Multivariate Bernstein inequalities for entire functions of exponential type in \(L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) \((0< p< 1)\)

In (Rahman and Schmeisser in Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 320: 91–103, 1990), the authors prove that the classical Bernstein inequality also holds for \(0< p\le 1\). We extend their result for a differential operator induced by polynomials and find the several equivalent conditions to the Paley–Wiener theorem. As applications of the results, we also derive the Paley–Wiener type theorems for some special compact sets generated by number sequences, generated by polynomial, convex compact sets, in which we show that the Bernstein type inequalities have concrete upper bounds.

Bernstein’s inequality began with the problem of an estimate of an upper bound for derivatives of functions on the real line in 1912 ([7]). A generalization for the classical Bernstein inequality can be found in [8]: For any polynomial g of degree k,

where \(1\leq p\leq \infty \). The inequality is very useful in the field of approximation theory and differential equations. Even though there are innumerably many splendid studies related to Bernstein’s inequality after [7] appeared, we only introduce directly related research results with this paper.

For example, the author in [1, p. 144, Theorem 3], derives that

for all real α, where f is an entire function of exponential type σ belonging to \(L^{p}(\mathbb{R})\). As another result of the same kind, for real valued functions the authors show that

where \(C_{p}^{-p}=\frac{1}{2\pi }\int _{0}^{2\pi } |1 +e^{i\theta }|^{p}\,d\theta < 1\) ([12]). As a consequence of (1), we see that \(\limsup_{m\rightarrow \infty } \| f^{(m)}\|_{p}^{1/m} \leq \sup \{ |\xi |: \xi \in \operatorname{supp}\hat{f}\}\), where f̂ is the Fourier transform of f. In [2], the author proves that this inequality becomes the equality and also he derives a radial spectral formula in the following: If \(1\leq p\leq \infty \) and \(f^{(m)}\in L^{p}(\mathbb{R})\) \((m=0,1,2,\ldots)\), then there always exists the limit of \(\| f^{(m)}\|_{p}^{1/m}\) and

In particular, \(\operatorname{supp}\hat{f} \subset [-\sigma , \sigma ]\) if and only if \(\limsup_{m\rightarrow \infty } \| f^{(m)}\| _{p}^{1/m}\leq \sigma \).

The classical Paley–Wiener theorem gives a characterization of \(L^{2}\)-functions with their Fourier transforms compactly supported (the \(L^{2}\) band-limited functions): Let \(\sigma >0\) and let f be an entire function of exponential type σ. Then \(f\in L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) if and only if there exists \(g \in L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) vanishing a.e. outside \([-\sigma , \sigma ]\) such that \(f=\hat{g}\) ([11]). As the generalized results for the Paley–Wiener theorem, we mention [13] and [9], in which the authors make an extension to the distribution supported in the closed ball and in convex compact, respectively.

In this paper, we focus on an extension of the inequality (1) to a differential operator for \(0< p< 1\) as a generalization of [12]. First, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions on the sequences of norm of derivatives of functions in \(L_{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) such that their spectrum are contained in a fixed compact set in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), refer to the main results of Theorems A, B, and C. In Theorem B and C, we provide the behavior of sequence of higher order derivatives, direction derivatives for the class of entire function of exponential type belong to \(L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) spaces (\(0 < p < 1\)) and about three applications of Theorem A. This paper is organized as follows: Sects. 2, 3, and 4 have the proof of each of the main theorems. In the last section, we provide the Paley–Wiener theorem for some special compact sets.

For simplicity, we introduce some notations: We denote the support of f by suppf, the set of nonnegative integers by \(\mathbb{Z}_{\ast }\) (also, \(\mathbb{R}_{\ast }\) means the collection of all nonnegative real numbers) and a differential operator by \(P(D)\) induced from a polynomial \(P(x)\) in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), where \(D=-i\partial /\partial x\). For a multi-index \(\alpha \in \mathbb{Z} _{\ast }^{n}\), put \(|\alpha |=\sum_{j=1}^{n}|\alpha _{j}|\) \((\alpha =( \alpha _{1},\ldots ,\alpha _{n}))\).

Let \(K\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\) be compact and let \(\delta >0\). We write \(K_{\delta }\), \(K_{(\delta )}\) as the real δ-neighborhood of K, the complex δ-neighborhood of K, respectively, i.e., \(K_{\delta }=\{ x \in \mathbb{R}^{n} : \operatorname{dist}(x,K)\leq \delta \}\) and \(K_{(\delta )}=\{ z \in \mathbb{C}^{n} : \operatorname{dist}(z,K)\leq \delta \}\). In addition, throughout this paper, we assume that the function \(f\in L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) has the bounded spectral if there is no any comment, e.g., since this condition implies differentiability properties of a function f.

Theorem A

Let \(0< p<1\) and let \(K\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\) be compact. Then \(\operatorname{supp}\hat{f}\subset K\) if and only if for any \(\delta >0\) there exists a constant \(C_{p,K,\delta }\) independent of f, P such that

for any polynomial P.

Theorem B

Let \(0< p <1\), \(0<\lambda <1\), \(\sigma =(\sigma _{1}, \sigma _{2}, \dots , \sigma _{n}) \in \mathbb{R}_{\ast }^{n}\). Then the following statements are equivalent:

1. (i)

   \(\operatorname{supp}\hat{f} \subset [-\sigma _{1}, \sigma _{1}] \times [-\sigma _{2}, \sigma _{2}] \times \cdots \times [-\sigma _{n}, \sigma _{n}]\).

2. (ii)

   For any \(\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n}\), \(\|D^{ \alpha }f\|_{p} \leq \sigma ^{\alpha } \|f\|_{p}\).

Let \(\eta \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\) be on the unit sphere. Let us recall that the directional derivative of f at x along η is defined by

and the higher order directional derivative is defined by

where \(m\in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }\).

Theorem C

Let \(0< p <1\), \(0<\lambda <1\), and \(r>0\). Put \(K_{\eta ,r}=\{\xi \in \mathbb{R}^{n}: |\eta \xi | \leq r\}\). Then two statements are equivalent:

1. (i)

   \(\operatorname{supp}\hat{f} \subset K_{\eta ,r}\).

2. (ii)

   For any \(m\in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }\),

   $$ \bigl\Vert D_{\eta }^{m} f \bigr\Vert _{p} \leq r^{m} \Vert f \Vert _{p}. $$

   (3)

If we consider the tempered distributions \(\mathcal{S}^{\prime }(\mathbb{R}^{n})\), where \(\mathcal{S}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) consists of Schwartz functions on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), then, for the space

the operator norms of \(P(D)\) on \(\mathscr{E}_{p}(K)\)

are also deduced from Theorems A, B, and C.

We start with the Nikolskii inequality. This is useful to prove the necessity of Theorem A.

Proposition 2.1

(Nikolskii inequality [10])

Let \(0 < p< q\leq \infty \) and let K be compact. Then

for all \(f\in \mathscr{E}_{p}(K)\).

Proof of necessity of Theorem A

Fix \(0<\delta <1\) and consider the bump function ϕ in the class of the test-functions, with compact support, defined by \(\phi (\xi ) =1\) if \(\xi \in K_{\delta /4}\); and \(\phi (\xi )=0\) if \(\xi \notin K_{ \delta /2}\). Let \(f \in \mathscr{E}_{p}(K)\). Since \(\widehat{P(D)f}=P( \xi )\hat{f}(\xi )\), we have \(\widehat{P(D)f}=P(\xi )\hat{f}(\xi )= \phi (\xi )P(\xi )\hat{f}(\xi )\). By the inversion formula for a convolution,

where \(\mathcal{F}^{-1}(\phi P)\) means the inverse Fourier transform of ϕP. (In this proof, we write the Fourier transform of f by \(\mathcal{F}(f)\) instead of f̂.) Define \(\check{f}(x)=f(-x)\) and \(f_{y}(x)=f(x+y)\) is the translation of f by y, e.g., \(\check{f_{y} }(x)=f(y-x)\).

It follows that

for any x. By Proposition 2.1 with \(0< p <1\),

for any x. By (4) and by (5),

for any \(x \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\). Consequently,

By Fubini’s theorem, hence

where \(\varPhi (x)=\mathcal{F}(\phi P)(x)\).

Now by estimating Φ properly, we will complete the proof. Put \(p'= \lfloor \frac{1}{p}\rfloor +1\), where \(\lfloor \,\cdot \,\rfloor \) denotes the floor function. Let \(\beta \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n}\) such that \(\beta \leq (p',\ldots ,p')=\mathbf{p}'\), say, here the inequality means that every component of β is less than or equal to \(\mathbf{p}'\) and β! means a multi-index factorial. Since

the Leibniz rule yields

where \(C_{p,K,\delta }=\sum_{\gamma \leq \mathbf{p}'}\int _{K_{\delta /2} } | D^{\gamma }\phi (\xi ) |\,d\xi \).

By regarding \(D^{\alpha }P(x)\) as a complex holomorphic polynomial and using Cauchy’s integral formula, we can estimate its maximum modulus in \(K_{\delta /2}\) as the maximum modulus of \(P(z)\) in \(K_{(\delta )}\). Thus there exists a constant \(C_{K,\delta }\) which depends only on K, δ such that

for any \(\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n}\) \((\alpha \leq \mathbf{p}')\).

Combining (7), (8) with (9), we have

where \(C_{p,K,\delta }'=2^{2n}C_{p,K,\delta }C_{K,\delta }\). From (10),

where \(C_{p}^{p}=\int _{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\frac{dx}{(1+|x_{1}|)^{p'p} \cdots (1+|x_{n}|)^{p'p}}<\infty \).

Hence, by (11) and according to (10),

By (6) with (12), the proof is complete. □

The following lemma is useful for the sufficiency of Theorem A.

Lemma 2.2

([3])

If suppf̂ is compact, then

We prove the sufficiency of Theorem A by contradiction.

Proof of sufficiency of Theorem A

Assume that there exists \(x_{0} \in H\) with \(x_{0} \notin K\), where \(H=\operatorname{supp}\hat{f}\). We consider a polynomial \(P(x)= t_{0}- |x- x_{0} |^{2}\), where \(t_{0}= \sup_{x\in K} |x-x_{0}|^{2}>0\) and apply (2) with \(P^{m}\) for a positive integer m. In addition, by Proposition 2.1,

By applying the limsup on both sides, we have

Now letting \(\delta \searrow 0\), we obtain

By Lemma 2.2 and by (13), we have the following contradiction:

where the last inequality comes from the fact that \(x_{0}\notin K\). Therefore, the proof is complete. □

We recall the following lemma.

Lemma 3.1

([6, Theorem 6])

Let \(0< p\le 1\) and let \(f\in L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\). Then \(\lim_{\lambda \nearrow 1}\|f-{}_{\lambda }f\|_{p}=0\), where \({}_{\lambda }f(x)=f(\lambda x)\) denotes the dilation of f by λ.

Proof of Theorem B

Suppose (ii). According to (ii) with Proposition 2.1,

By Lemma 2.2,

for all \(\beta \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n}\).

Combining (14) and (15), we have

and this gives \(\operatorname{supp}\hat{f} \subset [-\sigma _{1}, \sigma _{1}] \times [-\sigma _{2}, \sigma _{2}] \times \cdots \times [- \sigma _{n}, \sigma _{n}]\).

Next, (i) implies (ii), which follows from the Bernstein inequality for \(0< p\le 1\) ([12]). Therefore, the proof is complete. □

Remark 1

(1) Theorem B shows an \(L^{p}\)-boundedness of derivatives. In fact, we prove that the \(L^{p}\)-boundedness is equivalent to the following vanishing property:

First, we prove that (i) of Theorem B implies (16). Indeed, from the definition of the function _λf, we have \(\operatorname{supp}\widehat{{}_{\lambda }f}= \lambda \operatorname{supp}\hat{f}\). Then

Since \(D^{\alpha }{}_{\lambda }f (x)= \lambda ^{|\alpha |} D^{\alpha }f( \lambda x)\), by a change of variables,

for all \(\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n}\). By (17), \(\operatorname{supp}\widehat{f -{}_{\lambda }f} \subset [-\sigma _{1}, \sigma _{1}] \times [-\sigma _{2}, \sigma _{2}] \times \cdots \times [- \sigma _{n}, \sigma _{n}]\). Thus by the Bernstein inequality for \(0< p < 1\) ([12]),

Also, by the triangle inequality,

for all \(\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n}\), where the second inequality comes from (18). Hence,

for all \(\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n} \). In addition, from the inequalities

for all \(|\alpha | \geq \max \{ n/ ( p(1- (4/5)^{p/n}) ), (1-\lambda ^{p})^{-1} \}\), we have

for all \(\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n}\) with \(|\alpha | \geq \max \{n/(p(1- (4/5)^{p/n})), 1/(1-\lambda ^{p}) \}\).

Next, take \(\limsup_{|\alpha |\to \infty }\) on both sides of (21) and then the right hand side of (21) is independent of α. Thus taking \(\lim_{\lambda \nearrow 1}\) in (21), by Lemma 3.1 we have (16).

Reversely, since (16) implies (14), we can derive that (16) implies (i) of Theorem B.

(2) With the hypothesis of \(\operatorname{supp}\hat{f} \subset [- \sigma _{1}, \sigma _{1}] \times [-\sigma _{2}, \sigma _{2}] \times \cdots \times [-\sigma _{n}, \sigma _{n}]\), the Bernstein inequality for \(0< p\le 1\) ([12]) says that \((\|D^{\alpha } f\|_{p}/ ( \sigma ^{\alpha }\|f\|_{p}))_{\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n}} \) is bounded by 1. On the other hand, (1) of Remark 1 gives a stronger result: \(\lim_{|\alpha | \to \infty } \|D^{\alpha }f\|_{p}/( \sigma ^{\alpha }\|f\|_{p})=0\).

(3) Let \(0< p <1\), \(\sigma =(\sigma _{1}, \sigma _{2}, \dots , \sigma _{n}) \in \mathbb{R}_{*}^{n}\). If we define

where \(\ell =n(\lfloor 1/p\rfloor +2)\), then the convergent ratio of \(\{\|D^{\alpha }f\|_{p}/ \sigma ^{\alpha }\}_{\alpha \in \mathbb{Z} _{*}^{n}}\) is as follows:

for all \(0< a<1\) and for all \(f\in \mathcal{M}_{\sigma ,p}\). Indeed, we justify (22): Consider a function \(G_{\lambda }(x)\) as follows:

Then, due to \(\operatorname{supp}\hat{f} \subset K:=\prod_{j=1}^{n}[- \sigma _{j}, \sigma _{j}]\), we have

So,

where \(|\alpha |=\alpha _{1} + \cdots +\alpha _{n}\). Hence,

By the mean value theorem,

for all \(1/2<\lambda <1\), where \(e_{j} \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\) is the unit vector whose jth coordinate is 1.

Now putting \(M=\lfloor 1/p\rfloor +1\), we have

for all \(1/2< \lambda <1\). By Theorem B for \(\lambda = (1- \frac{1}{| \alpha |})^{1/p}\), we obtain

for all \(\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{*}^{n}\), \(|\alpha | \geq n/ ( p(1- (4/5)^{p/n}) )\), consequently,

for all \(0< a<1\). Thus (22) holds.

Proof of Theorem C

Suppose (i). We consider a real orthogonal matrix \(A=(\alpha _{k,s})\) that satisfies

and put

By differentiation,

It follows from \(\frac{\partial x_{k}}{\partial \xi _{1}}= \eta _{k}\) \((k=1,2,\ldots,n)\) that

Similarly,

Thus,

here \(r^{m}\) may be 1. Note that \(\hat{g}(\xi )=\hat{f}( A^{t} \xi )\) and so \(|\xi _{1}| \leq r\) for each \(\xi \in \operatorname{supp}\hat{g}\). By the Bernstein inequality for \(0< p< 1\) ([12]) and by (23), we have

Next, suppose (ii). By (ii), and by Proposition 2.1, we have

By Lemma 2.2, we see that \(\sup_{\xi \in \operatorname{supp}\hat{f}} |\eta \xi | \leq r\), consequently, \(\operatorname{supp}\hat{f} \subset K_{\eta ,r}\). Therefore, the proof is complete. □

Remark 2

(1) Theorem C also shows an \(L^{p}\)-boundedness of derivatives. Similar to (1) of Remark 1, we prove that the \(L^{p}\)-boundedness is equivalent to the following vanishing property:

First, we show (ii) of Theorem C implies (25). Since \(\operatorname{supp}\widehat{{}_{\lambda }f}\subset \lambda K_{\eta ,r}\) and so \(\operatorname{supp}\widehat{f -{}_{\lambda }f} \subset K_{ \eta ,r} \cup (\lambda K_{\eta ,r})=\mathcal{K}_{\lambda }\), say. From (ii),

Since \(\sup_{\xi \in \mathcal{K}_{\lambda }} |\eta \xi | \leq \max \{ \sup_{\xi \in K_{\eta ,r}} |\eta \xi |, \sup_{\xi \in \lambda K_{ \eta ,r}} |\eta \xi |\} \leq r\), we have

Also, \(D_{\eta }^{m} {}_{\lambda }f (x)= \lambda ^{m} D_{\eta }^{m} f( \lambda x)\) gives

for all \(m\in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }\). Thus, by the triangle inequality, by (26), and by (27),

for all \(m \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }\). On the other hand, the constant has the upper bound

for all \(m \geq \max \{ n/ ( p(1- (4/5)^{p/n}) ), (1- \lambda ^{p})^{-1}\}\). Hence, we get the desired inequality,

where \(m \geq \max \{ n/ ( p(1- (4/5)^{p/n}) ), (1-\lambda ^{p})^{-1}\}\).

Now, take \(\limsup_{|\alpha |\to \infty }\) on both sides of (28), and then the right hand side of (28) is independent of α. Thus taking \(\lim_{\lambda \nearrow 1}\) in (28), by Lemma 3.1 we have (25).

Reversely, since (25) implies (24), we conclude the equivalence between Theorem C and (25).

(2) Let \(0< p <1\), \(r>0\). Put

where \(\ell =n(\lfloor 1/p\rfloor +2)\). Then from (1) of Remark 2, we have the following convergent ratio of \(\{\|D_{\eta }^{m} f\|_{p}/ r ^{m}\}_{m\in \mathbb{Z}_{*}}\):

for all \(0< a<1\) and for all \(f\in \mathcal{N}_{p}\).

In this section, we derive three results as applications of Theorem A: If the compact set K is specified in detail, we can reduce \(K_{(\delta )}\) into \(K_{\delta }\), as appears in Theorem A. Let \(\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n}\) and let \(0\leq \lambda _{\alpha } \leq \infty \). We define the set generated by the number sequence \(\{ \lambda _{\alpha }\}\) as \(G\{\lambda _{\alpha }\}\) consisting of all points \(\xi \in \mathbb{R}^{n}\) such that

Now for any set \(E\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\), put the g-hull of E by

Then \(E\subset g(E)\) readily. We say that E satisfies the g-property if \(E=g(E)\). We note two facts that every set generated by a number sequence \(G\{\lambda _{\alpha }\}\) has the g-property and vice versa and every symmetric compact convex set also has the g-property. For more information, refer to [4, 5].

Theorem 5.1

Let \(0< p<1\) and let \(K\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\) be compact satisfying the g-property. Then \(\operatorname{supp}\hat{f} \subset K\) if and only if for any \(\delta >0\) there exists a constant \(C_{p,K,\delta }\) independent of f, α such that

for any \(\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n}\).

For any polynomial P and for \(r>0\), define an r-neighborhood with respect to P by

Theorem 5.2

Let \(0< p <1\) and let \(K= N_{P}(r)\). Then \(\operatorname{supp}\hat{f} \subset K\) if and only if for any \(\delta >0\) there exists a constant \(C_{p,K,\delta }\) independent of f, m such that

for any \(m\in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }\).

Theorem 5.3

Let \(0< p <1\) and let \(K\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\) be convex and compact. Then \(\operatorname{supp}\hat{f} \subset K\) if and only if for any \(\delta >0\) there exists a constant \(C_{p,K,\delta }\) independent of f, P, m such that

for any real polynomial P of degree 1 and for any \(m\in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }\).

To prove Theorem 5.1, we need a lemma: The inclusion of \(K_{\delta } \subset K_{(\delta )}\), implies

Moreover, for \(z\in K_{(\delta )}\) there exist \(\xi \in K\) and \(\eta \in \mathbb{C}^{n}\) such that \(z= \xi + \eta \), \(|\eta |\le \delta \) and so \(|z_{j}|\le |\xi _{j}|+|\eta _{j}|\) \((1\le j\le n)\). Put \(x=(\xi _{1} + |\eta _{1}| \operatorname{sign} (\xi _{1}), \dots , \xi _{n} + | \eta _{n}| \operatorname{sign} (\xi _{n}))\). Clearly, \(x \in K_{\delta }\) and \(|x_{j}|= |\xi _{j}| + |\eta _{j}| \geq |z_{j}|\) for all \(1\le j\le n\). Thus for each \(z\in K_{(\delta )}\), there exists \(x\in K_{\delta }\) such that

Therefore, we conclude the following.

Lemma 5.4

If K is compact on \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), then, for any \(\delta >0\),

Proof of Theorem 5.1

Fix \(\delta >0\). By Theorem A, there exists a constant \(C_{p,K,\delta } <\infty \) such that

for all \(\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n}\), where the second inequality follows from Lemma 5.4. This proves the necessity.

To see the sufficiency, on the contrary, assume that there exists \(x_{0} \in \operatorname{supp}\hat{f}\) with \(x_{0} \notin K\). Since K has the g-property, we find \(\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n}\) such that

By the hypothesis of (29) with mα \((m=1,2,\ldots )\),

According to Proposition 2.1, applying limsup, we have

and taking \(\delta \searrow 0\), we get

Also, by Lemma 2.2 with \(P(x)=x^{\alpha }\),

Thus, the equations of (34) and (35) yield

This contradicts (33). Therefore, the proof is complete. □

Since any symmetric convex compact set satisfies the g-property ([4, 5]), Theorem 5.1 produces the corollary:

Corollary 5.5

Assume K is a symmetric convex compact set in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), \(0< p <1\). Then, for any \(\delta >0\), there exists a constant \(C_{p,K,\delta } < \infty \) such that

for all \(\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n}\).

Let us note that a symmetric convex compact set is a typical example for a compact set that has the g-property. Since \(D^{\alpha }\) is simpler than \(P(D)\), in Corollary 5.5 the supremum runs over \(K_{\delta }\) instead of \(K_{(\delta )}\).

Proof of Theorem 5.2

We first prove the necessity. For any \(\delta >0\), by continuity, there is \(\delta '>0\) so that

since \(\sup_{K}|P(x)|= r\). By Theorem A, there exists a constant \(C_{p,K,\delta '}\) such that

To prove the sufficiency, suppose that there exists \(x_{0} \in \operatorname{supp}\hat{f}\) and \(x_{0} \notin K=N_{P}(r)\). Then \(|P(x_{0})|>r\). From hypothesis (30) and by Proposition 2.1,

Also, by Lemma 2.2,

Hence, by (36), by (37), and by assumption,

for any \(\delta >0\). Letting \(\delta \searrow 0\), we reach a contradiction of the inequality. This gives the proof. □

By Theorems 5.1 and 5.2, we have a corollary.

Corollary 5.6

Let \(r>0\) and let \(P_{j}\) be polynomial \((1\le j\le q)\). Put \(K= H\bigcap_{j=1}^{q} N_{P_{j}}(r)\), where H, \(N_{P_{j}}(r)\) are compact. Then \(\operatorname{supp}\hat{f}\subset K\) if and only if for any \(\delta >0\) there exists a constant \(C_{p,K,\delta }\) such that

for all \(m_{j}\in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }\) \((1\le j\le q)\), for all \(\alpha \in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }^{n}\).

We are ready to derive Theorem 5.3 with a lemma.

Lemma 5.7

Let P be a real polynomial of degree 1. If \(E\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\) is any set, then

Proof

From \(E_{\delta }\subset E_{(\delta )}\), we have \(\sup_{z\in E_{(\delta )}}|P(z)|\ge \sup_{x\in E_{\delta }}|P(x)|\). To complete the proof, we need prove that \(\sup_{z\in E_{(\delta )}}|P(z)| \le \sup_{x\in E_{\delta }}|P(x)|\). Indeed, let \(z\in E_{(\delta )}\). Then there are \(x\in E\) and \(r\eta \in \mathbb{C}^{n}\) \((0\le r\le \delta , |\eta |=1)\) such that \(z=x+r\eta \). Since we can replace P with −P, we may assume that \(P(x)\ge 0\). Taking \(y=x+r( \operatorname{sign} (\partial _{x_{1}}P)|\eta _{1}|,\ldots ,\operatorname{sign} ( \partial _{x_{n}}P)|\eta _{n}|)\in E_{r}\subset E_{\delta }\) so that

By the triangle inequality,

The previous two inequalities show that for each \(z\in E_{(\delta )}\), there is \(y\in E_{\delta }\) such that \(|P(z)|\le |P(y)|\). Therefore, taking supremums successively, we justify the lemma. □

Proof of Theorem 5.3

The necessity follows readily. Indeed, let \(\delta >0\). By Theorem A, for some \(C_{p,K,\delta }\), we have

for a real polynomial P of degree 1 and for all \(m\in \mathbb{Z} _{\ast }\), where the second inequality comes from Lemma 5.7.

It remains to prove the sufficiency. On the contrary, assume that there exists \(x_{0}\in H\) with \(x_{0} \notin K\), where \(H= \operatorname{supp}\hat{f}\). Since K is convex and compact, we easily find a linear P such that

By (31) and Proposition 2.1,

for all \(m\in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }\). So,

By (39) and by Lemma 2.2,

and, putting \(\delta \searrow 0\), we get

This contradicts (38), therefore, the proof is complete. □

From Theorems 5.1 and 5.3, we have the following.

Corollary 5.8

Let K be convex compact in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\), \(0< p <1\). Then, for every \(\delta >0\), there exists a constant \(C_{p,K,\delta }\) independent of f, P, m such that

for all \(P(x)\) having degree 1 and for all \(m\in \mathbb{Z}_{\ast }\).

Corollary 5.9

Let \(0< p<1\). Suppose that \(K_{1}\) is convex and compact and that \(K_{2}\) compact satisfying the g-property. Then \(\operatorname{supp}\hat{f} \subset K_{1}\cap K_{2}=K\), say, if and only if for any \(\delta >0\) there exists a constant \(C_{p,K,\delta }\) such that

for any real polynomials P of degree 1 and for any \(m\in \mathbb{Z} _{\ast }\).

Remark 3

According to the Nikolskii inequality all \(L^{p}\)–\(L^{p}\) inequalities for differential operators in this paper can be extended to the \(L^{p}\)–\(L^{q}\) inequalities for \(0< p< q<\infty \).

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their deep gratitude to the anonymous referees for their careful reading of the manuscript and their fruitful comments and suggestions.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

The third author was partially supported by an NRF, Grant No. NRF-2017R1E1A1A03070307.

Affiliations

1. Institute of Mathematics, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam

   • Ha Huy Bang

2. Department of Mathematics, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam

   • Vu Nhat Huy

3. Department of Mathematics, Thang Long Institute of Mathematics and Applied Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam

   • Vu Nhat Huy

4. Department of Mathematics, School of Sciences, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea

   • Kyung Soo Rim

Contributions

All authors contributed equally to this work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kyung Soo Rim.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Reprints and Permissions