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Approximate Cauchy functional inequality in quasi-Banach spaces
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2011, Article number: 102 (2011)
Abstract
In this article, we prove the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of the following Cauchy functional inequality:
in the class of mappings from n-divisible abelian groups to p-Banach spaces for any fixed positive integer n ≥ 2.
1 Introduction
The stability problem of functional equations originated from a question of Ulam [1] concerning the stability of group homomorphisms.
We are given a group G1 and a metric group G2 with metric ρ (·,·). Given ϵ > 0, does there exist a δ > 0 such that if f : G1 → G2 satisfies ρ(f(xy),f(x)f(y)) < δ for all x,y ∈ G1, then a homomorphism h : G1→G2 exists with ρ(f(x), h(x)) < ϵ for all x ϵ G1?
In other words, we are looking for situations when the homomorphisms are stable, i.e., if a mapping is almost a homomorphism, then there exists a true homomorphism near it.
In 1941, Hyers [2] considered the case of approximately additive mappings between Banach spaces and proved the following result. Suppose that E1 and E2 are Banach spaces and f : E1 → E2 satisfies the following condition: there is a constant ϵ ≥ 0 such that
for all x,y ∈ E1. Then, the limit exists for all x ∈ E1, and it is a unique additive mapping h:E1→E2 such that ||f(x) - h(x)|| ≤ ϵ.
The method which was provided by Hyers, and which produces the additive mapping h, was called a direct method. This method is the most important and most powerful tool for studying the stability of various functional equations. Hyers' theorem was generalized by Aoki [3] and Bourgin [4] for additive mappings by considering an unbounded Cauchy difference. In 1978, Rassias [5] also provided a generalization of Hyers' theorem for linear mappings which allows the Cauchy difference to be unbounded like this ||x||p+ ||y||p. Let E1 and E2 be two Banach spaces and f : E1 → E2 be a mapping such that f(tx) is continuous in t ∈ R for each fixed x. Assume that there exists ϵ > 0 and 0 ≤ p < 1 such that
Then, there exists a unique R-linear mapping T : E1 → E2 such that
for all x ∈ E1. A generalized result of Rassias' theorem was obtained by Găvruta in [6] and Jung in [7]. In 1990, Rassias [8] during the 27th International Symposium on Functional Equations asked the question whether such a theorem can also be proved for p ≥ 1. In 1991, Gajda [9], following the same approach as in [5], gave an affirmative solution to this question for p > 1. It was shown by Gajda [9], as well as by Rassias and [001]emrl [10], that one cannot prove a Rassias' type theorem when p = 1. The counterexamples of Gajda [9], as well as of Rassias and [001]emrl [10], have stimulated several mathematicians to invent new approximately additive or approximately linear mappings. In particular, Rassias [11, 12] proved a similar stability theorem in which he replaced the unbounded Cauchy difference by this factor ||x||p||y||qfor p,q ∈ R with p + q ≠ 1.
Let G be an n-divisible abelian group n ∈ N (i.e., a ↦ na : G → G is a surjection ) and X be a normed space with norm || · ||. Now, for a mapping f : G → X, we consider the following generalized Cauchy-Jensen equation
for all x,y, z ∈ G, which has been introduced in [13].
Proposition 1.1. For a mapping f : G → X, the following statements are equivalent.
-
(a)
f is additive,
-
(b)
,
-
(c)
for all x, y, z ∈ G.
As a special case for n = 2, the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of functional equation (b) and functional inequality (c) has been presented in [13]. We remark that there are some interesting papers concerning the stability of functional inequalities and the stability of functional equations in quasi-Banach spaces [14–18]. In this article, we are going to improve the theorems given in [13] without using the oddness of approximate additive functions concerning the functional inequality (c) for a more general case.
2 Generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of (c)
We recall some basic facts concerning quasi-Banach spaces and some preliminary results. Let X be a real linear space. A quasi-norm is a real-valued function on X satisfying the following:
-
(1)
||x|| ≥ 0 for all x ∈ X and ||x|| = 0 if and only if x = 0.
-
(2)
||λx|| = |λ|||x|| for all λ ∈ R and all x ∈ X.
-
(3)
There is a constant M ≥ 1 such that ||x + y|| ≤ M(||x|| + ||y||) for all x,y ∈ X.
The pair (X, || · ||) is called a quasi-normed space if || · || is a quasi-norm on X [19, 20]. The smallest possible M is called the modulus of concavity of || · ||. A quasi-Banach space is a complete quasi-normed space.
A quasi-norm || · || is called a p- norm (0 < p ≤ 1) if
for all x,y ∈ X. In this case, a quasi-Banach space is called a p-Banach space.
Given a p-norm, the formula d(x,y) := ||x - y||pgives us a translation invariant metric on X. By the Aoki-Rolewicz theorem [20], each quasi-norm is equivalent to some p-norm (see also [19]). Since it is much easier to work with p-norms, henceforth, we restrict our attention mainly to p-norms. We observe that if x1, x2,..., x n are non-negative real numbers, then
where 0 < p ≤ 1 [21].
From now on, let G be an n-divisible abelian group for some positive integer n ≥ 2, and let Y be a p-Banach space with the modulus of concavity M.
Theorem 2.1. Suppose that a mapping f : G → Y with f(0) = 0 satisfies the functional inequality
for all x, y, z ∈ G, and the perturbing function φ : G3 →R+ satisfies
for all x,y,z ∈ G. Then, there exists a unique additive mapping h : G → Y, defined as , such that
for all x ∈ G.
Proof. Let y = -x, z = 0 in (1) and dividing both sides by 2, we have
for all x ∈ G. Replacing x by nx and letting y = 0 and z = -x in (1), we get
for all x ∈ G. Replacing x by -x in (4), one has
for all x ∈ G. Put . Combining (4) and (5) yields
that is,
for all x ∈ G. It follows from (6) that
for all nonnegative integers m and l with m > l ≥ 0 and x ∈ G. Since the right-hand side of (7) tends to zero as l → ∞, we obtain the sequence is Cauchy for all x ∈ G. Because of the fact that Y is complete, it follows that the sequence converges in Y. Therefore, we can define a function h : G → Y by
Moreover, letting l = 0 and taking m → ∞ in (7), we get
for all x ∈ G. It follows from (3) and (8) that
for all x ∈ G.
It follows from (1) and (4) that
for all x,y ∈G. This implies that the mapping h is additive.
Next, let h' : G → Y be another additive mapping satisfying
for all x ∈ G. Then, we have
for all k ∈ N and all x ∈ G. Taking the limit as k → ∞, we conclude that
for all x ∈ G. This completes the proof.
Suppose that X is a normed space in the following corollaries. If we put φ(x,y,z) := θ(||x||q||y||r||z||s) and φ (x,y,z) := θ(||x||q+ ||y||r+ ||z||s) in Theorem 2.1, respectively, then we get the following Corollaries 2.2 and 2.3.
Corollary 2.2. Let q + r + s < 1, q, r, s > 0, θ > 0. If a mapping f : X → Y with f(0) = 0 satisfies the following functional inequality:
for all x, y, z ∈ X, then f is additive.
Corollary 2.3. Let 0 < q,r,s <1, θ1,θ2 > 0. If a mapping f : X → Y with f(0) = 0 satisfies the following functional inequality:
for all x,y,z ∈ X, then there exists a unique additive mapping h : X ∈ Y, defined as , such that
for all x ∈ X.
Noting the inequality
according to the inequalities (3) and (4), then we can similarly prove another stability theorem under the same condition as in Theorem 2.1:
Remark 2.4. Let φ : G3 → R+ and f : G → Y satisfy the assumptions of Theorem 2.1. Then, there exists a unique additive mapping h : G → Y, defined by , such that
for all x ∈ G using the similar argument to Theorem 2.1.
In particular, if a mapping f : X → Y with f(0) = 0 satisfies the following functional inequality:
for all x,y,z in a normed space X, where 0 < q,r,s < 1, θ1,θ2 > 0, then there exists a unique additive mapping h : X → Y such that
for all x ∈ X.
We may obtain more simple and sharp approximation than that of Theorem 2.1 for the stability result under the oddness condition.
Remark 2.5. Let φ : G3 → R+ and f : G → Y satisfy the assumptions of Theorem 2.1. Moreover, if the mapping f is odd, then there exists a unique additive mapping h : G → Y, defined by , such that
for all x ∈ G.
Now, we consider another stability result of functional inequality (c) in the followings.
Theorem 2.6. Suppose that a mapping f : G → Y satisfies
and the perturbing function φ : G3 → R+ is such that
for all x,y,z ∈ G. Then, there exists a unique additive mapping h : G → Y, defined , such that
for all x ∈ G.
Proof. We observe that f(0) = 0 because of φ(0,0,0) = 0 by the convergence of Ψ(0,0,0) < ∞. Now, combining (4) and (5) yields the functional inequality
where , x ∈ G. It follows from the last inequality that
for all x ∈ G.
The remaining proof is similar to the corresponding proof of Theorem 2.1. This completes the proof.
Suppose that X is a normed space in the following corollaries. If we put φ(x,y,z) := θ(||x||q||y||r||z||s) and φ(x,y,z) := θ(||x||q+ ||y||r+ ||z||s) in Theorem 2.6, respectively, then we get the following Corollaries 2.7 and 2.8.
Corollary 2.7. Let q + r + s > 1, q,r, s > 0, θ > 0. If a mapping f : X → Y satisfies the following functional inequality:
for all x, y, z ∈ X, then f is additive.
Corollary 2.8. Let q,r,s > 1, θ1 > 0. If a mapping f : X → Y satisfies the following functional inequality:
for all x,y,z ∈ X, then there exists a unique additive mapping h : X → Y, defined as , such that
for all x ∈ X.
We can similarly prove another stability theorem under somewhat different conditions as follows:
Remark 2.9. Let φ : G3 → R+ and f : G → Y satisfy the assumptions of Theorem 2.6. Then, there exists a unique additive mapping h : G → Y, defined by h(x) = , such that
for all x ∈ G.
In particular, if a mapping f : X → Y satisfies the following functional inequality:
for all x,y, z in a normed space X, where q,r,s > 1, θ 1 > 0, then there exists a unique additive mapping h : X → Y such that
for all x ∈ X.
We may obtain more simple and sharp approximation than that of Theorem 2.6 for the stability result under the oddness condition.
Remark 2.10. Let φ : G3 → R+ and f : G → Y satisfy the assumptions of Theorem 2.6. If the mapping f is odd, then there exists a unique additive mapping h : G → Y, defined by , such that
for all x ∈ G.
3 Alternative generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of (c)
From now on, we investigate the generalized Hyers-Ulam stability of the functional inequality (c).
Theorem 3.1. Suppose that a mapping f : G → Y with f(0) = 0 satisfies the functional inequality
for all x,y,z ∈ G and there exists a constant L with 0 < L < 1 for which the perturbing function φ : G3→ R+ satisfies
for all x,y,z ∈ G. Then, there exists a unique additive mapping h : G → Y, defined as , such that
for all x ∈ G.
Proof. It follows from (7) and (12) that
for all nonnegative integers m and l with m > l ≥ 0 and x ∈ G,where . Since the sequence is Cauchy for all x ∈ G, we can define a function h : G → Y by
Moreover, letting l = 0 and m → ∞ in the last inequality yields
for all x ∈ G. It follows from (3) and (13) that
for all x ∈ G.
The remaining proof is similar to the corresponding proof of Theorem 2.1. This completes the proof.
Remark 3.2. Let φ : G3→ R+ and f : G → Y satisfy the assumptions of Theorem 3.1. Then, there exists a unique additive mapping h : G → Y, defined by , such that
for all x ∈ G using the similar argument to Theorem 3.1.
In particular, if a mapping f : X → Y with f(0) = 0 satisfies the following functional inequality:
for all x, y, z in a normed space X, where 0 < r < 1, θ1, θ2 > 0, then there exists a unique additive mapping h : X → Y such that
for all x ∈ X, by considering L := nr- 1.
Theorem 3.3. Suppose that a mapping f : G →Y satisfies the functional inequality
for all x,y,z ∈ G and there exists a constant L with 0 < L < 1 for which the perturbing function φ : G3 → R+ satisfies
for all x,y,z ∈ G. Then, there exists a unique additive mapping h : G → Y, defined as , such that
for all x ∈ G.
Proof. We observe that f(0) = 0 because φ(0,0,0) = 0, which follows from the condition . It follows from the inequality (11) and (14) that
for all x ∈ G, where , x ∈ G.
The remaining proof is similar to the corresponding proof of Theorem 2.1. This completes the proof.
Remark 3.4. Let φ : G3 → R+ and f : G → Y satisfy the assumptions of Theorem 3.3. Then, there exists a unique additive mapping h : G → Y, defined by , such that
for all x ∈ G using the similar argument to Theorem 3.3.
In particular, if a mapping f : X → Y satisfies the following functional inequality:
for all x, y, z in a normed space X, where r > 1, θ 1 > 0, then there exists a unique additive mapping h : X→Y such that
for all x ∈ X, by considering L : = n1-r.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the referees and the editors for carefully reading this article and for their valuable comments. This study was supported by the Basic Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (No. 2011-0002614).
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All authors carried out the proof. All authors conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Kim, HM., Son, E. Approximate Cauchy functional inequality in quasi-Banach spaces. J Inequal Appl 2011, 102 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2011-102
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2011-102