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Approximation of Second-Order Moment Processes from Local Averages

Abstract

We use local averages to approximate processes that have finite second-order moments and are continuous in quadratic mean. We also provide some insight and generalization of the connection between Bernstein polynomials and Brownian motion, which was investigated by Kowalski in 2006.

1. Introduction

In the literature, very few researchers considered approximating Brownian motion using Bernstein polynomials. Kowalski [1] is the first one who uses this method. In fact, if we restrict Brownian motion on , it is a real process with finite second order moment. In this paper, we will approximate all of the complex second order moment processes on by Bernstein polynomials and other classical operators by [2]. Therefore the research obtained generalize that of [1].

On the other hand, it is well known that the sampling theorem is one of the most powerful tools in signal analysis. It says that to recover a function in certain function spaces, it suffices to know the values of the function on a sequence of points.

Due to physical reasons, for example, the inertia of the measurement apparatus, the measured sampled values obtained in practice may not be values of precisely at times , but only local average of near . Specifically, the measured sampled values are

(1.1)

for some collection of averaging functions , which satisfy the following properties:

(1.2)

Gröchenig [3] proved that every band-limited signal can be reconstructed exactly by local averages providing , where is the maximal frequency of the signal . Recently, several average sampling theorems have been established, for example, see [4–7].

Since signals are often of random characters, random signals play an important role in signal processing, especially in the study of sampling theorems. For this purpose, one usually uses stochastic processes which are stationary in the wide sense as a model [8, 9]. A wide sense stationary process is only a kind of second order moment processes. In this paper, we study complex second order moment processes on by some classical operators.

Given a probability space , a stochastic process is said to be a second order moment process on if , . Now for each , let and , where and is a constant. Then for each , let the averaging functions , satisfy the following properties:

(1.3)

and

(1.4)

The local averages of near are

(1.5)

The operator is defined as

(1.6)

where are kernel functions and satisfy the following equations for all constant

(1.7)

2. Main Results

In this paper, let and let denote the space of all continuous real functions on . denotes the space of all bounded real functions on . denotes the space of all second order moment processes on . denotes the space of all second order moment processes in quadratic mean continuous on . Let us begin with the following proposition.

Proposition 2.1 (Korovkin [10]).

Assume that are a sequence of linear positive operators. If for , and , one has

(2.1)

where

(2.2)

then for any , one has

(2.3)

Notice that for , (1.6) can be changed as

(2.4)

Then our main result is the following.

Theorem 2.2.

Let be a sequence of operators defined as (2.4) such that for , and , one has

(2.5)

Then for any second order moment processes in quadratic mean continuous on any finite closed interval , one has

(2.6)

where is a sequence of operators defined as (1.6).

Proof.

Let , and let be the correlation functions of . Then we have . For any fixed , there exists , such that

(2.7)

whenever . Then there is such that for all . Thus when and , we have

(2.8)

At the same time, since , . Then using (2.8), that for any given and any , we have

(2.9)

From (1.7), (2.5), and (2.9), we have

(2.10)

This completes the proof.

3. Applications

As the application of Theorem 2.2, we give a new kind of operators.

For a signal function defined as

(3.1)

let be a monotonic sequence that satisfies

(3.2)

and let

(3.3)

Obviously, function is continuous in , now we let

(3.4)

Using Gamma-function, can be noted by

(3.5)

where

(3.6)

If , we need ; if , , then is enough. Let and then we have the kernel function of Bernstein polynomials, Szász-Mirakian operators, and Baskakov operators [11].

Now we define Gamma-Radom operators by local averages

(3.7)

where satisfy (1.3).

Similarly, let

(3.8)

The Nyquist rate is or .

For , let , for , let , for example, using Dirac-function, then for deterministic signals we have the Bernstein polynomials, Szász-Mirakian operators and Baskakov operators [11]. Let be a uniform ditributed function on or . We can get the BernsteinKantorovich operators, Szász- Kantorovich operators, and Baskakov-Kantorovich operators [11]. For random signals, the following results can be setup.

Corollary 3.1.

For a second order moment processes in quadratic mean continuous on , one has

(3.9)

where for , for , and is defined by (3.7).

Proof.

A simple computation shows that for , we have

(3.10)

and for , we have

(3.11)

For (when ), , we have

(3.12)

Using Theorem 2.2, we have (3.9).

Obviously, let , , in Corollary 3.1, we get the first result of Kowalski [1].

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Professors Liqun Wang, Lixing Han, Wenchang Sun, and Xingwei Zhou for useful suggestions which helped them to improve the paper. This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 60872161) and the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (Grant no. 08JCYBJC09600).

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Correspondence to Weisong Xie.

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Song, Z., Wang, P. & Xie, W. Approximation of Second-Order Moment Processes from Local Averages. J Inequal Appl 2009, 154632 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/154632

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