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Rough singular integrals associated to polynomial curves
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2022, Article number: 19 (2022)
Abstract
In this paper, the authors establish the boundedness of singular integral operators associated to polynomial curves as well as the related maximal operators with rough kernels \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) and \(h\in \Delta _{\gamma }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\) for some \(\gamma >1\) on the Triebel–Lizorkin spaces. It should be pointed out that the bounds are independent of the coefficients of the polynomials in the definition of the operators. The main results of this paper not only improve and generalize essentially some known results but also complement some recent boundedness results.
Introduction
It is well known that the Triebel–Lizorkin spaces contain many important function spaces such as Lebesgue spaces, Hardy spaces, Sobolev spaces, and Lipschitz spaces. Over the last several years, a considerable amount of attention has been given to investigate the boundedness for singular integral operators with various rough kernels on the Triebel–Lizorkin spaces. Particularly, many scholars devoted to studying the bounds for singular integral operators with singularity along various sets under the rough kernels \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) and \(h\in \Delta _{\gamma }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\) for some \(\gamma >1\). For example, see [10] for the polynomial mappings, [29] for the homogeneous mappings, [27] for the surfaces to revolution. It is unknown whether the singular integral operators associated to polynomial curves under the rough kernels are bounded on the Triebel–Lizorkin spaces. The main purpose of this paper is to address the question. In addition, we establish the bounds for the related maximal singular integral operators on the Lebesgue and Triebel–Lizorkin spaces.
Before stating our main results, let us recall some pertinent definitions, notations, and backgrounds. Let \(n\geq 2\) be an integer and let \({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\) denote the unit sphere in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) equipped with the normalized Lebesgue measure dσ. Let \(\Omega \in L^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) be a homogeneous function of degree zero on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) and satisfy
The singular integral operator \(T_{h,\Omega }\) is defined as
where \(f\in \mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) (the Schwartz class) and \(h\in \Delta _{1}(\mathbb{R}_{+})\). For \(\gamma >0\), the notation \(\Delta _{\gamma }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\) denotes the set of all measurable functions h on \(\mathbb{R}_{+}:=(0,\infty )\) satisfying
It is not difficult to see that \(L^{\infty }(\mathbb{R}_{+})=\Delta _{\infty } (\mathbb{R}_{+}) \subsetneq \Delta _{\gamma _{2}}(\mathbb{R}_{+})\subsetneq \Delta _{ \gamma _{1}}(\mathbb{R}_{+})\) for \(0<\gamma _{1}<\gamma _{2}<\infty \). For the sake of simplicity, we denote \(T_{h,\Omega }=T_{\Omega }\) when \(h\equiv 1\).
The theory of singular integral originated in Calderón and Zygmund’s work [4] in which they used the rotation method to establish the \(L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n}) (1< p<\infty )\) of \(T_{\Omega }\) if \(\Omega \in L\log L({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\). Since then, more and more scholars have been devoted to studying the boundedness of singular integrals with various rough kernels. Particularly, Coifman and Weiss [12] proved that \(T_{\Omega }\) is of type \((p, p)\) for \(1< p<\infty \) if \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) (see also [15]). It was remarkable that \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) turned out to be the weakest size condition for the \(L^{p}\) boundedness of \(T_{\Omega }\) up to now. Later on, an active extension to the theory was due to Fefferman [23] who discovered that the Calderón–Zygmund rotation method is no longer available if \(T_{h,\Omega }\) is also rough in the radial direction, for instance \(h\in L^{\infty }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\), so that new methods must be addressed. More precisely, Fefferman [23] showed that \(T_{h,\Omega }\) is of type \((p, p)\) for \(1< p<\infty \) if \(\Omega \in \mathrm{Lip}_{\alpha }({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) for some \(\alpha >0\) and \(h\in L^{\infty }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\). Fefferman’s result was later improved by Namazi [32] by assuming \(\Omega \in L^{q}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) for some \(q>1\) instead of \(\Omega \in \mathrm{Lip}_{\alpha }({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\). Meanwhile, Duoandikoetxea and Rubio de Francia [16] used the Littlewood–Paley theory to improve the results to the case \(\Omega \in L^{q}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) for any \(q>1\) and \(h\in \Delta _{2}(\mathbb{R}_{+})\). The boundedness for rough singular integral operators on Tribel–Lizorkin spaces has also been studied extensively by many authors. In 2002, Chen, Fan, and Ying [5] first showed that \(T_{\Omega }\) is bounded on \(\dot{F}_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) if \(\Omega \in L^{r}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) for some \(r>1\). Later on, the result was extended and improved by many authors. For example, see [2, 6] for the case \(\Omega \in \mathcal{F}_{\beta }({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) (the Grafakos–Stefanov function class in [25]), [9, 10] for the case \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\).
For the operators \(T_{\Omega }\) and \(T_{h,\Omega }\), the singularities are along the diagonal \(\{x=y\}\). However, many problems in analysis have led one to consider singular integral operators with singularity along more general sets. One of the principal motivations for the study of such operators is the requirements of several complex variables and large classes of “subelliptic” equations (see [37, 39]). So more and more scholars are devoted to studying the \(L^{p}\) bounds for rough singular integral operators with singularity along various sets. For example, see [3, 22, 34] for polynomial mappings, [17, 19] for real-analytic submanifolds, [11, 28] for homogeneous mappings, [1, 18, 20, 26] for polynomial curves. Other interesting works can be found in [7, 8, 35, 36, 42], among others.
In this paper we focus on the singular integrals associated to polynomial curves with rough kernels. Let \(h, \Omega \) be given as in (1.2) and P be a real polynomial on \(\mathbb{R}\) satisfying \(P(0)=0\). For a function \(\varphi:\mathbb{R}_{+}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\), we define the singular integral operator associated to polynomial compound curves \(\{P(\varphi (|y|))y/|y|; y\in \mathbb{R}^{n}\}\) by
where \(f\in \mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\). When \(\varphi (t)\equiv t\), we denote \(T_{h,\Omega,P,\varphi }=T_{h,\Omega,P}\). Particularly, \(T_{h,\Omega,P}=T_{h, \Omega }\) when \(P(t)\equiv t\). In 1997, Fan and Pan [20] first established the \(L^{2}\) boundedness for \(T_{h,\Omega,P}\) if \(h\in L^{\infty }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\) and \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\). Subsequently, Al-Hasan and Pan [1] improved the result by establishing the following.
Theorem A
([1])
Let \(h\in L^{\infty }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\) and \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) satisfy (1.1). Then, for \(1< p<\infty \), there exists a constant \(C>0\) independent of \(h, \Omega \) and the coefficients of P such that
Later on, the \(L^{p}\) mapping properties for \(T_{h,\Omega,P}\) have been investigated by many authors. For example, see [18] for the case \(h\equiv 1\) and \(\Omega \in \mathcal{F}_{\beta }({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\), [26] for the case \(\Omega \in L\log L({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\).
Based on (2.4) and Theorem A, a natural question is the following.
Question 1.1
Is \(T_{h,\Omega,P}\) bounded on \(F_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) if \(h\in \Delta _{\gamma }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\) for some \(\gamma \in (1,\infty ]\) and \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\)?
Our investigation will not only address this question, but also deal with a more general class of operators. More specifically, we have the following result.
Theorem 1.1
Let P be a real polynomial on \(\mathbb{R}\) satisfying \(P(0)=0\) and \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{1}\) or \(\mathfrak{F}_{2}\). Here, \(\mathfrak{F}_{1}\) (resp., \(\mathfrak{F}_{2}\)) is the set of all functions \(\phi:\mathbb{R}_{+}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) satisfying the following condition \((a)\) (resp., \((b)\)):
-
(a)
ϕ is an increasing \(\mathcal{C}^{1}\) function such that \(t\phi '(t)\geq C_{\phi }\phi (t)\) and \(\phi (2t)\leq c_{\phi }\phi (t)\) for all \(t>0\), where \(C_{\phi }\) and \(c_{\phi }\) are independent of t.
-
(b)
ϕ is a decreasing \(\mathcal{C}^{1}\) function such that \(t\phi '(t)\leq - C_{\phi }\phi (t)\) and \(\phi (t)\leq c_{\phi }\phi (2t)\) for all \(t>0\), where \(C_{\phi }\) and \(c_{\phi }\) are independent of t.
Suppose that \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) satisfies (1.1) and \(h\in \Delta _{\gamma }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\) for some \(\gamma \in (1,\infty ]\). Then
-
(i)
For \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) and \((1/p,1/q)\in \mathcal{R}_{\gamma }\), there exists a constant \(C>0\) independent of \(h, \gamma, \Omega \) and the coefficients of P such that
$$\begin{aligned} \Vert T_{h,\Omega,P,\varphi }f \Vert _{\dot{F}_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})} \leq C\gamma ' \Vert h \Vert _{\Delta _{\gamma }(\mathbb{R}_{+})} \Vert \Omega \Vert _{H^{1}({ \mathrm{S}}^{n-1})} \Vert f \Vert _{\dot{F}_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}. \end{aligned}$$Here, \(\mathcal{R}_{\gamma }\) is the interior of the convex hull of three squares \((\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{\max \{2,\gamma '\}})^{2}\), \((\frac{1}{2} -\frac{1}{\max \{2,\gamma '\}},\frac{1}{2})^{2}\), and \((\frac{1}{2\gamma }, 1-\frac{1}{2\gamma })^{2}\).
-
(ii)
For \(\alpha >0\) and \((1/p,1/q)\in \mathcal{R}_{\gamma }\), there exists a constant \(C>0\) independent of \(h, \gamma, \Omega \) and the coefficients of P such that
$$\begin{aligned} \Vert T_{h,\Omega,P,\varphi }f \Vert _{F_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}\leq C \gamma ' \Vert h \Vert _{\Delta _{\gamma }(\mathbb{R}_{+})} \Vert \Omega \Vert _{H^{1}({ \mathrm{S}}^{n-1})} \Vert f \Vert _{F_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}. \end{aligned}$$
-
(i)
Remark 1.1
There are some model examples in the class \(\mathfrak{F}_{1}\) such as \(t^{\alpha } (\alpha >0), t^{\alpha }(\ln (1+t))^{\beta } (\alpha, \beta >0), t\ln \ln (e+t)\), real-valued polynomials P on \(\mathbb{R}\) with positive coefficients and \(P(0)=0\), and so on. We now give examples in the class \(\mathfrak{F}_{2}\) such as \(t^{\delta }(\delta <0)\) and \(t^{-1}\ln (1+1/t)\). It was pointed out in [26] that for \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{1}\) (or \(\mathfrak{F}_{2}\)) there exists a constant \(B_{\varphi }>1\) such that \(\varphi (2t)\geq B_{\varphi }\varphi (t)\) (or \(\varphi (t)\geq B_{\varphi }\varphi (2t)\)).
Remark 1.2
(i) It is clear that \(\mathcal{R}_{\gamma _{1}} \subsetneq \mathcal{R}_{\gamma _{2}}\) for \(\gamma _{1}<\gamma _{2}\) and \(\mathcal{R}_{\infty }=(0,1)\times (0,1)\). In view of (2.4), we see that Theorem 1.1 essentially improved and generalized Theorem A.
(ii) Our methods used to deal with Fourier transform estimates of some measures are different from those in the proof of Theorem A. In fact, the authors in [1] used the \(TT^{*}\) method to prove Theorem A. However, the \(TT^{*}\) method is not needed in the proof of Theorem 1.1.
(iii) Part (i) of Theorem 1.1 improved and generalized Theorem 1 in [9], in which the authors showed that \(T_{h,\Omega }\) is bounded on \(\dot{F}_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) for \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) and \(1< p, q<\infty \), provided that \(h\in L^{\infty }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\) and \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\).
(iv) Theorem 1.1 is new, even in the special case \(h\equiv 1\) or \(\alpha =0\), \(q=2\), \(\varphi (t)\equiv t\), or \(P(t)\equiv t\).
The second motivation of this paper is concerned with the \(L^{p}\) boundedness of maximal truncated singular integrals associated to polynomial curves. Let \(h, \Omega, P, \varphi \) be given as in (1.3). The maximal truncated singular integral operator \(T_{h,\Omega,P,\varphi }^{*}\) is defined by
where \(f\in \mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\). The type of operator \(T_{h,\Omega,P,\varphi }^{*}\) was first studied by Fan, Guo, and Pan [18] who proved that \(T_{h,\Omega,P,\varphi }^{*}\) is bounded on \(L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) for \((2\beta -1)/(2\beta -2)< p<2\beta -1\) if \(h\equiv 1\), \(\varphi (t)\equiv t\), and \(\Omega \in \mathcal{F}_{\beta }({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) for some \(\beta >3/2\). Recently, Liu [26] proved that \(T_{h,\Omega,P, \varphi }^{*}\) is of type \((p, p)\) for \(1< p<\infty \), provided that \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{1}\) or \(\mathfrak{F}_{2}\), \(\Omega \in L\log L({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) and h satisfies certain radial condition.
Based on (2.1), (2.2) and the results related to \(T_{h,\Omega,P, \varphi }^{*}\), a natural question is the following.
Question 1.2
Is \(T_{h,\Omega,P,\varphi }^{*}\) bounded on \(L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) for some \(p>1\) under the same conditions of Theorem 1.1?
This question can be addressed by the following.
Theorem 1.2
Let \(P, \varphi \) be given as in Theorem 1.1. Suppose that \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) satisfies (1.1) and \(h\in \Delta _{\gamma }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\) for some \(\gamma \in (4/3,\infty ]\). Then there exists a constant \(C>0\) independent of \(h, \gamma, \Omega \) and the coefficients of P such that
Here, \(p\in (\gamma ',\infty )\) if \(\gamma \geq 2\) or \(p\in (\gamma ', {2\gamma '}/{(\gamma '-2)})\) if \(\gamma \in (4/3,2)\).
Remark 1.3
Theorem 1.2 is new, even in the special case \(h\equiv 1\) or \(\varphi (t)\equiv t\). It is unknown whether the operator \(T_{h,\Omega,P,\varphi }\) appearing in Theorem 1.2 is bounded on \(L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) for some \(p>1\) if \(\gamma \in (1,4/3]\), even in the special case \(\varphi (t)=t\), which is very interesting.
The third motivation of this paper is concerned with the boundedness of maximal truncated singular integrals associated to polynomial curves on Triebel–Lizorkin spaces. The first work related to the boundedness for maximal singular integral operator on Triebel–Lizorkin spaces was due to Zhang and Chen [43], who showed that the maximal singular integral operator is bounded on \(\dot{F}_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) and \(F_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) for \(0<\alpha <1\) and \(1< p, q<\infty \) by assuming that \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\). Recently, Liu, Xue, and Yabuta [30] established the boundedness for the maximal singular integral operators associated to polynomial mappings on Triebel–Lizorkin spaces under the conditions \(h\in \Delta _{\gamma }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\) with some \(\gamma >1\) and \(\Omega \in L\log L({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\). Very recently, the authors [31] obtained the boundedness for \(T_{h,\Omega,P, \varphi }^{*}\) on Triebel–Lizorkin spaces, provided that \(h\equiv 1\), \(\Omega \in \mathcal{F}_{\beta }({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) with some \(\beta >3/2\) and \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{3}\), where \(\mathfrak{F}_{3}\) is the set of all functions ϕ satisfying the following conditions:
(a) ϕ is a positive increasing function on \((0,\infty )\) such that \(t^{\delta }\phi '(t)\) is monotonic on \((0,\infty )\) for some \(\delta \in \mathbb{R}\);
(b) There exist positive constants \(C_{\phi }\) and \(c_{\phi }\) such that \(t\phi '(t)\geq C_{\phi }\phi (t)\) and \(\phi (2t)\leq c_{\phi }\phi (t)\) for all \(t>0\).
It is clear that \(\mathfrak{F}_{3}\subsetneq \mathfrak{F}_{1}\). There are some model examples for the class \(\mathfrak{F}_{3}\) such as \(t^{\alpha } (\alpha >0)\), \(t^{\beta }\ln (1+t) (\beta \geq 1)\), \(t\ln \ln (e+t)\), real-valued polynomials P on \(\mathbb{R}\) with positive coefficients and \(P(0)=0\) and so on.
Based on the above, it is natural to ask the following question.
Question 1.3
Is \(T_{h,\Omega,P,\varphi }^{*}\) defined in (1.4) bounded on the Triebel–Lizorkin spaces if \(h\equiv 1\) and \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\)?
Our next result will give a positive answer to Question 1.3.
Theorem 1.3
Let P be a real polynomial on \(\mathbb{R}\) satisfying \(P(0)=0\) and \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{3}\). Suppose that \(h\equiv 1\) and \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) satisfies (1.1). Then, for \(0<\alpha <1\) and \(1< p, q<\infty \), there exists a constant \(C>0\) independent of Ω and the coefficients of P such that
Moreover, both \(T_{h,\Omega,P,\varphi }^{*}:F_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n}) \rightarrow \dot{F}_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) and \(T_{h,\Omega,P, \varphi }^{*}:F_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n}) \rightarrow F_{\alpha }^{p,q} (\mathbb{R}^{n})\) are continuous.
Remark 1.4
The boundedness part in Theorem 1.3 implies [43, Theorem 1.2] when \(P(t)=\varphi (t)\equiv t\). It should be pointed out that Theorem 1.3 is new, even in the special case \(\varphi (t)\equiv t\).
The paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2 we present some preliminary definitions and lemmas, which are the main ingredients of proving Theorems 1.1–1.3. The proofs of Theorems 1.1–1.3 will be given in Sect. 3. It should be pointed out that the main methods and ideas employed in this paper are a combination of ideas and arguments from [1, 21, 22, 27, 30, 41]. However, some new techniques are needed in the main proofs. The new ideas invented in our proofs are to define suitable measures and to estimate them suitably.
Throughout the paper, for any \(p\in [1,\infty ]\), we denote \(p'\) by the conjugate index of p, which satisfies \({1}/{p}+{1}/{p'}=1\). Here, we set \(1'=\infty \) and \(\infty '=1\). The letter C or c, sometimes with certain parameters, will stand for positive constants not necessarily the same one at each occurrence, but are independent of the essential variables. In what follows, we set \(\mathfrak{R}_{n}=\{\zeta \in \mathbb{R}^{n}; 1/2<|\zeta |\leq 1\}\). Let \(\triangle _{\zeta }(f)\) be the difference of f for an arbitrary function f defined on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) and \(\zeta \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\), i.e., \(\triangle _{\zeta }(f)(x)=f_{\zeta }(x)-f(x)\), where \(f_{\zeta }(x)=f(x+\zeta )\). For any \(t\in \mathbb{R}\), we set \(\exp (t)=e^{-2\pi it}\). We also use the conventions \(\sum_{i\in \emptyset }a_{i}=0\) and \(\prod_{i\in \emptyset }a_{i}=1\).
Preliminary definitions and lemmas
Preliminary definitions
In this subsection we give the definitions of several rough kernels and their relationships.
Definition 2.1
(Hardy spaces)
The Hardy space \(H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) is the set of all \(L^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) functions which satisfy \(\|f\|_{H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})}<\infty \), where
Definition 2.2
(\(L(\log L)^{\alpha }({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) class)
The class \(L(\log L)^{\alpha }({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) for \(\alpha >0\) denotes the class of all measurable functions Ω on \({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\) which satisfy
Definition 2.3
(Grafakos–Stefanov class)
The Grafakos–Stefanov class \(\mathcal{F}_{\beta }({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) for \(\beta >0\) denotes the set of all integrable functions over \({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\) which satisfy the condition
We remark that \(\mathcal{F}_{\beta }({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) was introduced by Grafakos and Stefanov [25] in the study of the \(L^{p}\) boundedness of singular integral operator with rough kernels.
The following inclusion relations are known:
Let us present the definitions of Triebel–Lizorkin spaces.
Definition 2.4
(Triebel–Lizorkin spaces)
Let \(\mathcal{S}'(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) be the tempered distribution class on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\). For \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) and \(0< p, q\le \infty (p\neq \infty )\), we define the homogeneous Triebel–Lizorkin spaces \(\dot{F}_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) by
where \(\widehat{\Psi _{i}}(\xi )=\phi (2^{i}\xi )\) for \(i\in \mathbb{Z}\) and \(\phi \in \mathcal{C}_{c}^{\infty }(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) satisfies the conditions: \(0\leq \phi (x)\leq 1\); \(\operatorname{supp}(\phi )\subset \{x: 1/2\leq |x|\leq 2\}\); \(\phi (x)>c>0\) if \(3/5\leq |x|\leq 5/3\). The inhomogeneous versions of Triebel–Lizorkin spaces are denoted by \(F_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) and are obtained by adding the term \(\|\Theta *f\|_{L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}\) to the right-hand side of (2.3) with \(\sum_{i\in \mathbb{Z}}\) replaced by \(\sum_{i\geq 1}\), where \(\Theta \in \mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\), \(\operatorname{supp}(\hat{\Theta })\subset \{\xi: |\xi |\leq 2\}\), \(\hat{\Theta }(x)>c>0\) if \(|x|\leq 5/3\).
The following properties are well known (see [24, 40]):
Our next definition is concerned with the \(H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) atom.
Definition 2.5
(\(H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) atom)
A function \(a:{\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\rightarrow \mathbb{C}\) is a \((1,\infty )\) atom if there exist \(\vartheta \in {\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\) and \(\varrho \in (0,1]\) such that
Preliminary lemmas
We start now the following atomic decomposition of \(H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\).
Lemma 2.1
Let \(\Omega \in H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\) satisfy (1.1). Then there exist a sequence of complex numbers \(\{c_{j}\}_{j\geq 1}\) and a sequence of \((1,\infty )\) atoms \(\{\Omega _{j}\}_{j\geq 1}\) such that
In order to deal with certain estimates for Fourier transforms of some measures, we need the following properties for \((1,\infty )\) atom.
Lemma 2.2
([21])
Let \(\zeta =(\zeta _{1},\ldots,\zeta _{n})\neq (0,\ldots,0)\) and \(\zeta '= \zeta /|\zeta |=(\zeta _{1}',\ldots,\zeta _{n}')\). Suppose that \(n\geq 3\) and \(b(\cdot )\) is a \((1,\infty )\) atom on \({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\) supported in \({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\cap B(\zeta ',\varrho )\), where \(\varrho \in (0,1]\). Let
Then there exists a positive constant C, independent of b, such that
where \(r(\zeta ')=|\zeta |^{-1}|A_{\varrho }(\zeta )|\) and \(A_{\varrho }(\zeta )= (\varrho ^{2}\zeta _{1},\varrho \zeta _{2}, \ldots,\varrho \zeta _{n})\).
Lemma 2.3
([21])
Let \(\zeta =(\zeta _{1},\zeta _{2})\neq (0,0)\) and \(\zeta '=\zeta /|\zeta |=(\zeta _{1}', \zeta _{2}')\). Suppose that \(n=2\) and \(b(\cdot )\) is a \((1,\infty )\) atom on \({\mathrm{S}}^{1}\) supported in \({\mathrm{S}}^{1}\cap B(\zeta ',\varrho )\), where \(\varrho \in (0,1]\). Let
Then there exists a positive constant C, independent of b, such that
for some \(q\in (1,2)\), where \(r(\zeta ')=|\zeta |^{-1}|A_{\varrho }(\zeta )|\) and \(A_{\varrho }(\zeta )=(\varrho ^{2}\zeta _{1},\varrho \zeta _{2})\).
The following oscillatory estimates are useful for our proofs.
Lemma 2.4
([33, Corollary, p. 186])
Let \(l\in \mathbb{N}\setminus \{0\}\), \(\{\mu _{i}\}_{i=1}^{l}\subset \mathbb{R}\), and \(\{d_{i}\}_{i=1}^{l}\) be distinct positive real numbers. Let \(\psi \in \mathcal{C}^{1}([0,1])\). Then there exists \(C>0\) independent of \(\{\mu _{j}\}_{j=1}^{l}\) such that
holds for \(0\leq \delta <\tau \leq 1\) and \(\epsilon =\min \{{1}/{d_{1}},{1}/{l}\}\).
Lemma 2.5
([31])
Let \(\Phi (t)=t^{\alpha _{1}}+\mu _{2}t^{\alpha _{2}}+\cdots +\mu _{n}t^{ \alpha _{n}}\), where \(\{\mu _{i}\}_{i=2}^{n}\) are real parameters, and \(\{\alpha _{i}\}_{i=1}^{n}\) are distinct positive (not necessarily integer) exponents. Suppose that \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{3}\) and \(t^{\delta }\varphi '(t)\) is monotonic on \((0,\infty )\) for some \(\delta \in \mathbb{R}\). Then, for any \(r>0\) and \(\lambda \neq 0\),
with \(\epsilon =\min \{1/\alpha _{1},1/n\}\). Here, \(C>0\) is independent of \(\{\mu _{i}\}_{i=2}^{n}\), but may depend on φ and δ.
We end this section by presenting a well-known result.
Lemma 2.6
([38, pp. 476–478])
Let \(\mathcal{P}=(P_{1},\ldots,P_{d})\) with each \(P_{i}\) being a real polynomial defined on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\). Then the maximal operator \(M_{\mathcal{P}}\) defined by
satisfies
Here, \(C_{p}>0\) is independent of the coefficients of \(\{P_{i}\}_{i=1}^{d}\) and f.
Proofs of Theorems 1.1–1.3
In this section we prove Theorems 1.1–1.3. In Sect. 3.1 we present some notation and lemmas, which are the main ingredients of proving Theorems 1.1–1.3. The proofs of Theorems 1.1–1.3 will be given in Sect. 3.2.
Some notation and lemmas
In what follows, let \(N\in \mathbb{N}\setminus \{0\}\) and \(P(t)=\sum_{i=1}^{N}a_{i}t^{i}\) with \(a_{N}\neq 0\). Then there exist \(0< l_{1}< l_{2}<\cdots <l_{\Lambda }=N\) such that \(P(t)=\sum_{i=1}^{\Lambda }a_{l_{i}}t^{l_{i}}\) with \(a_{l_{i}}\neq 0\) for all \(1\leq i\leq \Lambda \). Set
It is clear that \(P(t)=P_{\Lambda }(t)\) and \(l_{s}\geq s\) for \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \).
Let \(h, \Omega \) be given as in (1.2). For \(0\leq s\leq \Lambda \), \(y, \xi \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\), a vector \(\theta \in {\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\), and a function \(\varphi:[0,\infty )\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\), we set
Define the measures \(\{\sigma _{h,\Omega,k,\theta,s}\}_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\) and \(\{|\sigma _{h,\Omega,k,\theta,s}|\}_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\) by
where \(P_{s}\) is given as in (3.1). Note that \(\Gamma _{s,\theta }(y,\xi )\) is independent of \({y}/{|y|}\). In view of (1.1), it is easy to see that
We have the following estimates.
Lemma 3.1
Let \(h\in \Delta _{\gamma }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\) for some \(\gamma \in (1,\infty ]\) and Ω be a \((1,\infty )\) atom satisfying (2.6)–(2.8) with \(0<\varrho \leq 1\) and \(\vartheta =\theta =(1,0,\ldots,0)\in {\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\). Assume that \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{1}\) or \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{2}\). Then, for \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \) and \(\xi =(\xi _{1},\ldots,\xi _{n})\neq (0,\ldots,0)\), there exists a constant \(C>0\) independent of \(h, \Omega, \gamma, \xi \) and \(\{a_{l_{s}}\}_{s=1}^{\Lambda }\) such that
where
Proof
We only prove (3.3) for the case \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{1}\) since another case \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{2}\) is analogous. Fix \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \) and \(\xi '=\xi /|\xi |=(\xi _{1}',\ldots, \xi _{n}')\). Let \(\mathcal{O}\) be the rotation such that \(\mathcal{O}(\xi ')=\vartheta \) and \(\mathcal{O}^{-1}\) denote the inverse of \(\mathcal{O}\). Then \(\mathcal{O}^{2}(\xi ')=(\xi _{1}',\eta _{2}',\ldots,\eta _{n}')\). Let \(Q_{n-1}\) be a rotation in \(\mathbb{R}^{n-1}\) such that \(Q_{n-1}(\xi _{2}',\ldots,\xi _{n}')=(\eta _{2}',\ldots,\eta _{n}')\) and R be a transformation by \(R(z_{1},z_{2},\ldots,z_{n})=(z_{1},Q_{n-1}(z_{2},\ldots,z_{n}))\). Then, for any \(y'=(u,y_{2}',\ldots,y_{n}')\in {\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\), we have \(\vartheta \cdot R(y')=\vartheta \cdot y'=u\) and \(\Omega (\mathcal{O}^{-1}R(y'))\) is a \((1,\infty )\) atom with supported in \({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\cap B(\xi ',\varrho )\). By some changes of variables, we have
where \(A(y')=\Omega (\mathcal{O}^{-1}R(y'))\) and \(F_{A}\) is defined as in Lemma 2.2 (in case \(n>2\)) or Lemma 2.3 (in case \(n=2\)). Notice that \(A(\cdot )\) is a \((1,\infty )\) atom with supported in \(B(\xi ',\varrho )\). Invoking Lemmas 2.2 and 2.3, one finds that
for some \(q\in (1,2)\). Here, \(r(\xi ')=|\xi |^{-1}L_{\varrho }(\xi )\), where \(A_{\varrho }(\xi )=(\varrho ^{2}\xi _{1},\varrho \xi _{2},\ldots, \varrho \xi _{n})\) for \(n\geq 3\) and \(A_{\varrho }(\xi )=(\varrho ^{2}\xi _{1},\varrho \xi _{2})\) for \(n=2\).
From (3.7) and (3.8), one sees that there exists \(C>0\) independent of \(h, \Omega, \gamma \) such that
Moreover, by Hölder’s inequality, one has
Here, \([x]=\max \{k\in \mathbb{Z}:k\leq x\}\) for \(x\in \mathbb{R}\). Finally, it follows from (3.9)–(3.11) that
where \(C>0\) is independent of \(h, \Omega, \gamma \). This proves (3.3) and completes the proof. □
Lemma 3.2
Let \(h\in \Delta _{\gamma }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\) for some \(\gamma \in (1,\infty ]\) and Ω be a \((1,\infty )\) atom satisfying (2.6)–(2.8) with \(0<\varrho \leq 1\) and \(\vartheta =\theta =(1,0,\ldots,0)\in {\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\). Assume that \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{1}\) or \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{2}\). Then, for \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \) and \(\xi =(\xi _{1},\ldots,\xi _{n})\neq (0,\ldots,0)\), there exist \(\delta >0\) and \(C>0\) independent of \(h, \Omega, \gamma, \xi \), and \(\{a_{l_{s}}\}_{s=1}^{\Lambda }\) such that
where \(L_{s}(\xi )\) is given as (3.4) and \(\delta =1\) if \(n\geq 3\) and \(\delta >2\) if \(n=2\).
Proof
We only prove (3.12) for the case \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{1}\) since another case is analogous. By (3.5) and Hölder’s inequality, we have
Notice that
This together with (3.10) and (3.13) implies
By some changes of variables and the properties for φ, we have
Fix \(\mu \in \{0,1,\ldots,[\gamma ']\}\), we get by Lemma 2.4 that
where \(\delta =1\) if \(n\geq 3\) and \(\delta =q'\) if \(n=2\). Here, q is given as in the proof of Lemma 3.1. Here, the constant \(C>0\) is independent of \(u, v, \xi, \mu, k\), and \(\{a_{l_{i}}\}_{i=1}^{s}\). In view of (3.15) with (3.16),
Define the function \(b(u)=r(\xi ')F_{A}(r(\xi ')u+\xi _{1}')\). In view of (3.6)–(3.8) we see that \(\operatorname{supp}(b)\subset (-2,2)\) and \(\|b\|_{L^{\infty }(\mathbb{R})}\leq C\) for \(n\geq 3\) and \(\|b\|_{L^{q}(\mathbb{R})}\leq C\) for \(n=2\). By some changes of variables,
When \(n\geq 3\), by the fact \(\|b\|_{L^{\infty }(\mathbb{R})}\leq C\) and \(\delta =1\), we get
When \(n=2\), by the fact \(\|b\|_{L^{q}(\mathbb{R})}\leq C\) and Hölder’s inequality,
Therefore, we get from (3.18) that
It follows from (3.19) and (3.17) that
where \(C>0\) is independent of \(h, \Omega, \gamma, \varrho, \xi, k\) and \(\{a_{l_{i}}\}_{i=1}^{s}\). In view of (3.20) and (3.14),
where \(C>0\) is independent of \(h, \Omega, \gamma, \varrho, \xi, k\), and \(\{a_{l_{i}}\}_{i=1}^{s}\). On the other hand, we get by (3.5), (3.10), and (3.11) that
Then (3.12) follows from (3.21) and (3.22). □
Lemma 3.3
Let \(h\in \Delta _{\gamma }(\mathbb{R}_{+})\) for some \(\gamma \in (1,\infty ]\) and Ω be a \((1,\infty )\) atom satisfying (2.1)–(2.3) with \(0<\varrho \leq 1\) and \(\vartheta =\theta =(1, 0,\ldots,0)\in {\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\). Let \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{1}\) or \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{2}\). Then, for \(\gamma '< p<\infty \), there exists a constant \(C>0\) independent of \(h, \Omega, \gamma, \xi, \theta \), and \(\{a_{l_{s}}\}_{s=1}^{\Lambda }\) such that
Proof
We only consider the case \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{1}\) since another one can be obtained similarly. Fix \(k\in \mathbb{Z}\), by a change of variables,
It is clear that \(\|\Omega \|_{L^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})}\leq C\). By Hölder’s inequality and a change of variables, one has
It follows that
This together with Lemma 2.6 yields (3.23). □
The following result is the main ingredient of proving Theorem 1.2.
Lemma 3.4
Let \(A>0\), \(\Lambda \in \mathbb{N}\setminus \{0\}\) and \(\{\sigma _{k,s}:0\leq s\leq \Lambda {\textit{ and }}k\in \mathbb{Z}\}\) be a family of uniformly bounded Borel measures on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) with \(\sigma _{k,0}(\xi )=0\) for every \(k\in \mathbb{Z}\) and \(\xi \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\). For \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \), let \(\eta _{s}>1\), \(v\geq 1\), \(\delta _{s}, \beta _{s}>0\), \(\{a_{k,s,v}\}\) be a sequence of positive numbers, \(\ell _{s}\in \mathbb{N}\setminus \{0\}\) and \(L_{s}:\mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{\ell _{s}}\) be a linear transformation. Suppose that there exists a constant \(C>0\) independent of A such that the following are satisfied for \(k\in \mathbb{Z}, \xi \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\) and \(s\in \{1,\ldots,\Lambda \}\):
-
(a)
\(|\widehat{\sigma _{k,s}}(\xi )|\leq CA\min \{1,|a_{k,s,v}L_{s}(\xi )|^{- \delta _{s}/v}\}\);
-
(b)
\(|\widehat{\sigma _{k,s}}(\xi )-\widehat{\sigma _{k,s-1}}(\xi ) \leq CA|a_{k,s,v}L_{s}( \xi )|^{\beta _{s}/v}\);
-
(c)
\(\inf_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\frac{a_{k+1,s,v}}{a_{k,s,v}}\geq \eta _{s}^{v}\) or \(\inf_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\frac{a_{k,s,v}}{a_{k+1,s,v}}\geq \eta _{s}^{v}\);
-
(d)
For some \(q\in (1,\infty )\), it holds that
$$\begin{aligned} \Bigl\Vert \sup_{k\in \mathbb{Z}} \bigl\vert \vert \sigma _{k,s} \vert *f \bigr\vert \Bigr\Vert _{L^{q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})} \leq CA \Vert f \Vert _{L^{q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}, \quad\forall f\in L^{q}\bigl( \mathbb{R}^{n}\bigr). \end{aligned}$$Then there exists a constant \(C>0\) such that
$$\begin{aligned} \Biggl\Vert \sup_{k\in \mathbb{Z}} \Biggl\vert \sum _{j=k}^{\infty }\sigma _{j,\Lambda }*f \Biggr\vert \Biggr\Vert _{L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}\leq CA \Vert f \Vert _{L^{p}( \mathbb{R}^{n})}, \quad\forall f\in L^{p}\bigl(\mathbb{R}^{n}\bigr), \end{aligned}$$(3.24)where \(p=2\) if \(q=2\), \(p\in (q,2]\) if \(q\in (1,2)\), and \(p\in [2,\min \{q, \frac{2q}{q-1}\})\) if \(q>2\). Here, \(C>0\) is independent of \(A, v, \{L_{s}\}_{s=1}^{\Lambda }, f\), but may depend on \(p, n, \Lambda, \{\ell _{s}\}_{s=1}^{\Lambda }, \{\beta _{s}\}_{s=1}^{ \Lambda }\) and \(\{\delta _{s}\}_{s=1}^{\Lambda }, \{\eta _{s}\}_{s=1}^{\Lambda }\).
Proof
We shall adopt the method following from [22] to prove this lemma. For simplicity, we only consider the case \(\inf_{k\in \mathbb{Z}} \frac{a_{k+1,s,v}}{a_{k,s,v}}\geq \eta _{s}^{v}\), since another one can be proved similarly. For \(s\in \{1,\ldots,\Lambda \}\), we set \(r_{s}=\operatorname{rank}(L_{s})\) and let \(\pi _{r_{s}}^{n}(\xi )=(\xi _{1},\ldots,\xi _{r_{s}})\) be the projection from \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) to \(\mathbb{R}^{r_{s}}\). Invoking [22, Lemma 6.1], there exist two nonsingular linear transformations \(H_{s}:\mathbb{R}^{r_{s}}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{r_{s}}\) and \(G_{s}:\mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{n}\) such that
Let \(\phi \in \mathcal{C}_{0}^{\infty }(\mathbb{R})\) be such that \(\operatorname{supp}(\phi )=\{|t|\leq 1\}\) and \(\phi (t)\equiv 1\) for \(|t|<1/2\). For \(s\in \{1,\ldots,\Lambda \}\), we define a sequence of measures \(\{\mu _{k,s}\}_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\) on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) by
It is not difficult to see that
In view of (3.27) we write
Therefore, for (3.24), it suffices to show that
for all \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \), where \(p=2\) if \(q=2\), and \(p\in (q,2]\) if \(q\in (1,2)\), and \(p\in [2,\min \{q,\frac{2q}{q-1}\})\) if \(q>2\). Here, \(C_{p}>0\) is independent of \(A, v, L_{s}, f\), but may depend on \(p, n, \Lambda, \ell _{s}, \beta _{s}, \delta _{s}, \eta _{s}\).
Let \(\psi \in \mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R})\) be such that \(\psi (\xi )\equiv 1\) when \(|\xi |<1\) and \(\psi (\xi )\equiv 0\) when \(|\xi |>\eta _{s}\). Define the function \(\Phi _{k}\) by \(\widehat{\Phi _{k}}(\xi )=\psi (a_{k,s,v}|H_{s}\pi _{r_{s}}^{n} G_{s}( \xi )|)\). Write
where δ is the Dirac delta function and
It follows that
We first prove that
for \(p\in (\frac{2q}{q+1},\frac{2q}{q-1})\) and \(s\in \{1,\ldots,\Lambda \}\), where \(C_{p}>0\) is independent of \(A, v, L_{s}, f\), but may depend on \(p, n, \Lambda, \ell _{s}, \beta _{s}, \delta _{s}, \eta _{s}\). In view of assumptions (a) and (b) and (3.26),
Let \(\{\Psi _{k,s}\}_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\) be a sequence of nonnegative functions in \(\mathcal{C}_{0}^{\infty }(\mathbb{R})\) such that
where \(C_{j}\) are independent of \(s, v\), and k. Define the Fourier multiplier operator \(S_{j,s}\) by
Thus, the operator \(T_{s}\) can be decomposed as
By the Littlewood–Paley theory, Plancherel’s theorem, and assumption (c), we then use (3.33) and (3.34) to obtain
for some \(c>0\), where \(C>0\) is independent of \(A, v, L_{s}, f\), but may depend on \(\ell _{s}, \beta _{s}, \delta _{s}, \eta _{s}\).
On the other hand, by our assumption (d), (3.26) and a well-known result on maximal functions (see [22]), there exists a constant \(C>0\) independent of \(A, v, L_{s}\) such that
for any \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \). Using (3.38) and the lemma in [16, pp. 544],
for \(|1/p-1/2|=1/(2q)\) and arbitrary functions \(\{g_{k}\}_{k}\in L^{p}(\ell ^{2}, \mathbb{R}^{n})\). Here, \(C_{p}>0\) is independent of \(A, v, L_{s}\). Combining (3.39) with the Littlewood–Paley theory implies
where \(|1/p-1/2|=1/(2q)\) and \(C>0\) is independent of \(A, v, L_{s}\). By interpolation between (3.37) and (3.40), we have that, for any \(p\in (\frac{2q}{q+1},\frac{2q}{q-1})\) and some \(c'>0\),
Inequality (3.41) together with (3.36) and Minkowski’s inequality implies (3.32).
By (3.32) and a well-known result on maximal functions (see [22]), we have that, for all \(p\in (\frac{2q}{q+1},\frac{2q}{q-1})\),
where \(C_{p}>0\) is independent of \(A, v, L_{s}, f\), but may depend on \(p, n, \ell _{s}, \beta _{s}, \delta _{s}, \eta _{s}\).
We now estimate \(\|\sup_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}|I_{k,2}(f)|\|_{L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}\). Write
An application of (3.38) shows that
In view of Plancherel’s theorem, (3.25), and (3.33), we have that, for some \(c>0\),
It follows that
An interpolation between (3.44) and (3.45) gives that
for some \(\tau >0\) and \(p\in [2,q]\) if \(q>2\) or \(p\in (q,2]\) if \(q\in (1,2)\) or \(p=2\) if \(q=2\). Combining this with (3.43) leads to
for \(p\in [2,q]\) if \(q>2\) or \(p\in (q,2]\) if \(q\in (1,2)\) or \(p=2\) if \(q=2\).
It remains to estimate \(\|\sup_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}|I_{k,3}(f)|\|_{L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}\). Write
In view of (3.38), one can get
In view of Plancherel’s theorem, we use (3.33) and (3.25) to get
where in the last inequality of (3.49) we have used the properties of lacunary sequence and the fact that \(\ell _{s}\eta _{s}>1\), \(v\geq 1\). Here, \(C>0\) is independent of \(A, v, L_{s}\), but may depend on \(n, \ell _{s}, \beta _{s}, \delta _{s}, \eta _{s}\). An interpolation between (3.48) and (3.49) leads to
for some \(\theta >0\), where \(p\in [2,q]\) if \(q>2\) or \(p\in (q,2]\) if \(q\in (1,2)\) or \(p=2\) if \(q=2\). By (3.47), (3.50), and Minkowski’s inequality,
for \(p\in [2,q]\) if \(q>2\) or \(p\in (q,2]\) if \(q\in (1,2)\) or \(p=2\) if \(q=2\). Then (3.29) follows from (3.31), (3.42), (3.46), and (3.51). This finishes the proof of Lemma 3.4. □
The following result is the main ingredient of proving Theorem 1.1.
Lemma 3.5
Let \(\Lambda, v\in \mathbb{N}\setminus \{0\}\). For \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \), let \(\{a_{k,s,v}\}_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\) be a lacunary sequence of positive numbers. For \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \), let \(\delta _{s}>0, \eta _{s}>1, \ell _{s}\in \mathbb{N}\setminus \{0 \}\), and \(L_{s}:\mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{\ell _{s}}\) be linear transformations. Let \(\{\sigma _{s,k}: 0\leq s\leq \Lambda{\textit{ and }}k\in \mathbb{Z}\}\) be a family of measures on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) with \(\sigma _{0,k}=0\) for every \(k\in \mathbb{Z}\). Suppose that there exist \(p_{0}, q_{0}>1\) satisfying \((p_{0},q_{0})\neq (2,2)\) and \(c, A>0\) independent of v and \(\{L_{s}\}_{s=1}^{\Lambda }\) such that the following conditions are satisfied for any \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \), \(k\in \mathbb{Z}\), \(\xi \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\), and \(\{g_{k,j}\}\in L^{p_{0}}(\mathbb{R}^{n},\ell ^{q_{0}}(\ell ^{2}))\):
-
(a)
\(|\widehat{\sigma _{s,k}}(\xi )|\leq cA\min \{1,|a_{k,s,v}L_{s}(\xi )|^{-{ \delta _{s}}/{v}}\}\);
-
(b)
\(|\widehat{\sigma _{s,k}}(\xi )-\widehat{\sigma _{s-1,k}}(\xi ) | \leq cA|a_{k,s,v}L_{s}(\xi )|^{{1}/{v}}\);
-
(c)
\(\inf_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\frac{a_{k+1,s,v}}{a_{k,s,v}}\geq \eta _{s}^{v}\) or \(\inf_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\frac{a_{k,s,v}}{a_{k+1,s,v}}\geq \eta _{s}^{v}\);
-
(d)
$$\begin{aligned} &\biggl\Vert \biggl(\sum_{j\in \mathbb{Z}} \biggl(\sum _{k\in \mathbb{Z}} \vert \sigma _{s,k}*g_{k,j} \vert ^{2} \biggr)^{q_{0}/2} \biggr)^{1/q_{0}} \biggr\Vert _{L^{p_{0}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}\\ &\quad\leq cA \biggl\Vert \biggl(\sum _{j \in \mathbb{Z}} \biggl(\sum_{k\in \mathbb{Z}} \vert g_{k,j} \vert ^{2} \biggr)^{q_{0}/2} \biggr)^{1/q_{0}} \biggr\Vert _{L^{p_{0}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}. \end{aligned}$$
Then, for \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) and \(({1}/{p},{1}/{q})\in B_{1}B_{2} \setminus \{({1}/{p_{0}},{1}/{q_{0}}),({1}/{2},{1}/{2}) \}\), there exists a constant \(C>0\) independent of v and \(\{L_{s}\}_{s=1}^{\Lambda }\) such that
$$\begin{aligned} \biggl\Vert \sum_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\sigma _{\Lambda,k}*f \biggr\Vert _{ \dot{F}_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})} \leq CA \Vert f \Vert _{\dot{F}_{\alpha }^{p,q}( \mathbb{R}^{n})}, \end{aligned}$$where \(B_{1}=({1}/{2},{1}/{2})\), \(B_{2}=({1}/{p_{0}},{1}/{q_{0}})\) and \(B_{1}B_{2}\) is the line segment from \(B_{1}\) to \(B_{2}\).
Proof
Assume that \(\inf_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\frac{a_{k+1,s,v}}{a_{k,s,v}}\geq \eta _{s}^{v}\) for all \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \), the corresponding result has been proved in [27, Lemma 2.5]. Similar arguments will give the corresponding result for the case \(\inf_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\frac{a_{k,s,v}}{a_{k+1,s,v}} \geq \eta _{s}^{v}\). The details are omitted. □
In order to prove Theorem 1.3, we need the following characterization of the Triebel–Lizorkin spaces.
Lemma 3.6
([41])
Let \(0<\alpha <1\), \(1< p<\infty \), \(1< q\leq \infty \), and \(1\leq r<\min \{p,q\}\). Then
Our main ingredient of proving Theorem 1.3 is the following boundedness criterion.
Lemma 3.7
Let \(v\geq 1\), \(\Lambda \in \mathbb{N} \setminus \{0\}\), and \(\{\sigma _{k,s}:k\in \mathbb{Z}, 1\leq s\leq \Lambda \}\) be a family of Borel measures on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) with \(\sigma _{k,0}=0\) for all \(k\in \mathbb{Z}\). Let \(|\sigma _{k,s}|\) be the total variation of \(\sigma _{k,s}\). Let \(\{a_{k,s,v}\}_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\) be a lacunary sequence of positive numbers. For \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \), let \(\eta _{s}>1, \beta _{s}, \gamma _{s}>0\), \(M_{s}\in \mathbb{N}\setminus \{0\}\), and \(L_{s}:\mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{M_{s}}\) be linear transformations. Suppose that there exist \(C, A>0\) independent of v such that, for \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \), \(k\in \mathbb{Z}\), and \(\xi \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\), the following conditions are satisfied:
-
(a)
\(\max \{|\widehat{\sigma _{k,s}}(\xi ) -\widehat{\sigma _{k,s-1}}( \xi )|,|\widehat{|\sigma _{k,s}|}(\xi ) -\widehat{|\sigma _{k,s-1}|}( \xi )|\}\leq CA|a_{k,s,v}L_{s}(\xi )|^{1/v}\);
-
(b)
\(\max \{|\widehat{\sigma _{k,s}}(\xi )|,|\widehat{|\sigma _{k,s}|}( \xi )|\} \leq CA\min \{1,|a_{k,s,v}L_{s}(\xi )|^{-\beta _{s}/v}\}\);
-
(c)
There exists \(\vartheta \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\) such that \(\sup_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}||\sigma _{k,0}|*f(x)|\leq CA|f(x+\vartheta )|\) for any \(x\in \mathbb{R}^{n}\);
-
(d)
\(\inf_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\frac{a_{k+1,s,v}}{a_{k,s,v}}\geq \eta _{s}^{v}\) or \(\inf_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}\frac{a_{k,s,v}}{a_{k+1,s,v}}\geq \eta _{s}^{v}\);
-
(e)
There exist \(p_{0}, q_{0}>1\) satisfying \((p_{0},q_{0})\neq (2,2)\), \(1< r_{0}<\min \{p_{0},q_{0}\}\), and \(2\le u<\infty \) such that
$$\begin{aligned} & \biggl\Vert \biggl(\sum_{l\in \mathbb{Z}} \biggl\Vert \biggl(\sum_{k\in \mathbb{Z}} \bigl\vert \vert \sigma _{k,s} \vert * g_{l, \zeta,k} \bigr\vert ^{u} \biggr)^{1/u} \biggr\Vert _{L^{r_{0}}(\mathfrak{R}_{n})}^{q_{0}} \biggr)^{1/q_{0}} \biggr\Vert _{L^{p_{0}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})} \\ &\quad\leq CA \biggl\Vert \biggl(\sum_{l\in \mathbb{Z}} \biggl\Vert \biggl(\sum_{k\in \mathbb{Z}} \vert g_{l,\zeta,k} \vert ^{u} \biggr)^{1/u} \biggr\Vert _{L^{r_{0}}(\mathfrak{R}_{n})}^{q_{0}} \biggr)^{1/q_{0}} \biggr\Vert _{L^{p_{0}}( \mathbb{R}^{n})}. \end{aligned}$$Then, for \(\alpha \in (0,1)\) and \(({1}/{p},{1}/{q})\in P_{1}P_{2}\setminus \{({1}/{p_{0}},{1}/{q_{0}}) \}\), there exists a constant \(C>0\) independent of A and v such that
$$\begin{aligned} &\biggl\Vert \biggl(\sum_{l\in \mathbb{Z}}2^{lq\alpha } \biggl( \int _{ \mathfrak{R}_{n}}\sup_{k\in \mathbb{Z}} \bigl\vert \vert \sigma _{k,s} \vert * \vert \triangle _{2^{-l}\zeta }f \vert \bigr\vert \,d\zeta \biggr)^{q} \biggr)^{{1}/{q}} \biggr\Vert _{L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}\leq CA \Vert f \Vert _{\dot{F}_{\alpha }^{p,q}( \mathbb{R}^{n})}, \\ &\quad\forall 1\leq s\leq \Lambda. \end{aligned}$$Here, \(P_{1}P_{2}\) denotes the line segment from \(P_{1}\) to \(P_{2}\) with \(P_{1}=({1}/{2}, {1}/{2})\) and \(P_{2}=({1}/{p_{0}},{1}/{q_{0}})\).
-
(g)
Suppose also that the following inequality holds for \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \):
$$\begin{aligned} &\biggl\Vert \biggl(\sum_{j\in \mathbb{Z}} \biggl(\sum _{k\in \mathbb{Z}} \vert \sigma _{k,s}*g_{k,j} \vert ^{2} \biggr)^{q_{0}/2} \biggr)^{1/q_{0}} \biggr\Vert _{L^{p_{0}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}\\ &\quad \leq CA \biggl\Vert \biggl(\sum _{j \in \mathbb{Z}} \biggl(\sum_{k\in \mathbb{Z}} \vert g_{k,j} \vert ^{2} \biggr)^{q_{0}/2} \biggr)^{1/q_{0}} \biggr\Vert _{L^{p_{0}}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}. \end{aligned}$$Then, for \(\alpha \in (0,1)\) and \(({1}/{p},{1}/{q})\in P_{1}P_{2}\setminus \{({1}/{p_{0}},{1}/{q_{0}}),({1}/{2},{1}/{2}) \}\), there exists a constant \(C>0\) independent of A and v such that
$$\begin{aligned} \Biggl\Vert \Biggl(\sum_{l\in \mathbb{Z}}2^{lq\alpha } \Biggl( \int _{ \mathfrak{R}_{n}}\sup_{k\in \mathbb{Z}} \Biggl\vert \sum _{j=k}^{ \infty }\sigma _{j,\Lambda }* \triangle _{2^{-l}\zeta }f \Biggr\vert \,d\zeta \Biggr)^{q} \Biggr)^{{1}/{q}} \Biggr\Vert _{L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}\leq CA \Vert f \Vert _{\dot{F}_{ \alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}. \end{aligned}$$
Proof
The lemma can be proved by the arguments similar to those used in deriving [30, Lemma 2.9]. We omit the details. □
Proofs of Theorems 1.1–1.3
Proof of Theorem 1.1
Let \(h, \Omega, P, \varphi \) be given as in Theorem 1.1. Invoking Lemma 2.1, there exist a sequence of complex numbers \(\{c_{j}\}_{j=1}^{\infty }\) and a sequence of \((1,\infty )\) atoms \(\{\Omega _{j}\}_{j=1}^{\infty }\) such that \(\Omega =\sum_{j=1}^{\infty }c_{j}\Omega _{j}\) and \(\|\Omega \|_{H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})} \approx \sum_{j=1}^{\infty }|c_{j}|\). By the definition of \(T_{h,\Omega,P,\varphi }\), one has
In view of (3.52) and the definition of \(\dot{F}_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\), we have that, for \(1< p, q<\infty \) and \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\),
Therefore, to prove Theorem 1.1, it suffices to prove that there exists \(C>0\) is independent of \(h, \gamma, \Omega \) and the coefficients of P such that
holds for any \((1,\infty )\) atom Ω and \(\alpha \in \mathbb{R}\) and \((p,q)\in \mathcal{R}_{\gamma }\).
Given a \((1,\infty )\) atom Ω satisfying (2.6)–(2.8) with \(0<\varrho \leq 1\) and \(\vartheta \in {\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\). Without loss of generality we may assume that \(\vartheta =\theta =(1,0,\ldots,0)\). By the definition of \(\sigma _{h,\Omega,k,\theta,\Lambda }\), we have
Note that if \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{1}\) or \(\varphi \in \mathfrak{F}_{2}\), there exist \(C_{1}, C_{2}>0\) depending only on φ such that
In view of (3.55) and Lemma 3.1,
By the properties of φ and applying the arguments similar to those used in deriving [27, Lemma 2.4], one obtains that there exists \(C>0\) independent of \(h, \Omega, \gamma \) and \(\{a_{l_{i}}\}_{i=1}^{\Lambda }\) such that
for all \(1\leq s\leq \Lambda \) and \((1/p,1/q)\in \mathcal{R}_{\gamma }\). Then (3.53) follows from (3.2), (3.54), (3.56), (3.57), and Lemmas 3.2 and 3.5. □
Proof of Theorem 1.2
Let \(h, \Omega, P, \varphi \) be given as in Theorem 1.2. By Lemma 2.1, there exist a sequence of complex numbers \(\{c_{j}\}_{j=1}^{\infty }\) and a sequence of \((1,\infty )\) atoms \(\{\Omega _{j}\}_{j=1}^{\infty }\) such that \(\Omega =\sum_{j=1}^{\infty }c_{j}\Omega _{j}\) and \(\|\Omega \|_{H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})} \approx \sum_{j=1}^{\infty }|c_{j}|\). In view of the definition of \(T_{h,\Omega,P, \varphi }^{*}\),
In view of (3.58), to prove Theorem 1.2, it suffices to show that there exists \(C>0\) independent of \(h, \gamma, \Omega \) and the coefficients of P such that
holds for any \((1,\infty )\) atom Ω and \(p\in (\gamma ',\infty )\) if \(\gamma \geq 2\) or \(p\in (\gamma ',\frac{2\gamma '}{\gamma '-2})\) if \(\gamma \in (4/3,2)\). Let Ω be a \((1,\infty )\) atom satisfying (2.6)–(2.8) with \(0<\varrho \leq 1\) and \(\vartheta \in {\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\). Without loss of generality, we may assume that \(\vartheta =\theta =(1,0,\ldots,0)\). Let \(\{\sigma _{h,\Omega,k,\theta,s}\}_{s=0}^{\Lambda }\) be given as in the proof of Theorem 1.1. By a simple argument following from the proof of [18, Theorem 2], one has
By (3.2), (3.54), (3.56), (3.60), and Lemmas 3.2–3.4, we have (3.59) for \(p\in (\gamma ',\infty )\) if \(\gamma \geq 2\) or \(p\in (\gamma ', \frac{2\gamma '}{\gamma '-2})\) if \(\gamma \in (4/3,2)\). □
Proof of Theorem 1.3
Let \(h, \Omega, P, \varphi \) be given as in Theorem 1.3. Notice that
This together with Lemma 3.6 and (3.52) implies that, for \(\alpha \in (0,1)\) and \(1< p, q<\infty \),
Therefore, to establish the bounds for \(T_{h,\Omega,P,\varphi }^{*}\) on \(\dot{F}_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\), it suffices to show that
holds for any \((1,\infty )\) atom Ω and \(\alpha \in (0,1)\) and \(1< p, q<\infty \). Here, \(C>0\) is independent of Ω and the coefficients of P.
In what follows, let Ω be a \((1,\infty )\) atom satisfying (2.6)–(2.8) with \(0<\varrho \leq 1\) and \(\vartheta \in {\mathrm{S}}^{n-1}\). Without loss of generality, we may assume that \(\vartheta =\theta =(1, 0,\ldots,0)\). Let \(P, \{P_{s}\}_{s=0}^{\Lambda }, \{\Gamma _{s, \theta }\}_{s=0}^{\Lambda }\), \(\{L_{s}\}_{s=1}^{\Lambda }\), and \(\{\sigma _{h, \Omega,k,\theta,s}\}_{s=0}^{\Lambda }\) be given as in the proof of Theorem 1.1. We define the measures \(\{\nu _{k,s}\}_{0}^{2\Lambda }\) and \(\{|\nu _{k,s}|\}_{0}^{2\Lambda }\) by
Let \(\xi =(\xi _{1},\ldots,\xi _{n})\). By (1.1) and a change of variable, one has
Invoking Lemma 2.5, one finds
Combining this with the trivial estimate \(|\widehat{|\nu _{k,s}|}(\xi )|\leq C\) yields that
By the definition of \(|\nu _{k,s}|\) and the arguments similar to those used to derive (3.12),
We get from (3.12) that
One can easily check that
Arguments similar to (3.56) show that
In view of (3.56),
We now define linear transformations \(I_{s}:\mathbb{R}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{n}\) for \(1\leq s\leq 2\Lambda \) by
We also set
and
It follows from (3.63)–(3.69) that
It is not difficult to see that
From (3.60) we see that
Using Lemmas 2.4 and 2.5 in [31], we obtain that, for any \(1\leq s\leq 2\Lambda \) and \(1< p, q, r<\infty \),
By (3.63), (3.70)–(3.72), (3.74), (3.75) and invoking Lemma 3.7, we have that, for \(\alpha \in (0,1)\), \(1< p, q<\infty \), and \(1\leq s\leq 2\Lambda \),
Then (3.62) follows from (3.73), (3.76), and (3.77). Furthermore, the boundedness for \(T_{h,\Omega,P,\varphi }^{*}\) on \(F_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) follows from the boundedness for \(T_{h,\Omega,P,\varphi }^{*}\) on \(\dot{F}_{\alpha }^{p,q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\), (2.4), (2.5), and Theorem 1.2. By (3.61), (3.62) and the arguments similar to those used in deriving the continuity part of [31, Theorem 1.1], we can get the continuity part in Theorem 1.3. This completes the proof of Theorem 1.3. □
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The first author was supported by Young Teachers and Top-Notch Talents in Undergraduate Teaching of Shandong University of Science and Technology (No. BJRC20180502). This second author was supported partially by the NNSF of China (No. 11701333).
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Zhang, Y., Liu, F. Rough singular integrals associated to polynomial curves. J Inequal Appl 2022, 19 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-022-02754-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-022-02754-8
MSC
- 42B20
- 42B99
Keywords
- Singular integral
- Maximal singular integral
- Polynomial curves
- \(H^{1}({\mathrm{S}}^{n-1})\)