matrices with real elements. For x ∈ ℝn, W ∈ Mn × n, where x = (x1, ..., x n ), W = [w ij ]i,j = 1,...,n, we put
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equag_HTML.gif)
If W ∈ Mn × n, then W T denotes the transpose matrix. Suppose that v ∈ C(E0 ∪ R, ℝn), U ∈ C(E0 ∪ R, Mn × n). The following seminorms will be needed in our considerations:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equah_HTML.gif)
where t ∈ [0, a]. The scalar product in ℝn will be denoted by "∘". We will use the symbol CL(B, ℝ) to denote the class of all linear and continuous operators defined on C(B, ℝ) and taking values in ℝ. The norm in the space CL(B, ℝ) generated by the maximum norm in C(B, ℝ) will be denoted by ||·||⋆. The maximum norms in C(E0, ℝ) and C(E0, ℝn) will be denoted by and
, respectively.
Assumption H0[F ]. The function F : Ξ → ℝ satisfies the condition (V ) and
-
(1)
where (x, w, q) ∈ [-b, b] × C(B, ℝ) × ℝn and F(t, ·): S t × C(B, ℝ) × ℝn → ℝ is continuous for almost all t ∈ [0, a],
-
(2)
there is
such that
where θ ∈ C(B, ℝ) is given by θ (τ, s) = 0 on B,
-
(3)
for P = (t, x, w, q) ∈ Ξ there exist the derivatives
and and
where (x, w, q) ∈ [-b, b] × C(B, ℝ) × ℝn,
,
-
(4)
the functions
are continuous for almost all t ∈ [0, a] and there are
, L = (L1, ..., L
n
), such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equal_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equam_HTML.gif)
where (t, x, w, q) ∈ Ξ, and is given by (3).
Now we define some function spaces. Given , we denote by
the set of all ψ ∈ C(E0, ℝ) such that
-
(i)
the derivatives
exist on E0 and ∂ x ψ ∈ C(E0 , ℝn),
-
(ii)
the estimates
are satisfied on E0.
Let be given and 0 < c ≤ a. We denote by Cψ.cthe class of all z ∈ C(E
c
, R) such that z(t, x) = ψ (t, x) on E0. For the above ψ and c we denote by C∂ψ.cthe class of all v ∈ C(Ec, ℝn) such that v(t, x) = ∂
x
ψ(t, x) on E0.
Suppose that Assumption H0[F] is satisfied and , z ∈ Cψ.c, u ∈ C∂ψ.cwhere 0 < c ≤ a. We consider the Cauchy problem
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ30_HTML.gif)
where (t, x) ∈ E and 0 ≤ t ≤ c. Let us denote by g[z, u](·, t, x) the solution of (30). The function g[z, u](·, t, x) is the bicharacteristic of (28) corresponding to (z, u).
For u ∈ C∂ψ.c, u = (u1, ..., u n ), and P ∈ Ξ, (t, x) ∈ E ∩ ([0, c] × ℝn), we write
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equao_HTML.gif)
Set
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equap_HTML.gif)
Let be defined by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ31_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ32_HTML.gif)
Set where
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ33_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ34_HTML.gif)
We consider the system of integral functional equations
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ35_HTML.gif)
System (35) is obtained in the following way. We first introduce an additional unknown function u = ∂ x z in (28). Then, we consider the linearization of (28) with respect to the last variable, and we obtain the equation
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ36_HTML.gif)
By virtue of (28) we get the following differential equation for the unknown function u ::
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ37_HTML.gif)
Finally, we put u = ∂ x z in (37). If we consider (36) and (37) along the bicharacteristic g[z, u](·, t, x), then we obtain
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ38_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ39_HTML.gif)
By integrating of (38) and (39) on [0, t] with respect to τ, we get (35).
We prove that there is a solution to (35) defined on E
c
where c ∈ (0, a] is sufficiently a small constant, and
and
are weak solutions to (28), (29). We first give estimates of solutions to (35).
Lemma 4.1. Suppose that Assumption H0[F] is satisfied and
(1) and 0 < c ≤ a.
(2) the functions ,
are continuous and they satisfy (35).
Then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equaq_HTML.gif)
where
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equar_HTML.gif)
Proof. Write
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equas_HTML.gif)
It follows from Assumption H0[F] and from (31) - (34) that satisfy the integral inequalities
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equat_HTML.gif)
where t ∈ [0, c]. The functions satisfy integral equations corresponding to the above inequalities. This proves the lemma.
Suppose that ζ, χ : [0, c] → ℝ+ are continuous and they satisfy the integral inequalities
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equau_HTML.gif)
where t ∈ [0, c]. It is clear that satisfy the above conditions.
Given d, h ∈ ℝ+, d ≥ c1, h ≥ c2 and 0 < c ≤ a. Suppose that . We denote by Cψ.c[ζ, d] the class of all z ∈ Cψ.csuch that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equav_HTML.gif)
For the above ψ , we denote by C∂ψc[χ, h] the class of all satisfying the conditions
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equaw_HTML.gif)
Write A = ζ(a), C = χ(a) and where
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equax_HTML.gif)
Assumption H[F]. The function F : Ξ → ℝ satisfies Assumption H0[F], and there is such that the terms
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equay_HTML.gif)
are bounded from above on Ξ[A,C] by
Remark 4.2. It is important that we have assumed the Lipschitz condition for ∂
x
F, ∂
w
F, ∂
q
F for satisfying the condition: ||w||
B
,
.
There are differential integral equations and differential equations with deviated variables such that Assumption H[F] is satisfied and the functions ∂ x F, ∂ w F, and ∂ q F do not satisfy the Lipschitz condition with respect to the functional variable on Ξ.
It is clear that there are functional differential equations which satisfy Assumptions H[F] and they do not satisfy the assumptions of the existence theorem presented in [18].
Lemma 4.3. Suppose that Assumption H[F], H[φ] are satisfied and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equaz_HTML.gif)
where 0 < c ≤ a.
Then the bicharacteristics g[z, u](·, t, x) and exist on intervals [0, δ[z, u](t, x)] and
such that for τ = δ[z, u](t, x),
, we have (τ, g[z, u](τ, t, x)) ∈ ∂E
c
,
, where ∂E
c
is the boundary of E
c
.
The solution of (30) is unique, and we have the estimates
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ40_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ41_HTML.gif)
where ,
, τ ∈ [0, c].
Proof The existence and uniqueness of the solution to (30) follows from classical theorems on Carathéodory solutions of ordinary differential equations. We conclude from Assumption H[F] that the integral inequalities
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equba_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbb_HTML.gif)
are satisfied. Then, we obtain (40) and (41) from the Gronwall inequality.
Write
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbc_HTML.gif)
Assumption H[c]. The constants c ∈ (0, a], d, h > 0 satisfy the relations: Λ(c) ≤ d, Γ(c) ≤ h.
Remark 4.4. If we assume that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbd_HTML.gif)
then there is c ∈ (0, a] such that Λ(c) ≤ d and Γ(c) ≤ h.
Theorem 4.5. Suppose that Assumptions H[F], H[c] are satisfied and . Then there is a solution
of (28), (29).
If
and
is a solution to (28) with the initial condition
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Eqube_HTML.gif)
then there is C⋆ ∈ ℝ+ such that for t ∈ [0, c], we have.
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ42_HTML.gif)
Proof The proof will be divided into four steps
I. We define the sequences {z(m)}, {u(m)}, where
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbf_HTML.gif)
In the following way. We put first
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbg_HTML.gif)
If z(m): E c → ℝ, u(m): E c → ℝn are already defined then u (m+1)is a solution of the equation
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ43_HTML.gif)
where
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ44_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ45_HTML.gif)
The function z(m+1)is given by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ46_HTML.gif)
We prove that
(I m ) the sequences {z(m)} and {u(m)} are defined on E c and for m ≥ 0, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbh_HTML.gif)
(II m ) there exist the sequences {∂ x z(m)} and for m ≥ 0 we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbi_HTML.gif)
We prove (I m ), (II m ) by induction. It is easily seen that conditions (I0), (II0) are satisfied. Suppose that (I m ) and (II m ) hold for a given m ≥ 0. We first prove that there is u(m+1): E c → ℝn, and u(m+1)∈ C∂ψ.c[χ, h]. We claim that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ47_HTML.gif)
Indeed, it follows from Assumption H[F] and from (44), (45) that for v ∈ C∂ψ.cwe have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbj_HTML.gif)
and consequently
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbk_HTML.gif)
It follows easily that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbl_HTML.gif)
From the above estimates and from (44), we deduce (47).
There is such that for v,
, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbm_HTML.gif)
For the above v, we put
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbn_HTML.gif)
Then, we have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbo_HTML.gif)
and consequently
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbp_HTML.gif)
If follows from the Banach fixed point theorem that there is u(m+1)∈ C∂ψ.c[χ, h] and it is unique.
Then u(m+1)is defined E c . It follows from Assumption H[F] and from (I m ) that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbq_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbr_HTML.gif)
We conclude from the above estimates that z(m+1)∈ C∂ψ.c[ζ, d] which completes the proof of (IIm+1).
Put
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbs_HTML.gif)
It follows easily that there is C⋆ ∈ ℝ+ such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ48_HTML.gif)
We conclude from (48) that there exist the derivatives ∂ x z(m+1)and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbt_HTML.gif)
This proves (IIm+1).
II. We prove that the sequences {z(m)} and {u(m)} are uniformly convergent on E c .
It follows from (43)-(46) that there are K0,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ49_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ50_HTML.gif)
where t ∈ [0, c]. From (50) and from the Gronwall inequality, we deduce that there is such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ51_HTML.gif)
Write
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbu_HTML.gif)
It follows from (49), (51) that there is such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ52_HTML.gif)
Set
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbv_HTML.gif)
We conclude from (52) that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbw_HTML.gif)
and consequently
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbx_HTML.gif)
There is C1 ∈ ℝ+ such that [|V(1)|] ≤ C1. Then,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equby_HTML.gif)
and there are
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equbz_HTML.gif)
such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equca_HTML.gif)
It follows from (II
m
) that there exist the derivatives , and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equcb_HTML.gif)
III. We prove that is a solution to (28), (29). We conclude from (46) that the functions
,
satisfy the relations
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ53_HTML.gif)
For a given (t, x) ∈ E∩([0, c] × ℝn) set . Then
for
. Then relations (53) imply
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equ54_HTML.gif)
The relations and
are equivalent. By differentiating (54) with respect to τ and by putting again
, we find that
is a weak solution to (28). Since
, it follows that initial condition (29) is satisfied.
IV. Now we prove (42). It follows from (31) - (35) and from Assumption H[F] that there are such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equcc_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equcd_HTML.gif)
Hence, there is such that the integral inequality
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equce_HTML.gif)
is satisfied, We conclude from the Gronwall inequality that estimate (42) is satisfied with
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equcf_HTML.gif)
This completes the proof of the theorem.
Remark 4.6. It is easy to see that differential integral equations and equations with deviated variables are particular cases of (28).
Suppose that f: Ω → ℝ is a given function. Let F: Ξ → ℝ be defined by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1029-242X-2011-15/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_9_Equcg_HTML.gif)
Then, equation 1 is equivalent to (28). It follows that existence results for (1), (2) can be obtained from Theorem 4.5.
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Kamont, Z. Weak solutions of functional differential inequalities with first-order partial derivatives. J Inequal Appl 2011, 15 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2011-15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2011-15