- Research
- Open access
- Published:
Relation between electrical resistance and conductance using multifarious functional equations and applications to parallel circuit
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2022, Article number: 60 (2022)
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a new generalized p-dimensional multifarious radical reciprocal functional equation combining three classical means: arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic. Mainly, we find its general solution and stability related to the Ulam problem in modular spaces by using the fixed point method with suitable counterexamples. Importantly, in this paper, we illustrate the geometrical interpretation and applications of the introduced Pythagorean means multifarious functional equation in connection with the parallel circuit. Furthermore, we provide a formula for finding the equivalent resistance \(R_{\mathrm{eq}}\) of parallel electrical circuit using functional equations, which relates the electrical resistances and conductances with suitable examples.
1 Introduction and preliminaries
In the development of broad field functional equations, we come acrossing various types like additive, quadratic, cubic and so on. In recent research many researchers modeled functional equations from physical phenomena. In particular, by geometrical construction, many authors introduced remarkable reciprocal-type functional equations. In 2010, Ravi and Senthil Kumar [1] introduced the reciprocal-type functional equation
with solution \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z}\).
In 2015, Narasimman, Ravi, and Pinelas [2] introduced the radical reciprocal quadratic functional equation
which is satisfied by \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{2}}\). Also, they provided the solution and stability of (1.2) with geometrical interpretation and application. Equation (1.2) was extended by Pinelas et al. [3] as follows:
which is satisfied by \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{2}}\).
In 2014, Bodaghi and Kim [4] introduced the quadratic reciprocal functional equation, which was generalized by Song and Song [5].
Definition 1.1
A reciprocal functional equation is a functional equation with solution of the form \(\frac{1}{s(z)}\) where \(s(z)=z^{m}\), \(m \in \mathbb{N}\). Such functional equations were studied in the recent papers; we refer to [6–11].
Definition 1.2
([12])
The three classical Pythagorean means are the arithmetic mean (AM), the geometric mean (GM), and the harmonic mean (HM) defined by
Definition 1.3
Functional equations that arise from the relations between three Pythagorean means (arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic) are known as Pythagorean mean functional equations.
Definition 1.4
A reciprocal Pythagorean mean functional equation is said to be multifarious if it has various nature like additive, quadratic, cubic, and so on with respect to its dimensions.
For the necessary introduction on stability related to the Ulam problem and the notion of modular spaces, we refer to [13–21].
Nakano [22] in 1959 introduced modular spaces with an abstract functional. This abstract functional is called modular, and it forms the basis of the modular space theory. Musielak and Orlicz [23] redefined and generalized the notion of a modular space.
Definition 1.5
Let Z be a vector space. A real function ξ on Z is said to be a modular if it fulfills the following conditions:
-
(i)
\(\xi (z_{1})=0\) if and only if \(z_{1}=\Gamma \) (the null vector),
-
(ii)
\(\xi (z_{1})=\xi (-z_{1})\).
-
(iii)
\(\xi (\alpha z_{1}+\beta z_{2})\leq \xi (z_{1})+\xi (z_{2})\) for all \(z_{1}, z_{2}\in Z\) and \(\alpha , \beta \geq 0\) with \(\alpha +\beta =1\).
If
-
(iii)’
\(\xi (\alpha z_{1}+\beta z_{2})\leq \alpha \xi (z_{1})+\beta \xi (z_{2})\) for all \(z_{1}, z_{2}\in Z\) and \(\alpha , \beta \geq 0\) with \(\alpha +\beta =1\),
then ξ is called a convex modular.
Note that \(\xi (t \cdot z_{1})\) is an increasing function in t for each \(z_{1} \in Z\). Suppose \(0 < a < b\). Put \(z_{2} = 0\) in property (iii) of Definition 1.5. Then \(\xi (az_{1})=\xi (\frac{a}{b}bz_{1})\leq \xi (bz_{1})\) for all \(z_{1} \in Z\). Moreover, if ξ is a convex modular on Z and \(|\alpha |\leq 1\), then \(\xi (\alpha z_{1})=\alpha \xi (z_{1})\) and also \(\xi (z_{1})\leq \frac{1}{2}\xi (2 z_{1})\) for all \(z_{1} \in Z\).
Definition 1.6
A modular space \(Z_{\xi}\) is defined by a corresponding modular ξ, that is, \(Z_{\xi}= \{z_{1}\in Z: \xi (\lambda z_{1})\to 0 \text{ as } \lambda \to 0\}\).
Definition 1.7
A modular is said to satisfy the \(\Delta _{2}\)-condition if there exists \(\kappa >0\) such that \(\xi (2z)\leq \kappa \xi (z)\) for all \(z\in Z_{\xi}\).
Definition 1.8
Let \(\{z_{i}\}\) and z be in \(Z_{\xi}\). Then the modular ξ has the Fatou property if \(\xi (z)\leq \lim \inf_{i\to \infty}\xi (z_{i})\) whenever the sequence \(\{z_{i}\}\) is ξ-convergent to z.
Definition 1.9
([24])
Let A be a \(C^{*}\)-algebra, and let \(x\in A\) be a self-adjoint element, i.e., \(x^{\ast}=x\). Then x is said to be positive if it is of the form \(yy^{*}\) for some \(y \in A\). The set of positive elements of A is denoted by \(A^{+}\).
Note that \(A^{+}\) is a closed convex cone (see [24]). It is well known that for a positive element x and a positive integer n, there exists a unique positive element \(y \in A^{+}\) such that \(x=y^{n}\). We denote y by \(x^{\frac{1}{n}}\) (see [25]).
In Sect. 1, we provide the necessary introduction and preliminaries. Also, we give the geometrical construction and geometrical interpretation of p-dimensional multifarious radical reciprocal functional equations. In Sect. 2, we find general solutions of (1.7) and (1.8). In Sect. 3, we investigate the Hyers–Ulam stability of (1.7) and (1.8). We illustrate applications of (1.7) in Sect. 4, and the conclusion is given in Sect. 5.
1.1 Main results
In this paper, using Pythagorean means, we introduce new generalized two-, three-, and p-dimensional multifarious radical reciprocal functional equations.
The following two- and three-dimensional multifarious radical reciprocal functional equations are obtained by (1.1) and (1.2):
which are satisfied by \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{m}}\) for all \(z,w,z_{1},z_{2}, z_{3}\in (0, \infty )\), \(m \in \mathbb{N}\). Observe that if \(m=1\) and \(m=2\) in (1.4), then we get (1.1) and (1.2), respectively. Hence the functional equation (1.4) is known as a two-dimensional multifarious radical reciprocal functional equation. By a similar argument (1.5) is known as a three-dimensional multifarious radical reciprocal functional equation.
Moreover, by (1.4) we have
which is satisfied by \(s(z_{1})=\frac{c}{z_{1}^{m}}\), \(z_{1},z_{2}, z_{3}\in (0, \infty )\), \(m \in \mathbb{N}\mathbbm{,}\) and the denominators are not equal to zero. We may observe that if \(m=2\), then we get (1.3).
Importantly, we generalize the above two- and three-dimensional multifarious radical reciprocal functional equations (1.4), (1.5), and (1.6) into p-dimensional multifarious radical reciprocal functional equations, as follows:
which are satisfied by \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{m}}\), \(j=i+1\), for all \(m, p\in \mathbb{N}\mathbbm{,}\) and the denominators of (1.7) and (1.8) are not equal to zero. We may observe that if \(p=2\) in (1.7), then we get (1.4). Also, if \(p=1\) and \(p=2\) in (1.8), then we get (1.4) and (1.6), respectively.
1.2 Geometrical construction of p-dimensional multifarious radical reciprocal functional equations
Geometric construction of three Pythagorean means of two variables can be constructed geometrically as shown in Fig. 1. Geometric construction of geometric mean of three variables are not possible, but the other Pythagorean means can be constructed for any number of variables; we refer to [26–28].
The relations between three Pythagorean means of p-objects \(z_{1}, z_{2},\ldots ,z_{p}\) are represented by the equation
Consider two spheres \(S_{1}\) and \(S_{2}\) of radii \(r_{1}>r_{2}\) located along the x-axis and centered at \(C_{1}(0,0,0)\) and \(C_{2}(d,0,0)\), respectively.
We can show the length of \(C_{2}C_{1}\) is \(\frac{z_{1}+z_{2}}{2}\), which is the arithmetic mean of \(z_{1}\) and \(z_{2}\). Using Pythagoras’ theorem, we can find that the length of \(AC_{1}\) is the geometric mean \(\sqrt{z_{1}z_{2}}\) of \(z_{1}\) and \(z_{2}\). Also, we can obtain that the length of \(HC_{1}\) is \(\frac{2z_{1}z_{2}}{z_{1}+z_{2}}\), which the harmonic mean of \(z_{1}\) and \(z_{2}\), since \(C_{2}AC_{1}\) and \(AHC_{1}\) are similar.
From Fig. 2, we have the equality \(HC_{1}=\frac{AC_{1}^{2}}{C_{2}C_{1}}\), that is,
which is a particular case of (1.9) for \(p=2\), which implies
Letting \(z_{1}=\frac{1}{z}\) and \(z_{2}=\frac{1}{w}\) in (1.10), we get
In that case, (1.1) is valid by (1.11), which is satisfied by \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z}\).
Letting \(z_{1}=\frac{1}{z^{2}}\) and \(z_{2}=\frac{1}{w^{2}}\) in (1.10), we get
In that case, (1.2) is valid by (1.12), which is satisfied by \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{2}}\). In general, letting \(z_{1}=\frac{1}{z^{m}}\) and \(z_{2}=\frac{1}{w^{m}}\) in (1.10), we get
In that case, (1.4) is valid by (1.13), which is satisfied by \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{m}}\).
In Fig. 2, AB is the diameter of the common circle. The common circle is the solution of the system
which imply
The system of equations (1.14) can be expressed by radical reciprocal quadratic functional equations of the form
for \(z_{1},z_{2},z_{3},r_{1},r_{2} \in (0, \infty )\), which are satisfied by \(s(z_{1})=\frac{c}{z_{1}^{2}}\), and the denominators are not equal to zero. Also, we observe that equation (1.15) is a particular case of (1.5) for \(m=2\). Letting \(p=3\) in (1.9), we get
which gives
Letting \(z_{1}=\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}}\), \(z_{2}=\frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}}\) and \(z_{3}=\frac{1}{z_{3}^{m}}\) in (1.16), we get
In that case, (1.5) is valid by (1.17), which is satisfied by \(s(z_{1})=\frac{c}{z_{1}^{m}}\). By the same process for p-objects, (1.9) becomes
Letting \(z_{1}=\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}}\), \(z_{2}=\frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}}\), … , \(z_{p-1}= \frac{1}{z_{p-1}^{m}}\) in (1.18), we get
Clearly, equation (1.7) holds by (1.19) with solution \(s(z_{1})=\frac{c}{z_{1}^{m}}\). By a similar process and by (1.9), if we choose pairwise from p-objects \(z_{1}, z_{2},\ldots ,z_{p}\) as \((z_{i}, z_{j})\), end with \((z_{1}, z_{p+1})\) for \(j=i+1\), \(i=1,2,\dots ,p\), and sum all the resultants, then we obtain (1.8).
2 General solutions of p-dimensional multifarious radical reciprocal functional equations
The following theorems give the solutions of (1.7) and (1.8), which are motivated by the work of Ger [26].
Theorem 2.1
A general solution of (1.7) is \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{m}}\), \(z \in (0, \infty )\), with \(\frac{s(z)}{\frac{1}{z^{m}}}\) a quotient at zero.
Proof
Letting \(z_{1} = z_{2} =\cdots =z_{p} =z\) in (1.7), we obtain
Assuming that
we have
Dividing (2.1) by \(\frac{1}{z^{\frac{m}{2}}}\), we have
Replacing z by \(\frac{z}{\sqrt[m]{p}}\) in (2.4), we get
Again, replacing z by \(\frac{z}{\sqrt[m]{p}}\) in (2.5), we obtain
Continuing the same process k times, we have
Now
and (2.2) implies that
This completes the proof. □
Theorem 2.2
A general solution of (1.8) is \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{m}}\), \(z \in (0, \infty )\), with \(\frac{s(z)}{\frac{1}{z^{m}}}\) a quotient at zero.
Proof
Letting \(z_{1} = z_{2} = \cdots = z_{p+1}=z\) in (1.8), we get
and assuming that
we obtain
Dividing (2.6) by \(\frac{1}{z^{\frac{m}{2}}}\), we get
and by (2.7) and (2.8) we have
Replacing z by \(\frac{z}{\sqrt[m]{2}}\) in (2.9) and (2.10), we get
and
respectively. Continuing the same process k times, we get
Since
equations (2.7) and (2.11) imply that
This completes the proof. □
In the following theorem, we obtain general solutions of (1.7) and (1.8) by the derivative method.
Theorem 2.3
Let \(s: (0, \infty ) \to \mathbb{R}\) be a continuously differentiable function with nowhere vanishing derivative \(s'\). Then s has a solution of the functional equation (1.7) if and only if there exists a nonzero real constant c such that \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{m}}\), \(z \in (0, \infty )\).
Proof
Differentiating (1.7) with respect to \(z_{1}\) on both sides, we have
Letting \(z_{1} = z_{2} = \cdots = z_{p} =z\) in (2.12), we have
and setting \(z_{1}=\sqrt[m]{2}z\) and \(z_{2}= z_{3}=\cdots =z_{p} =z\) in (2.12) and using (2.1) and (2.13), we obtain
for all integers k, l. We derive its linearity by assuming \(\lambda =(\sqrt[m]{p})^{k}(\sqrt[m]{p+1})^{l}\) and \(z=1\):
for \(\lambda \in (0, \infty )\). Therefore there exist real numbers \(c \neq 0\) and d such that \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{m}}+d\) for \(z \in (0, \infty )\). Note that we have \(d=0\), since the equality \(s(\sqrt[m]{p}z)=\frac{1}{p}s(z)\) is valid for all positive real numbers z. This completes the proof. □
Theorem 2.4
Let \(s: (0, \infty ) \to \mathbb{R}\) be a continuously differentiable function with nowhere vanishing derivative \(s'\). Then s is a solution of the functional equation (1.8) if and only if there exists a nonzero real constant c such that \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{m}}\), \(z \in (0, \infty )\).
Proof
Differentiating (1.8) with respect to \(z_{1}\) on both sides, we obtain
and by (2.6) we have
Letting \(z_{1}=z\) and \(z_{2}= z_{p+1}=\sqrt[m]{2}z\) in (2.15) and using (2.6) and (2.16), we get
and from (2.16) and (2.17) we get
for all integers k, l. We derive its linearity by assuming \(\lambda =(\sqrt[m]{2})^{k}(\sqrt[m]{3})^{l}\) and \(z=1\),
for \(\lambda \in (0, \infty )\). Therefore, there exist real numbers \(c \neq 0\) and d such that \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{m}}+d\) for \(z \in (0, \infty )\). Note that we have \(d=0\), since the equality \(s(\sqrt[m]{2}z)=\frac{1}{2}s(z)\) is valid for all positive real numbers z. This completes the proof. □
Consider \(M=A^{+}\), the positive cone of a \(C^{*}\)-algebra A, and let Z be the real field \(\mathbb{R}\). Let \(Z_{\xi}\) be the ξ-complete modular space where ξ is a convex modular on Z. For convenience, let us define the difference operators \(D_{1} s(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p}): \underset{p \text{ times}}{\underbrace{M \times \cdots \times M}} \to Z_{\xi} \) and \(D_{2} s(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1}): \underset{p+1 \text{ times}}{\underbrace{M \times \cdots \times M}} \to Z_{ \xi} \) as follows:
for \(z_{1},z_{2},\ldots ,z_{p}, z_{p+1}\in M\).
3 Hyers–Ulam stability of p-dimensional multifarious radical reciprocal functional equations
In this section, we prove the Hyers–Ulam stability of (1.7) and (1.8) in modular spaces by the fixed point method.
Theorem 3.1
Let \(\eta :M^{p} \to [0, +\infty )\) be a function satisfying
for all \(z_{1}, z_{2},\ldots , z_{n} \in M\) and \(\psi <1\). Assume that \(s:M \to Z_{\xi}\) fulfills
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p} \in M\). Then there exists a unique multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R : M \to Z_{\xi}\) such that
Proof
Let \(N=\{h:M \to Z_{\xi}\} \) and define \(\xi '\) on N as
We can easily prove that \(\xi '\) is a convex modular with Fatou property on N. Let \(\{h_{i}\}\) be a \(\xi '\)-Cauchy sequence in \({{N}}_{\xi '}\), and let \(\epsilon >0\). There exists a positive integer \(i_{0}\in \mathbb{N}\) such that \(\xi '(h_{i}-h_{j})\leq \epsilon \) for all \(i,j\geq i_{0}\), and we can easily prove that \(\{h_{i}\}\) is a \(\xi '\)-convergent sequence in \(N_{\xi '}\). Therefore \({N}_{\xi '}\) is \(\xi '\)-complete; see [29, 30]. Consider the function \(\sigma : {N}_{\xi '} \to N_{\xi '}\) defined by
for \(h \in N_{\xi '}\). Let \(h, r \in N_{\xi '}\) and \((p)^{\frac{1}{m}} \in [0,1]\) with \(\xi '(h-r)<(p)^{\frac{1}{m}}\). By the definition of \(\xi '\) we get
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p} \in M\). In that case, σ is a \(\xi '\)-contraction, and (3.2) implies
and replacing z by \((p)^{\frac{1}{m}}z\) in (3.6), we get
By generalization we get
We obtain from (3.8) that
where \(k, u \in \mathbb{N}\). Thus
and hence the boundedness of an orbit of σ at s implies that \(\{\tau ^{k} s\}\) is \(\xi '\)-convergent to \(R \in N_{\xi '}\) by [29, Theorem 1.5]. By the \(\xi '\)-contractivity of σ we get
Taking the limit as \(k \to \infty \), by the Fatou property of \(\xi '\) we get
Hence R is a fixed point of σ. In (3.2), replacing \((z_{1}, z_{2},\dots ,z_{p})\) by \(((p)^{\frac{k}{m}} z_{1}, (p)^{\frac{k}{m}} z_{2}, \dots , (p)^{ \frac{k}{m}} z_{p} )\), we get
By Theorems 2.1 and 2.3, taking the limit as \(k \to \infty \), R is a multifarious radical reciprocal mapping, and using (3.8), we obtain (3.3). For the uniqueness of R, consider another multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(T: M \to Z_{\xi}\) satisfying (3.3). Then T is a fixed point of σ. So
From (3.9) we get \(R=T\). Hence the proof is complete. □
Since each normed space is a modular space with modular \(\xi (z)=\|z\|\), we can obtain the following corollaries.
Corollary 3.2
Let η be a function from \(M^{p}\) to \([0, +\infty )\) satisfying
for all \(z_{1}, z_{2},\ldots , z_{n} \in M\) and \(\psi <1\). Assume that \(s:M \to Z\) satisfies the condition
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p} \in M\). Then there is a unique multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R : M \to Z\) such that
for all \(z \in M\).
Theorem 3.3
Let η be a function from \(M^{p}\) to \([0, +\infty )\) satisfying
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p} \in M\) and \(\psi <1\). Assume that \(s:M \to Z_{\xi}\) fulfills
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p} \in M\). Then there is a unique multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R : M \to Z_{\xi}\) such that
Proof
Replacing z by \(\frac{z}{(p)^{\frac{1}{m}}}\) in (3.4) of Theorem 3.1 and proceeding similarly, we complete the proof. □
Corollary 3.4
Let η be a function from \(M^{p}\) to \([0, +\infty )\) satisfying
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p} \in M\) and \(\psi <1\). Assume that \(s:M \to Z\) fulfills the inequality
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p} \in M\). Then there is a unique multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R : M \to Z\) such that
for all \(z \in M\).
Using Corollaries 3.2 and 3.4, we prove the Hyers–Ulam stability of (1.7).
Corollary 3.5
Let η be a function from \(M^{p}\) to \([0, +\infty )\) such that
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p} \in M\) and \(\psi <1\). Suppose that for some \(\epsilon \geq 0\), \(s:M \to Z\) fulfills
for all \(z_{1}, z_{2},\dots ,z_{p} \in M\). Then there is a unique multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R : M \to Z\), defined by \(R (z)=\lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{s ((p)^{\frac{k}{m}} z )}{\frac{1}{p^{k}}}\), such that
for all \(z \in M\) and \(p \neq 0, \pm 1\).
Proof
Assume that \(\eta (z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p})=\epsilon \) for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p}\in M\). Then Corollary 3.2 implies that
for all \(z\in M\) and \(p \neq 0, \pm 1\), and by Corollary 3.4 we get
for all \(z\in M\) and \(p \neq 0, \pm 1\). □
Corollary 3.6
Suppose that for some \(\epsilon \geq 0\), \(s:M \to Z\) fulfills the inequality
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p} \in M\) with \(0\leq u<-m\) or \(u>-m\). Then there is a multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R: M \to Z\), defined by \(R (z)=\lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{s ((p)^{\frac{k}{m}} z )}{\frac{1}{p^{k}}}\), such that
Proof
If we choose \(\eta (z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p})=\epsilon (\|z_{1}\|^{u}+\|z_{2} \|^{u}+\cdots +\|z_{p}\|^{u} )\), then by Corollary 3.2
for all \(z\in M\) and \(u<-m\). Using Corollary 3.4, we have
for all \(z\in M\) and \(u>-m\). □
The following is an example to elucidate that (1.7) is not stable for \(u=-m\) in Corollary 3.6 using the method introduced by Gajda [31].
Example 3.7
Ffor some \(a>0\), define \(\phi : M \rightarrow Z\) by
and \(s:M \rightarrow Z\) by \(s(z)= \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\phi (p^{-k}z)}{p^{mk}}\). Then s fulfills
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p}\in M\). In that case, there does not exist a multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R: M \rightarrow Z\) such that
Proof
We have
Therefore we see that s is bounded. We are going to prove that s satisfies (3.11).
If \(|\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}} |+ |\frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}} |+\cdots + |\frac{1}{z_{p}^{m}} | \geq 1\), then the left-hand side of (3.11) is less than \(\frac{ap^{m}(p+1)}{p(p^{m}-1)}\). Now suppose that \(0< |\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}} |+ |\frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}} |+\cdots + |\frac{1}{z_{p}^{m}} | < 1\). Then there exists a positive integer r such that
and so
Consequently, \(\frac{z_{1}}{p^{r-1}}>p>1\), \(\frac{z_{2}}{p^{r-1}}>p>1\), … , \(\frac{z_{p}}{p^{r-1}}>p>1\). Again from (3.14) we get
Consequently, \(\frac{1}{p^{m(r-1)}}(z_{1}^{m}+z_{2}^{m}+\cdots +z_{p}^{m})>1\), \(\frac{1}{p^{r-1}}\sqrt[m]{z_{1}^{m}+z_{2}^{m}+\cdots +z_{p}^{m}}>1\). Hence
Therefore, for each \(k=0, 1, \dots , r-1 \), we have
and
for \(k=0, 1, \dots , r-1 \). From the definition of s and (3.13) we obtain that
Thus s satisfies (3.11) for all \(z_{1},z_{1},\dots ,z_{p} \in M\) with \(0<|\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}}|+|\frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}}|+\cdots +| \frac{1}{z_{p}^{m}}| < 1\).
We claim that the multifarious radical reciprocal functional equation (1.7) is not stable for \(u=-m\) in Corollary 3.6. Suppose on the contrary that there exist a multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R: M \rightarrow Z\) and a constant \(\beta >0\) satisfying (3.12). Then we have
However, we can choose a positive integer q such that \(q a > \beta +1\).
If \(z \in (1, p^{q-1})\), then \(p^{-k}z \in (1,\infty )\) for all \(k=0,1, \dots , q-1\). For this z, we get
which contradicts (3.15). Therefore the multifarious radical reciprocal functional equation (1.7) is not stable in sense of Ulam, Hyers, and Rassias if \(p=-m\) in (3.10). □
Corollary 3.8
Let \(s:M\rightarrow Z\). Suppose that there exists \(\epsilon \geq 0\) such that
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p}\in M\). Then there exists a unique multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R:M\rightarrow Z\) satisfying (1.7) and
for all \(z\in M\).
Proof
Replacing \(\eta (z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p})\) by \(\epsilon (\|z_{1}\|^{\frac{u}{p}}\|z_{2}\|^{\frac{u}{p}} \cdots \|z_{p}\|^{\frac{u}{p}} )\) in Corollary 3.2, we obtain
for \(u<-m\) and all \(z\in M\), and by Corollary 3.4 we get
for \(u>-m\) and all \(z\in M\). □
Corollary 3.9
Let \(\epsilon >0\), and let \(\alpha <-\frac{m}{p}\) or \(\alpha >-\frac{m}{p}\) be real numbers, and let \(s:M\rightarrow Z\) be a mapping satisfying the functional inequality
Then there exists a unique multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R:M\rightarrow Z\) satisfying (1.7) and
for all \(z\in M\).
Proof
Replacing \(\eta (z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p})\) by \(\epsilon \{\|z_{1}\|^{p\alpha}+\|z_{2}\|^{p\alpha}+\cdots +\|z_{p} \|^{p\alpha}+ (\|z_{1}\|^{\alpha}\|z_{2}\|^{\alpha}\cdots \|z_{p} \|^{\alpha} ) \}\), by Corollary 3.4 we have
for \(\alpha <-\frac{m}{p}\) and all \(z\in M\), and by Corollary 3.4 we get
for \(\alpha >-\frac{m}{p}\) and all \(z\in M\). □
The following example elucidates that (1.7) is not stable for \(\alpha =-\frac{m}{p}\) in Corollary 3.9 using the method introduced by Gajda [31].
Example 3.10
Let the function \(\phi : M \rightarrow Z\) be defined as
with a constant \(l>0\), and let the function \(s:M \rightarrow Z\) be defined as \(s(z)= \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\phi (p^{-k}z)}{p^{mk}}\). Then s fulfills
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p} \in M\). In that case, there does not exist a multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R: M \rightarrow Z\) such that
Proof
We have \(|s(z)|\leq \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{|\phi (p^{-k}z)|}{|p^{mk}|} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{l}{p^{mk}} = \frac{lp^{m}}{p^{m}-1}\). Therefore we see that s is bounded. We are going to prove that s satisfies (3.16).
If \(|\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}} |+ |\frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}} |+\cdots + |\frac{1}{z_{p}^{m}} |+ |\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}} | | \frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}} |\cdots |\frac{1}{z_{p}^{m}} | \geq 1\), then the left-hand side of (3.16) is less than \(\frac{ap^{m}(p+1)}{p(p^{m}-1)}\). Now suppose that \(0< |\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}} |+ |\frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}} |+\cdots + |\frac{1}{z_{p}^{m}} |+ |\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}} | | \frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}} |\cdots |\frac{1}{z_{p}^{m}} | < 1\). Then there exists a positive integer r such that
and the rest of the proof is the same as in that of Example 3.7. □
Theorem 3.11
Let \(\eta :M^{p+1} \to [0, +\infty )\) be a function such that
for all \(z_{1}, z_{2},\ldots , z_{p+1} \in M\) and \(\psi <1\). Suppose that \(s:M \to Z_{\xi}\) fulfills the inequality
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\ldots ,z_{p+1} \in M\). Then there is a unique multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R : M \to Z_{\xi}\) such that
Proof
Consider \(N=\{h:M \to Z_{\xi}\} \) and define \(\xi '\) on N as
We can easily prove that \(\xi '\) is a convex modular with Fatou property on N. Let \(\{h_{i}\}\) be a \(\xi '\)-Cauchy sequence in \({{N}}_{\xi '}\). For any \(\epsilon >0\), there exists a positive integer \(i_{0}\in \mathbb{N}\) such that \(\xi '(h_{i}-h_{j})\leq \epsilon \) for all \(i,j\geq i_{0}\), and we can easily prove that \(\{h_{i}\}\) is a \(\xi '\)-convergent sequence in \(N_{\xi '}\). Therefore \({N}_{\xi '}\) is \(\xi '\)-complete; see [29, 30]. Consider the function \(\sigma : {N}_{\xi '} \to N_{\xi '}\) defined by
for \(h\in N_{\xi '}\). Let \(h, r \in N_{\xi '}\) and \((2)^{\frac{1}{m}} \in [0,1]\) with \(\xi '(h-r)<(2)^{\frac{1}{m}}\). By the definition of \(\xi '\) we get
for all \(z_{1}, z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1} \in M\). By (3.17) and (3.21) we obtain
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1} \in M\). Hence σ is a \(\xi '\)-contraction. From (3.18) we obtain
Replacing z by \((2)^{\frac{1}{m}}z\) in (3.22), we get
It follows from (3.22) and (3.23) that
By induction we get
It follows from (3.24) that
where \(k, u \in \mathbb{N}\). Thus
and hence by the boundedness of an orbit of σ at s, \(\{\tau ^{k} s\}\) is \(\xi '\)-convergent to \(R \in N_{\xi '}\) by [29, Theorem 1.5]. By the \(\xi '\)-contractivity of σ we get
Taking the limit as \(k \to \infty \), by the Fatou property of \(\xi '\) we get
Hence R is a fixed point of σ. In (3.18), replacing \((z_{1}, z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1})\) by \(((2)^{\frac{k}{m}} z_{1}, (2)^{\frac{k}{m}} z_{2}, \dots , (2)^{ \frac{k}{m}} z_{p+1} )\), we get
By Theorems 2.2 and 2.4, letting \(k \to \infty \), R satisfies the reciprocal functional equation, and using (3.24), we obtain (3.19). For the uniqueness of R, consider another multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(T: M \to Z_{\xi}\) satisfying (3.19). Then T is a fixed point of σ. So
From (3.25) we get \(R=T\). Hence the proof is complete. □
Since each normed space is a modular space with modular \(\xi (z)=\|z\|\), we get the following:
Corollary 3.12
Let η be a function from \(M^{p+1}\) to \([0, +\infty )\) such that
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\ldots ,z_{p+1} \in M\) and \(\psi <1\). Let Z be an arbitrary vector space. Suppose that \(s:M \to Z\) fulfills the condition
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1} \in M\). Then there is a unique multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R : M \to Z\) such that
for all \(z \in M\).
Theorem 3.13
Let η be a function from \(M^{p+1}\) to \([0, +\infty )\) satisfying
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\ldots ,z_{p+1} \in M\) and \(\psi <1\). Suppose that \(s:M \to Z_{\xi}\) fulfills
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1} \in M\). Then there is a unique multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R : M \to Z_{\xi}\) such that
Proof
Replacing z by \(\frac{z}{(2)^{\frac{1}{m}}}\) in (3.20) of Theorem 3.11 and proceeding similarly, we complete the proof. □
Corollary 3.14
Let η be a function from \(M^{p+1}\) to \([0, +\infty )\) satisfying
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1} \in M\) and \(\psi <1\). Suppose that \(s: M \to Z\) fulfills the inequality
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1} \in M\). Then there is a unique multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R : M \to Z\) such that
for all \(z \in M\).
Using Corollaries 3.12 and 3.14, we prove the Hyers–Ulam stability of (1.8).
Corollary 3.15
Let η be a function from \(M^{p+1}\) to \([0, +\infty )\) such that
for all \(z_{1}, z_{2},\ldots , z_{p+1} \in M\) and \(\psi <1\). Suppose that for some real number \(\epsilon \geq 0\), \(s: M \to Z\) fulfills
for all \(z_{1}, z_{2},\dots ,z_{n+1} \in M\). Then there is a unique multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R : M \to Z\), defined by \(R (z)=\lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{s ((2)^{\frac{k}{m}} z )}{\frac{1}{2^{k}}}\), such that
for all \(z \in M\).
Proof
Setting \(\epsilon =\eta (z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1})\) in Corollaries 3.12 and 3.14, we obtain
for all \(z\in M\) and \(p \neq 0, \pm 1\). □
Corollary 3.16
If for some \(\epsilon \geq 0\), \(s: M \to Z\) fulfills the inequality,
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{u+1} \in M\) with \(0\leq u<-m\) or \(u>-m\), then there is a multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R: M \to Z\), defined by \(R (z)=\lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{s ((2)^{\frac{k}{m}} z )}{\frac{1}{2^{k}}}\), such that
Proof
Setting \(\epsilon (\|z_{1}\|^{u}+\|z_{2}\|^{u}+\cdots +\|z_{p+1}\|^{u} )=\eta (z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1})\) in Corollary 3.12, we obtain
for \(u<-m\), and by Corollary 3.14 we get
for \(u>-m\). □
The following example elucidates that (1.8) is not stable in Corollary 3.16 for \(u=-m\).
Example 3.17
For a constant \(a>0\), define \(\phi : M \rightarrow Z\) by
and \(s:M \rightarrow Z\) by \(s(z)= \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\phi (2^{-k}z)}{2^{mk}}\). Then s fulfills
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1}\in M\). In that case, there does not exist a multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R: M\rightarrow Z\) such that
Proof
We have \(|s(z)|\leq \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{|\phi (2^{-k}z)|}{|2^{mk}|} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{a}{2^{mk}} = \frac{a2^{m}}{2^{m}-1}\). Therefore we see that s is bounded. Now the aim is to prove that s satisfies (3.27).
If \(|\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}} |+ |\frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}} |+\cdots + |\frac{1}{z_{p+1}^{m}} | \geq 1\), then the left-hand side of (3.27) is less than \(\frac{3(p+1)a2^{m}}{2^{m}-1}\). Now suppose that \(0< |\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}} |+ |\frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}} |+\cdots + |\frac{1}{z_{p+1}^{m}} | < 1\). Then there exists a positive integer r such that
and so
Consequently, \(\frac{z_{1}}{2^{r-1}}>2>1\), \(\frac{z_{2}}{2^{r-1}}>2>1\), … , \(\frac{z_{p+1}}{2^{r-1}}>2>1\). Again from (3.30) we get
Consequently,
Hence we get
Therefore for each \(k=0, 1, \dots , r-1 \), we have
and
for \(k=0, 1, \dots , r-1 \). From the definition of s and (3.29) we obtain that
Thus s satisfies (3.27) for all \(z_{1}, z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1} \in M\) such that \(0<|\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}}|+|\frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}}|+\cdots +| \frac{1}{z_{p+1}^{m}}| < 1\).
We claim that the multifarious radical reciprocal functional equation (1.8) is not stable for \(u=-m\) in Corollary 3.16. Suppose on the contrary that there exist a multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R: M \rightarrow Z\) and a constant \(\beta >0\) satisfying (3.28). Then we have
We can choose a positive integer q such that \(q a > \beta +1\).
If \(z \in (1, 2^{q-1})\), then \(2^{-k}z \in (1,\infty )\) for all \(k=0,1, \dots , q-1\). For this z, we get
which contradicts (3.31). Therefore the multifarious radical reciprocal functional equation (1.8) is not stable in the sense of Ulam, Hyers, and Rassias if \(u=-m\) in (3.26). □
Corollary 3.18
Let \(s:M\rightarrow Z\) and suppose that there exists \(\epsilon \geq 0\) such that
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1}\in M\). Then there exists a unique multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R:M\rightarrow Z\) satisfying (1.8) and
for all \(z\in M\).
Proof
Replacing \(\eta (z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1})\) by \(\epsilon (\|z_{1}\|^{\frac{u}{p}}\|z_{2}\|^{\frac{u}{p}} \cdots \|z_{p+1}\|^{\frac{u}{p}} )\) in Corollary 3.12, we get
for \(u<-m\) and for all \(z\in M\), and by Corollary 3.14 we have
for \(u>-m\). □
Corollary 3.19
Let \(s:M\rightarrow Z\) and suppose that there exists \(\epsilon \geq 0\) such that
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots , z_{p+1}\in M\). Then there exists a unique multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R:M\rightarrow Z\) satisfying (1.8) and
for all \(z\in M\).
Proof
Replacing \(\eta (z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1})\) by
in Corollary 3.14, we obtain
for \(\alpha <-\frac{m}{p+1}\), and by Corollary 3.14 we get
for \(\alpha >-\frac{m}{p+1}\). □
The following example elucidates that (1.8) is not stable in Corollary 3.19 for \(\alpha =-\frac{m}{p+1}\).
Example 3.20
For a constant \(l>0\), define \(\phi : M \rightarrow Z\) by
and \(s:M \rightarrow Z\) by \(s(z)= \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\phi (2^{-k}z)}{2^{mk}}\). Then s fulfills
for all \(z_{1},z_{2},\dots ,z_{p+1}\in M\). In that cas,e there does not exist a multifarious radical reciprocal mapping \(R: M \rightarrow Z\) such that
Proof
We have \(|s(z)|\leq \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{|\phi (2^{-k}z)|}{|2^{mk}|} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{l}{2^{mk}} = \frac{l2^{m}}{2^{m}-1}\). Therefore we see that s is bounded. The next aim is to prove that s satisfies (3.32). If \(|\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}} |+ |\frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}} |+\cdots + |\frac{1}{z_{p+1}^{m}} |+ |\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}} | | \frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}} |\cdots |\frac{1}{z_{p+1}^{m}} | \geq 1\), then the left-hand side of (3.32) is less than \(\frac{3(p+1)a2^{m}}{2^{m}-1}\). Now suppose that \(0< |\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}} |+ |\frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}} |+\cdots + |\frac{1}{z_{p+1}^{m}} |+ |\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}} | | \frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}} |\cdots |\frac{1}{z_{p+1}^{m}} | < 1\). Then there exists a positive integer r such that
and the rest of the proof is the same as in that of Example 3.17. □
4 Applications of p-dimensional multifarious radical reciprocal functional equations
4.1 The parallel circuit and the p-dimensional multifarious radical reciprocal functional equation
A parallel circuit has more than one resistor and gets its name from having multiple paths to move along. Also, we know that the following rule applies to a parallel circuit.
The sum of inverses of individual resistances is equal to the inverse of the total resistance \(r_{t}\) of the circuit, that is,
In Fig. 3, \(i_{s}=i_{1}+i_{2}+\cdots +i_{p}\) or \(i_{s}=\frac{v}{r_{1}}+\frac{v}{r_{2}}+\cdots +\frac{v}{r_{p}}\), where \(r_{1}, r_{2},\dots ,r_{p}\) are the p individual resistances of the parallel circuit, and \(r_{t}\) is the total resistance. Then
If we do not want more resistors \(r_{1},r_{2},\dots ,r_{p}\) as in the circuit in Fig. 3, then they can be replaced by a single equivalent resistor \(r_{t}\) (see Fig. 4). Now equality (4.1) simplifies to
Considering \(r_{1}=\frac{c}{z_{1}^{m}}\), \(r_{2}=\frac{c}{z_{2}^{m}}\), … , \(r_{p}= \frac{c}{z_{p}^{m}} \) and Fig. 3, we get
The total conductance \(t_{d}\) of a circuit in Fig. 3 is \(t_{d}=z_{1}^{m}+z_{2}^{m}+\cdots +z_{p}^{m}\), since \(r_{t}\) is reciprocal to \(t_{d}\), that is, \(r_{t}=\frac{c}{t_{d}}\), where c is an arbitrary constant. Equation (4.2) implies that
which implies
We may observe that equation (4.3) is our introduced functional equation (1.7) with solution \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{m}}\). Hence for a circuit in Fig. 3, we have the functional equation (1.7). Also, the left-hand side of equation (4.3) corresponds the circuit in Fig. 4 with only one resistor, and the right-hand side of equation (4.3) corresponds to the circuit in Fig. 3 with p resistors.
Hence we may conclude that our introduced functional equation (1.7) means that a parallel circuit with p resistors is equivalent to a parallel circuit with only one resistor, which is a combination of all the single resistors.
If we consider only two resistances in the parallel circuit, then equation (4.3) with \(p=2\) is our introduced functional equation (1.4) with solution \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{m}}\). Hence for a circuit in Fig. 5, we have the functional equation (1.4).
If we consider only three resistances in the parallel circuit, equation (4.3) with \(p=3\) is our introduced functional equation (1.5) with solution \(s(z)=\frac{c}{z^{m}}\). Hence for a circuit in Fig. 6, we have the functional equation (1.5).
4.2 Relation between electrical resistance and conductance using functional equation
In this subsection, we provide a formula for finding the equivalent resistance \(R_{\mathrm{eq}}\) of parallel electrical circuit using the functional equation that relates the electrical resistances and conductances:
Let \(s(z_{1}), s(z_{2}),\dots , s(z_{p})\) be the resistances of a parallel electrical circuit, and let \(z_{1}^{m}, z_{2}^{m},\dots , z_{p}^{m}\) be the conductances corresponding to the resistances. Then we have
where \(R_{\mathrm{eq}}\) is the equivalent resistance of p resistors. Then
Also, we may observe that by equations (4.4) and (4.5) we have our introduced functional equation (1.7) with solution \(s(z)=\frac{1}{z^{m}}\).
4.3 Counterexamples
In this subsection, we obtain the equivalent resistance using the functional equation (4.4).
Example 4.1
Find the equivalent resistance for the following combination of resistors between A and B in Fig. 7.
Solution. The resistances \(4~\Omega \), \(4~\Omega \), and \(4~\Omega \) are in series, and thus
and also \(2~\Omega \), \(2~\Omega \), and \(2~\Omega \) are in series, and so
At present, \(s(z_{1})\), \(s(z_{2})\), and \(4~\Omega \) are in parallel. For the three parallel resistances, by (4.4) we have
where \(R_{\mathrm{eq}}= \frac{s(z_{1})s(z_{2})s(z_{3})}{s(z_{2})s(z_{3})+s(z_{1})s(z_{3})+s(z_{1})s(z_{2})}\). Let \(s(z_{1})=\frac{1}{z_{1}^{m}}=12\), \(s(z_{2})=\frac{1}{z_{2}^{m}}=6\), and \(s(z_{3})=\frac{1}{z_{3}^{m}}=4\). Then (4.6) implies that
Let \(R_{\mathrm{eq}}=s(z_{4})\). Now, from A to B, \(5~\Omega \), \(s(z_{4})=2~\Omega \), and \(6~\Omega \) are in series, and hence
Therefore the equivalent resistance between A and B is \(13~\Omega \).
Example 4.2
Find the equivalent resistance for the parallel circuit in Fig. 8.
Solution. Let \(s(z_{1})=6~\Omega \), \(s(z_{2})=12~\Omega \), \(s(z_{3})=24~\Omega \), \(s(z_{4})=12~\Omega \), \(s(z_{5})=6~\Omega \), \(s(z_{6})=24~\Omega \), \(s(z_{7})=24~\Omega \), \(s(z_{8})=12~\Omega \), \(s(z_{9})=6~\Omega \), and \(s(z_{10})=8~\Omega \) be the parallel resistors. Then for the ten parallel resistances by using functional equation (4.4), we have
where \(R_{eq}= \frac{\prod_{i=1}^{10}{s(z_{i})}}{\frac{1}{s(z_{1})}\prod_{i=1}^{10}s(z_{i})+\frac{1}{s(z_{2})}\prod_{i=1}^{10}s(z_{i})+\cdots + \frac{1}{s(z_{10})}\prod_{i=1}^{10}s(z_{i})}\). Now (4.7) implies that
Hence the equivalent resistance of a given circuit is \(1~\Omega \).
5 Conclusions
In this work, we introduced new generalized multifarious radical reciprocal functional equations combining three classical Pythagorean means: arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic. Importantly, we obtained their general solution and stability related to the Ulam problem with suitable counterexamples in modular spaces by using the fixed point method. Also, we illustrated their geometrical interpretation and applications in connection with the parallel circuit. Importantly, we provided a formula for finding the equivalent resistance \(R_{\mathrm{eq}}\) of parallel electrical circuit using functional equations, which relates the electrical resistances and conductances with suitable examples.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable to this paper.
References
Ravi, K., Senthil Kumar, B.V.: Ulam–Găvruţa–Rassias stability of Rassias reciprocal functional equation. Glob. J. Appl. Math. Math. Sci. 3, 57–79 (2010)
Narasimman, P., Ravi, K., Pinelas, S.: Stability of Pythagorean mean functional equation. Glob. J. Math. 4, 398–411 (2015)
Pinelas, S., Arunkumar, M., Sathya, E.: Hyers type stability of a radical reciprocal quadratic functional equation originating from 3-dimensional Pythagorean means. Int. J. Math. Appl. 5(4-A), 45–52 (2017)
Bodaghi, A., Kim, S.: Approximation on the quadratic reciprocal functional equation. J. Funct. Spaces 2014, Article ID 532463 (2014)
Song, A., Song, M.: The stability of quadratic-reciprocal functional equation. AIP Conf. Proc. 1955, Article ID 040171 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5033835
Bodaghi, A., Ebrahimdoost, Y.: On the stability of quadratic reciprocal functional equation in non-Archimedean fields. Asian-Eur. J. Math. 9(1), 1650002, 9 pages (2016)
Bodaghi, A., Narasimman, P., Rassias, J.M., Ravi, K.: Ulam stability of the reciprocal functional equation in non-Archimedean fields. Acta Math. Univ. Comen. 85(1), 113–124 (2016)
Bodaghi, A., Senthil Kumar, B.V.: Estimation of inexact reciprocal-quintic and reciprocal-sextic functional equations. Mathematica 59(82), No. 1–2, 3–14 (2017)
Bodaghi, A., Senthil Kumar, B.V., Rassias, J.M.: Stabilities and non-stabilities of the reciprocal-nonic and the reciprocal-decic functional equations. Bol. Soc. Parana. Mat. 3, 922 (2020)
Bodaghi, A., Senthil Kumar, B.V., Bagheri Vakilabad, A.: Various stabilities of reciprocal-septic and reciprocal-octic functional equations. Asian-Eur. J. Math. 14(3), 2150034, 19 pp. (2021)
Kim, S.O., Senthil Kumar, B.V., Bodaghi, A.: Stability and non-stability of the reciprocal-cubic and reciprocal-quartic functional equations in non-Archimedean fields. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2017, 77 (2017) 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-017-1128-z
Eves, H.: Means appearing in geometric figures. Math. Mag. 76, 292–294 (2003)
Murali, R., Divyakumari, P.: Stability of radical quartic functional equation. J. Appl. Sci. Comput. VI, 1035–1038 (2019)
Murali, R., Divyakumari, P.: Orthogonal modular stability of radical quintic functional equation. J. Appl. Sci. Comput. VI, 2760–2763 (2019)
Murali, R., Divyakumari, P.: Orthogonal modular stability of radical cubic functional equation. Int. J. Sci. Res. Math. Stat. Sci. 6, 237–240 (2019)
Murali, R., Divyakumari, P., Dutta, H.: Euler-Lagrange radical functional equations with solution and stability. Miskolc Math. Notes 21, 351–365 (2020)
Najati, A., Rassias, T.M.: Stability of a mixed functional equation in several variables on Banach modules. Nonlinear Anal. 72, 1755–1767 (2010)
Narasimman, P.: Solution and stability of a generalized k–additive functional equation. J. Interdiscip. Math. 21, 171–184 (2018)
Park, C., Bodaghi, A.: Two multi-cubic functional equations and some results on the stability in modular spaces. J. Inequal. Appl. 2020, Paper No. 6 (2020)
Park, C., Rasias, J.M., Bodaghi, A., Kim, S.O.: Approximate homomorphisms from ternary semigroups to modular spaces. Rev. R. Acad. Cienc. Exactas Fís. Nat., Ser. A Mat. 113, 2175–2188 (2019)
Wongkum, K., Kumam, P.: The stability of sextic functional equation in fuzzy modular spaces. J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl. 9, 3555–3569 (2016)
Nakano, H.: Modulared Semi-Ordered Linear Spaces. Tokyo Math. Book Ser., vol. 1. Maruzen, Tokyo (1959)
Musielak, J., Orlicz, W.: On modular spaces. Stud. Math. 18, 49–65 (1959)
Dixmier, J.: \(C^{*}\)-Algebras. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1977)
Goodearl, K.R.: Notes on Real and Complex \(C^{*}\)-Algebras. Shiva Math. Series, vol. IV. Shiva Publ. Limited, Cheshire (1982)
Ger, R.: Abstract Pythagorean theorem and corresponding functional equations. Tatra Mt. Math. Publ. 55, 67–75 (2013)
Hoibakk, R., Lukkassen, D., Meidell, A., Persson, L.E.: On some power means and their geometric constructions. Math. Æterna 8(3), 139–158 (2018)
Tooth, S.M., Dobelman, J.A.: A new look at generalized means. Appl. Math. 7, 468–472 (2016)
Eskandani, Z., Rassias, J.M.: Stability of general A-cubic functional equations in modular spaces. Rev. R. Acad. Cienc. Exactas Fís. Nat., Ser. A Mat. 112, 425–435 (2018)
Shateri, T.L.: Approximation of generalized left derivations in modular spaces. Hacet. J. Math. Stat. 44, 641–649 (2015)
Gajda, Z.: On stability of additive mappings. Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 14, 431–434 (1991)
Acknowledgements
The authors are highly grateful to the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions enriching the contents of the paper.
Funding
The authors declare that there is no funding available for this paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
DP and RM together studied and prepared the manuscript. CP analyzed all the results and made necessary improvements. JRL is the major contributor in writing the paper. All authors read and approved the final maniscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Pachaiyappan, D., Murali, R., Park, C. et al. Relation between electrical resistance and conductance using multifarious functional equations and applications to parallel circuit. J Inequal Appl 2022, 60 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-022-02795-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-022-02795-z