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Recurring Mean Inequality of Random Variables
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2008, Article number: 325845 (2008)
Abstract
A multidimensional recurring mean inequality is shown. Furthermore, we prove some new inequalities, which can be considered to be the extensions of those established inequalities, including, for example, the Polya-Szegö and Kantorovich inequalities.
1. Introduction
The theory of means and their inequalities is fundamental to many fields including mathematics, statistics, physics, and economics.This is certainly true in the area of probability and statistics. There are large amounts of work available in the literature. For example, some useful results have been given by Shaked and Tong [1], Shaked and Shanthikumar [2], Shaked et al. [3], and Tong [4, 5]. Motivated by different concerns, there are numerous ways to introduce mean values. In probability and statistics, the most commonly used mean is expectation. In [6], the author proves the mean inequality of two random variables. The purpose of the present paper is to establish a recurring mean inequality, which generalizes the mean inequality of two random variables to random variables. This result can, in turn, be extended to establish other new inequalities, which include generalizations of the Polya-Szegö and Kantorovich inequalities [7].
We begin by introducing some preliminary concepts and known results which can also be found in [6].
Definition 1.1.
The supremum and infimum of the random variable are defined as
and
, respectively, and denoted by
and
.
Definition 1.2.
If is bounded, the arithmetic mean of the random variable
,
, is given by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ1_HTML.gif)
In addition, if , one defines the geometric mean of the random variable
,
, to be
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ2_HTML.gif)
Definition 1.3.
If are bounded random variables, the independent arithmetic mean of the product of random variables
is given by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ3_HTML.gif)
Definition 1.4.
If are bounded random variables with
, one defines the independent geometric mean of the product of random variables
to be
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ4_HTML.gif)
Remark 1.5.
If are independent, then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ5_HTML.gif)
The mean inequality of two random variables [6].
Theorem 1.6.
Let and
be bounded random variables. If
and
, then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ6_HTML.gif)
Equality holds if and only if
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ7_HTML.gif)
for .
2. Main Results
Our main results are given by the following theorem.
Theorem 2.1.
Suppose that are bounded random variables,
. Let
be a sequence of real numbers. If
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ8_HTML.gif)
then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ9_HTML.gif)
Proof.
Let . We have
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ10_HTML.gif)
So
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ11_HTML.gif)
which implies that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ12_HTML.gif)
Using the Jensen inequality [7] and assumption (2.1), we get
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ13_HTML.gif)
Hence,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ14_HTML.gif)
from which (2.2) follows.
Combining this result with Theorem 1.6, the following recurring inequalities are immediate.
Corollary 2.2.
Let be bounded random variables. If
,
, then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ15_HTML.gif)
3. Some Applications
In this section, we exhibit some of the applications of the inequalities just obtained. We make use of the following known lemma which we state here without proof.
Lemma 3.1.
If , then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ16_HTML.gif)
Theorem 3.2 (the extensions of the inequality of Polya-Szegö).
Let , for
and
. Then,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ17_HTML.gif)
Proof.
This result is a consequence of inequality (2.8). Let have the distribution
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ18_HTML.gif)
We define functions as follows:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ19_HTML.gif)
Let . Then,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ20_HTML.gif)
Inequality (2.8) then becomes
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ21_HTML.gif)
from which our result follows.
Remark 3.3.
For , we can get the inequality of Polya-Szegö [7]:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ22_HTML.gif)
where , and
.
Theorem 3.4 (the extensions of Kantorovich's inequality).
Let be an
positive Hermitian matrix. Denote by
and
the maximum and minimum eigenvalues of
, respectively. For real
and
, and any vector
,the following inequality is satisfied:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ23_HTML.gif)
where
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ24_HTML.gif)
Proof.
Let be eigenvalues of
and let
. There is a Hermitian matrix
that satisfies
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ25_HTML.gif)
Let
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ26_HTML.gif)
Then,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ27_HTML.gif)
What remains to show is that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ28_HTML.gif)
We define the random variable , and assign
. Suppose
Notice that
and
are the upper and lower bounds of the random variable
, so
and
are the lower and upper bounds of
. According to Lemma 3.1, we know that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ29_HTML.gif)
Noticing that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ30_HTML.gif)
we can use inequality (2.8) to express inequality (3.13) as
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ31_HTML.gif)
Remark 3.5.
If and
, this inequality takes the form
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2008%2F325845/MediaObjects/13660_2007_Article_1798_Equ32_HTML.gif)
which is Kantorovich's inequality [7].
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Wang, M. Recurring Mean Inequality of Random Variables. J Inequal Appl 2008, 325845 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/325845
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/325845