Approximations of the generalized-Euler-constant function and the generalized Somos’ quadratic recurrence constant

Aimin Xu

doi:10.1186/s13660-019-2153-0

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Open Access
Published: 17 July 2019

Approximations of the generalized-Euler-constant function and the generalized Somos’ quadratic recurrence constant

Aimin Xu¹

Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2019, Article number: 198 (2019) Cite this article

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Abstract

In this paper, we provide an estimate for approximating the generalized-Euler-constant function $\gamma (z)=\sum_{k=1}^{\infty }z ^{k-1} (\frac{1}{k}-\ln \frac{k+1}{k} )$ by its partial sum $\gamma _{N-1}(z)$ when $0< z<1$. We obtain an asymptotic expansion for the generalized-Euler-constant function and show that the coefficients of the asymptotic expansion are explicitly expressed by the Eulerian fractions. Also, we find a recurrence relation for those coefficients. Using its relation with the generalized-Euler-constant function, we establish two inequalities for the generalized Somos’ quadratic recurrence constant. Moreover, two asymptotic expansions for the natural logarithm of the generalized Somos quadratic recurrence constant are presented.

Introduction

Somos’ quadratic recurrence constant σ arises in the study of the asymptotic behavior of the sequence (see [8, p. 446] and [21, 27]):

$$\begin{aligned} g_{n}\sim{}& \frac{\sigma ^{2^{n}}}{n} \biggl(1+ \frac{2}{n}-\frac{1}{n^{2}}+\frac{4}{n ^{3}}- \frac{21}{n^{4}}+\frac{138}{n^{5}}-\frac{1091}{n^{6}}+ \frac{10\text{,}088}{n ^{7}}-\frac{106\text{,}918}{n^{8}} \\ &{}+\frac{1\text{,}279\text{,}220}{n^{9}}-\frac{17\text{,}070\text{,}418}{n^{10}}+\frac{251\text{,}560\text{,}472}{n ^{11}}- \frac{4\text{,}059\text{,}954\text{,}946}{n^{12}}+\cdots \biggr)^{-1}, \end{aligned}$$

(1.1)

where $g_{n}$ are recursively defined by

$$\begin{aligned} g_{0}=1,\qquad g_{n}=ng_{n-1}^{2},\quad n=1,2,\ldots, \end{aligned}$$

(1.2)

with the first few terms

$$\begin{aligned} g_{0}=1,\qquad g_{1}=1,\qquad g_{2}=2,\qquad g_{3}=12, \qquad g_{4}=576,\qquad g_{5}=1 \text{,}658\text{,}880,\ldots . \end{aligned}$$

The constant σ is usually defined by

$$\begin{aligned} \sigma =\sqrt{1\sqrt{2\sqrt{3\sqrt{4\cdots }}}}=\prod _{k=1} ^{\infty }k^{\frac{1}{2^{k}}}=1.66168794\cdots \end{aligned}$$

(1.3)

or

$$\begin{aligned} \sigma =\exp \biggl\{ - \int _{0}^{1}\frac{1-x}{(2-x)\ln x}\,dx \biggr\} = \exp \biggl\{ - \int _{0}^{1} \int _{0}^{1}\frac{x}{(2-xy)\ln (xy)}\,dx\,dy \biggr\} . \end{aligned}$$

(1.4)

See [9, 20,21,22]. The constant σ appears in many important problems in pure and applied analysis and it has been investigated by a large number of researchers [3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17,18,19, 25, 30].

Recently, Sondow and Hadjicostas [25] introduced and studied the generalized-Euler-constant function $\gamma (z)$ defined by the power series

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)=\sum_{k=1}^{\infty }z^{k-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{k}-\ln \frac{k+1}{k} \biggr) \end{aligned}$$

(1.5)

when $|z|\leq 1$. There exist integral representations for the function

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)= \int _{0}^{1}\frac{1-x+\ln x}{(1-xz)\ln x}\,dx=- \int _{0}^{1} \int _{0}^{1}\frac{1-x}{(1-xyz)\ln (xy)}\,dx\,dy. \end{aligned}$$

(1.6)

Its values include Euler’s constant $\gamma =\gamma (1)$ and the “alternating Euler constant” $\log \frac{4}{\pi }=\gamma (-1)$, see for example [23, 24]. In particular, at $z=1/2$, the function takes the value

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)=2\ln \frac{2}{\sigma }, \end{aligned}$$

(1.7)

which is equivalent to

$$\begin{aligned} \sigma =2\exp \biggl\{ -\frac{1}{2}\gamma \biggl( \frac{1}{2} \biggr) \biggr\} . \end{aligned}$$

(1.8)

Mortici [15] proved that, for $n\geq 1$, it follows that

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{270(n+1)}{2^{n}(270n^{3}+1530n^{2}+1065n+6293)}< \gamma \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)- \gamma _{n} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)< \frac{18}{2^{n}(18n^{2}+84n-13)}, \end{aligned}$$

(1.9)

where the partial sum of $\gamma (z)$

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma _{n}(z)=\sum_{k=1}^{n} z^{k-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{k}-\ln \frac{k+1}{k} \biggr),\quad \vert z \vert \leq 1. \end{aligned}$$

Lu and Song [13] improved Mortici’s estimate and proved that, for $n\geq 1$,

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{690n^{2}+3524n+145}{6(2^{n})(n+1)^{2}(115n^{2}+894n+779)}&< \gamma \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)-\gamma _{n} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr) \\ &< \frac{48n+127}{3(2^{n})(16n+85)(n+1)^{2}}. \end{aligned}$$

(1.10)

You and Chen [30] improved these inequalities by using continued fraction. Very recently, Chen and Han [5] obtained new lower bounds for $\gamma (1/2)-\gamma _{n}(1/2)$:

$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{(n+1)^{2}}- \frac{8}{3(n+1)^{3}}+ \frac{23}{2(n+1)^{4}}-\frac{332}{5(n+1)^{5}}+ \frac{479}{(n+1)^{6}}- \frac{29\text{,}024}{7(n+1)^{7}} \biggr) \\ & \quad< \gamma \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)-\gamma _{n} \biggl( \frac{1}{2} \biggr) \\ &\quad < \frac{1}{2^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{(n+1)^{2}}- \frac{8}{3(n+1)^{3}}+ \frac{23}{2(n+1)^{4}}-\frac{332}{5(n+1)^{5}}+ \frac{479}{(n+1)^{6}} \biggr). \end{aligned}$$

(1.11)

In their paper, Chen and Han pointed out that the lower bound in (1.11) is sharper than the one in (1.10) for $n\geq 24$, and the upper bound in (1.11) is sharper than the one in (1.10) for $n\geq 18$. Moreover, they gave the following asymptotic expansion:

$$\begin{aligned} &\gamma \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)-\gamma _{n} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr) \\ &\quad \sim \frac{1}{2^{n}} \biggl\{ \frac{a_{2}}{(n+1)^{2}}+\frac{a _{3}}{(n+1)^{3}}+ \frac{a_{4}}{(n+1)^{4}}+\frac{a_{5}}{(n+1)^{5}}+\frac{a _{6}}{(n+1)^{6}}+\cdots \biggr\} ,\quad n\rightarrow \infty \end{aligned}$$

(1.12)

with a recursive formula for successively determining the coefficients

$$\begin{aligned} \begin{aligned} &a_{2}=1, \\ &a_{k}=\frac{2(-1)^{k}}{k}+\sum_{j=2}^{k-1}(-1)^{k-j} \binom{k-1}{k-j}a_{j},\quad k\geq 3. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

(1.13)

Recently, there have been several interesting works related to approximations of Euler’s constant $\gamma =\gamma (1)$, see for example [4, 16, 28] and the references therein. Also, some works related to approximations of $\gamma (z)$ at special values $1/2$, $1/3$, and $1/4$ appear in [3, 5, 13,14,15, 29, 30]. Motivated by these, the first aim of this paper is to give an approximation for $\gamma (z)$ when $0< z<1$. Specifically, we give a general inequality for the error bound of $\gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z)$. The second aim is to establish an asymptotic expansion for $\gamma (z)- \gamma _{N-1}(z)$ whose coefficients can be computed explicitly and recursively. In particular, we generalize inequality (1.11) and asymptotic expansion (1.12) due to Chen and Han. Using the relation between the generalized Somos’ quadratic recurrence constant and the generalized-Euler-constant function established by Sondow and Hadjicostas [25], we find approximate estimates for the generalized Somos’ quadratic recurrence constant and its natural logarithm, respectively. Moreover, two asymptotic expansions for the natural logarithm of the generalized Somos’ quadratic recurrence constant are presented.

Preliminaries

Let us recall the following classical result [2, 7, 11]:

$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty }k^{n}z^{k}= \frac{A_{n}(z)}{(1-z)^{n+1}},\quad \vert z \vert < 1, \end{aligned}$$

(2.1)

where $A_{n}(z)$ is the Eulerian polynomial of degree n, and it can be defined by the exponential generating function

$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{n=0}^{\infty }A_{n}(z) \frac{t^{n}}{n!}= \frac{1-z}{1-ze^{t(1-z)}}. \end{aligned}$$

(2.2)

By (2.2), $A_{n}(x)$ may be explicitly written as

$$\begin{aligned} \begin{aligned} &A_{0}(z)=1, \\ &A_{n}(z)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}A(n,k)z^{k},\quad n\geq 1, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

(2.3)

where $A(n,k)$ are known as the Eulerian numbers, the numbers of permutations of the numbers 1 to n in which exactly k elements are greater than the previous element, and they can be expressed by

$$\begin{aligned} A(n,k)=\sum_{i=1}^{k}(-1)^{i} \binom{n+1}{i}(k-i)^{n}. \end{aligned}$$

(2.4)

Therefore, one may easily obtain

$$\begin{aligned} A_{0}(z)=1, \qquad A_{1}(z)=z, \qquad A_{2}(z)=z^{2}+z,\qquad A_{3}(z)=z^{3}+4z^{2}+z, \ldots \end{aligned}$$

For $z\neq 1$, denote the Eulerian fraction

$$\begin{aligned} b_{n}(z)=\frac{A_{n}(z)}{(1-z)^{n+1}}. \end{aligned}$$

(2.5)

From (2.2) it is clear that

$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty }b_{k}(z) \frac{t^{k}}{k!}=\frac{1}{1-ze^{t}}, \end{aligned}$$

(2.6)

which implies that $b_{k}(z)$ can be computed by the following recurrence relation:

$$\begin{aligned} &b_{0}(z)=\frac{1}{1-z}, \end{aligned}$$

(2.7)

$$\begin{aligned} &b_{k}(z)=\frac{z}{1-z}\sum_{j=0}^{k-1} \binom{k}{j}b_{j}(z), \quad k \geq 1. \end{aligned}$$

(2.8)

Also, we can obtain an explicit expression [11] as follows:

$$\begin{aligned} b_{k}(z)=\sum_{j=0}^{k} j!S(k,j)\frac{z^{j}}{(1-z)^{j+1}}, \end{aligned}$$

(2.9)

where $S(k,j)$ are the Stirling numbers of the second kind.

It is worth noting that a general summation formula for power series using the Eulerian fractions was established in the recent paper [26].

Lemma 2.1

(cf. Theorem 4.2 [26])

Let m be a positive integer, and both P and Q be nonnegative integers. Suppose that $f(x)$ has the $(m+1)$th continuous derivative on $[P,Q]$. For $0< z<1$, $f^{(m)}(x)$ and $f^{(m+1)}(x)$ keep opposite signs in $(P,Q)$. Then there exists a number $\theta \in (0,1)$ such that

$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{k=P}^{Q-1}f(k)z^{k}= \sum_{k=0}^{m-1}\frac{b_{k}(z)}{k!} \bigl[z ^{P}f^{(k)}(P)-z^{Q}f^{(k)}(Q) \bigr]+\theta \frac{b_{m}(z)}{m!} \bigl[z^{P}f^{(m)}(P)-z^{Q}f^{(m)}(Q) \bigr]. \end{aligned}$$

(2.10)

Remark 2.1

It is well known that the Euler–Maclaurin formula [1] is usually applied to treat the summation $S=\sum_{k=a}^{b}f(k)$, and it was also used to approximate the generalized-Euler-constant function $\gamma (z)$, see [12]. It seems that the above lemma is more suitable to treat a general summation formula for power series with the form $S=\sum_{k=a}^{b}f(k)z^{k}\ (0< z<1)$. The lemma provides us a new approach to estimate $\gamma (z)$, and it will play a key role in the next section.

Remark 2.2

In particular, if

$$\begin{aligned} \lim_{Q\rightarrow +\infty }z^{Q}f^{(k)}(Q)=0,\quad 0\leq k\leq m, \end{aligned}$$

(2.11)

as $Q\rightarrow +\infty $, then (2.10) can be rewritten as

$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{k=P}^{\infty }f(k)z^{k}=z^{P} \Biggl\{ \sum_{k=0}^{m-1} \frac{b _{k}(z)}{k!}f^{(k)}(P)+\theta \frac{b_{m}(z)}{m!}f^{(m)}(P) \Biggr\} . \end{aligned}$$

(2.12)

Obviously, taking $f(x)=x^{n}$, $P=0$, and $m=n+1$, (2.12) reduces to (2.1).

Estimate of the generalized-Euler-constant function

Let N be a positive integer. In this section, by using (2.12) we first give a general inequality for the error bound of $\gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z)$ when $0< z<1$.

Theorem 3.1

Let p and q be any positive integers. If $N\geq -\frac{c_{2p+3}(z)}{c _{2p+2}(z)}$, then we have

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z)> z^{N-1}\sum _{k=2}^{2p+1}\frac{c_{k}(z)}{N ^{k}}, \quad 0< z< 1. \end{aligned}$$

(3.1)

If $N\geq -\frac{c_{2q+2}(z)}{c_{2q+1}(z)}$, then we have

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z)< z^{N-1}\sum _{k=2}^{2q}\frac{c_{k}(z)}{N ^{k}},\quad 0< z< 1. \end{aligned}$$

(3.2)

In the above inequalities, the coefficients $c_{k}(z)$ are explicitly expressed by

$$\begin{aligned} c_{k}(z)=\frac{(-1)^{k}}{k} \biggl[ \frac{1-z}{z}b_{k}(z)-kb_{k-1}(z) \biggr], \quad k\geq 2, \end{aligned}$$

(3.3)

where $b_{k}(z)$ are the Eulerian fractions introduced in the second section.

Proof

Write

$$\begin{aligned} f(t)=\frac{1}{t}-\ln \frac{t+1}{t}. \end{aligned}$$

(3.4)

After simple calculations, we arrive at

$$\begin{aligned} f^{(i)}(t) &=(-1)^{i}(i-1)! \biggl[ \frac{i}{t^{i+1}}+ \frac{1}{(t+1)^{i}}-\frac{1}{t^{i}} \biggr] \end{aligned}$$

(3.5)

$$\begin{aligned} &=\frac{(-1)^{i}(i-1)!}{t^{i+1}(t+1)^{i}}\sum_{k=0}^{i} \binom{i}{k} \biggl(i-\frac{k}{i-k+1} \biggr)t^{k}, \quad i \geq 1, \end{aligned}$$

(3.6)

which implies that

$$\begin{aligned} (-1)^{i}f^{(i)}(t)>0,\quad t>0. \end{aligned}$$

(3.7)

By (3.4) and (3.6), for each $i\geq 0$, we also have

$$\begin{aligned} \lim_{t\rightarrow +\infty } z^{t}f^{(i)}(t)=0,\quad 0< z< 1. \end{aligned}$$

(3.8)

Therefore, according to (2.12), for $0< z<1$, there exists $\theta \in (0,1)$ such that

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z) &=\frac{1}{z} \sum_{k=N}^{\infty } \biggl( \frac{1}{k}- \ln \frac{k+1}{k} \biggr)z^{k} \\ &=z^{N-1} \Biggl[\sum_{k=0}^{m-1} \frac{b_{k}(z)}{k!}f^{(k)}(N)+\theta \frac{b_{m}(z)}{m!}f^{(m)}(N) \Biggr], \end{aligned}$$

(3.9)

where m is a positive integer. It follows from (3.4) and (3.5) that

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z)={}&z^{N-1} \Biggl\{ b_{0}(z) \biggl(\frac{1}{N}- \ln \frac{N+1}{N} \biggr) \\ &{}+\sum_{k=1}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(z)}{k} \biggl(\frac{k}{N^{k+1}}+ \frac{1}{(N+1)^{k}}-\frac{1}{N^{k}} \biggr) \\ &{}+\theta \frac{(-1)^{m}b_{m}(z)}{m} \biggl(\frac{m}{N^{m+1}}+ \frac{1}{(N+1)^{m}}-\frac{1}{N^{m}} \biggr) \Biggr\} . \end{aligned}$$

(3.10)

By the Taylor expansion we have

$$\begin{aligned} &\ln \frac{N+1}{N}=\sum_{j=1}^{m} \frac{(-1)^{j-1}}{jN^{j}}+\frac{(-1)^{m}}{(m+1)N ^{m+1}}\frac{1}{ (1+\frac{\phi _{0}}{N} )^{m+1}}, \end{aligned}$$

(3.11)

$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{(N+1)^{k}}=\frac{1}{N^{k}} \Biggl\{ \sum _{j=0}^{m-k} \binom{k+j-1}{j} \frac{(-1)^{j}}{N^{j}}+\binom{m}{k-1}\frac{(-1)^{m+1-k}}{N ^{m+1-k} (1+\frac{\phi _{k}}{N} )^{m+1}} \Biggr\} , \end{aligned}$$

(3.12)

where $0<\phi _{k}<1$ for $k=0,1,\ldots,m-1$. When $m\geq 3$, substituting (3.11) and (3.12) into (3.10) yields

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z)={}&z^{N-1} \Biggl\{ \sum_{k=2}^{m} \frac{(-1)^{k}b _{0}(z)}{kN^{k}} +\frac{(-1)^{m+1}b_{0}(z)}{(m+1)N^{m+1}}\frac{1}{ (1+\frac{\phi _{0}}{N} )^{m+1}} \\ &{}+\sum_{k=2}^{m}\frac{(-1)^{k-1}b_{k-1}(z)}{N^{k}}+ \sum_{k=1}^{m-1} \sum _{j=0}^{m-k}\frac{(-1)^{k+j}b_{k}(z)}{kN^{k+j}} \binom{k+j-1}{j} \\ &{}+\frac{(-1)^{m+1}}{N^{m+1}}\sum_{k=1}^{m-1} \frac{b_{k}(z)}{k}\frac{ \binom{m}{k-1}}{ (1+\frac{\phi _{k}}{N} )^{m+1}}-\sum_{k=1} ^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(z)}{k}\frac{1}{N^{k}} +\epsilon \Biggr\} , \end{aligned}$$

(3.13)

where

$$\begin{aligned} \epsilon =\theta \frac{(-1)^{m}b_{m}(z)}{m} \biggl( \frac{m}{N^{m+1}}+ \frac{1}{(N+1)^{m}}-\frac{1}{N^{m}} \biggr). \end{aligned}$$

(3.14)

Taking $u=k+j$, we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} &\sum_{k=1}^{m-1}\sum _{j=0}^{m-k}\frac{(-1)^{k+j}b_{k}(z)}{kN^{k+j}} \binom{k+j-1}{j} \\ &\quad =\sum_{k=1}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(z)}{kN^{k}}+ \sum_{k=1}^{m-1} \sum _{j=1}^{m-k}\frac{(-1)^{k+j}b_{k}(z)}{kN^{k+j}} \binom{k+j-1}{j} \\ &\quad =\sum_{k=1}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(z)}{kN^{k}}+ \sum_{u=2}^{m}\frac{(-1)^{u}}{N ^{u}}\sum _{k=1}^{u-1}\frac{b_{k}(z)}{k} \binom{u-1}{k-1} \\ &\quad =\sum_{k=1}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(z)}{kN^{k}}+ \sum_{u=2}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{u}}{N ^{u}}\sum _{k=1}^{u-1}\frac{b_{k}(z)}{k} \binom{u-1}{k-1}+\frac{(-1)^{m}}{N ^{m}}\sum_{k=1}^{m-1} \binom{m-1}{k-1}\frac{b_{k}(z)}{k}. \end{aligned}$$

Since

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{k}\binom{u-1}{k-1}=\frac{1}{u} \binom{u}{k}, \end{aligned}$$

we have

$$\begin{aligned} &\sum_{k=1}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(z)}{kN^{k}}+ \sum_{u=2}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{u}}{N ^{u}}\sum _{k=1}^{u-1}\frac{b_{k}(z)}{k} \binom{u-1}{k-1} \\ &\quad =\sum_{k=1}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(z)}{kN^{k}}+ \sum_{u=2}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{u}}{uN ^{u}}\sum _{k=1}^{u-1}\binom{u}{k}b_{k}(z) \\ &\quad =-\frac{b_{1}(z)}{N}+\sum_{k=2}^{m-1} \frac{(-1)^{k}}{kN^{k}} \Biggl(b _{k}(z)+\sum _{j=1}^{k-1}\binom{k}{j}b_{j}(z) \Biggr) \\ &\quad=\sum_{k=1}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{k}}{kN^{k}} \sum_{j=1}^{k}\binom{k}{j}b _{j}(z). \end{aligned}$$

Therefore,

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z)={}&z^{N-1} \Biggl\{ \sum _{k=2}^{m}\frac{(-1)^{k}b _{0}(z)}{kN^{k}} + \frac{(-1)^{m+1}b_{0}(z)}{(m+1)N^{m+1}}\frac{1}{ (1+\frac{\phi _{0}}{N} )^{m+1}} \\ &{}+\sum_{k=2}^{m}\frac{(-1)^{k-1}b_{k-1}(z)}{N^{k}}+ \sum_{k=1}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{k}}{kN ^{k}}\sum _{j=1}^{k}\binom{k}{j}b_{j}(z) \\ &{}+\frac{(-1)^{m}}{N^{m}}\sum_{k=1}^{m-1} \binom{m-1}{k-1} \frac{b_{k}(z)}{k}+\frac{(-1)^{m+1}}{N^{m+1}}\sum _{k=1}^{m-1}\frac{b _{k}(z)}{k} \frac{\binom{m}{k-1}}{ (1+\frac{\phi _{k}}{N} ) ^{m+1}} \\ &{}-\sum_{k=1}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(z)}{k} \frac{1}{N^{k}} +\epsilon \Biggr\} . \end{aligned}$$

Because of (2.8) and (3.3) it follows that

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z) &=z^{N-1} \Biggl\{ \sum_{k=2}^{m-1} \frac{c _{k}(z)}{N^{k}} +T_{1}+T_{2}+\epsilon \Biggr\} , \end{aligned}$$

(3.15)

where

$$\begin{aligned} &T_{1}=\frac{(-1)^{m}b_{0}(z)}{mN^{m}}+\frac{(-1)^{m+1}b_{0}(z)}{(m+1)N ^{m+1}} \frac{1}{ (1+\frac{\phi _{0}}{N} )^{m+1}}, \end{aligned}$$

(3.16)

$$\begin{aligned} &T_{2}=\frac{(-1)^{m}}{mN^{m}}\sum_{k=1}^{m-2} \binom{m}{k}b_{k}(z)+\frac{(-1)^{m+1}}{(m+1)N ^{m+1}}\sum _{k=1}^{m-1}b_{k}(z) \frac{\binom{m+1}{k}}{ (1+\frac{ \phi _{k}}{N} )^{m+1}}. \end{aligned}$$

(3.17)

Observe that

$$\begin{aligned} T_{1}+T_{2}=\frac{(-1)^{m}}{N^{m}} \Biggl\{ \frac{1}{m}\sum_{k=0}^{m-2} \binom{m}{k}b_{k}(z)-\frac{1}{(m+1)N}\sum _{k=0}^{m-1}b_{k}(z) \frac{ \binom{m+1}{k}}{ (1+\frac{\phi _{k}}{N} )^{m+1}} \Biggr\} , \end{aligned}$$

(3.18)

which implies that

$$\begin{aligned} (-1)^{m}(T_{1}+T_{2})>0, \end{aligned}$$

(3.19)

if

$$\begin{aligned} N\geq \frac{\frac{1}{m+1}\sum_{k=0}^{m-1}\binom{m+1}{k}b_{k}(z)}{ \frac{1}{m}\sum_{k=0}^{m-2}\binom{m}{k}b_{k}(z)}. \end{aligned}$$

(3.20)

According to (2.8) and (3.3), (3.20) is equivalent to

$$\begin{aligned} N\geq -\frac{c_{m+1}(z)}{c_{m}(z)}. \end{aligned}$$

(3.21)

Thus, if $m=2q+1$ and $N\geq -\frac{c_{m+1}(z)}{c_{m}(z)}$, then

$$\begin{aligned} T_{1}+T_{2}< 0, \quad \epsilon < 0. \end{aligned}$$

As a consequence, by (3.15) we have

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z)< z^{N-1}\sum _{k=2}^{2q}\frac{c_{k}(z)}{N ^{k}}. \end{aligned}$$

Similarly, if $m=2p+2$ and $N\geq -\frac{c_{m+1}(z)}{c_{m}(z)}$, then

$$\begin{aligned} T_{1}+T_{2}>0,\quad \epsilon > 0, \end{aligned}$$

which implies

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z)> z^{N-1}\sum _{k=2}^{2p+1}\frac{c_{k}(z)}{N ^{k}}. \end{aligned}$$

This completes the proof. □

The coefficients $c_{k}(z)$ in Theorem 3.1 are computed explicitly. In the following theorem, we provide an alternative approach to compute the coefficients recursively.

Theorem 3.2

The coefficients $c_{k}(z)$ in Theorem 3.1 can be determined by the following recurrence relation:

$$\begin{aligned} &c_{2}(z)=\frac{1}{2(1-z)}, \end{aligned}$$

(3.22)

$$\begin{aligned} &c_{k}(z)=\frac{z}{1-z}\sum_{j=2}^{k-1}(-1)^{k-j} \binom{k-1}{j-1}c _{j}(z)+\frac{(-1)^{k}}{k(1-z)},\quad k\geq 3. \end{aligned}$$

(3.23)

Proof

From (3.3) and (2.9) it is easy to verify that

$$\begin{aligned} c_{2}(z)=\frac{1}{2} \biggl[\frac{1-z}{z}b_{2}(z)-2b_{1}(z) \biggr]= \frac{1}{2(1-z)}. \end{aligned}$$

For $k\geq 3$, by (2.7), (2.8), and (3.3), we calculate the right-hand side of (3.23):

$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{z}{1-z}\sum_{j=1}^{k-1}(-1)^{k-j} \binom{k-1}{j-1}c_{j}(z)+ \frac{(-1)^{k}}{k(1-z)} \\ &\quad=(-1)^{k} \Biggl\{ \frac{z}{1-z}\sum _{j=1}^{k-1}\frac{1}{j} \binom{k-1}{j-1} \biggl[\frac{1-z}{z}b_{j}(z)-jb_{j-1}(z) \biggr]+ \frac{1}{k(1-z)} \Biggr\} \\ &\quad=(-1)^{k} \Biggl\{ \frac{1}{k}\sum _{j=0}^{k-1}\binom{k}{j}b_{j}(z)- \frac{1-z}{z}\sum_{j=1}^{k-1} \binom{k-1}{j-1}b_{j-1}(z) \Biggr\} \\ &\quad=\frac{(-1)^{k}}{k} \biggl\{ \frac{1-z}{z}b_{k}(z)-kb_{k-1}(z) \biggr\} \\ &\quad =c_{k}(z). \end{aligned}$$

Thus, the proof is complete. □

Remark 3.1

By the above recurrence relation, we obtain the first few cases of $c_{k}(z)$:

$$\begin{aligned} &c_{2}(z)=\frac{1}{2(1-z)},\qquad c_{3}(z)=- \frac{2z+1}{3(1-z)^{2}}, \\ &c_{4}(z)=\frac{3z^{2}+8z+1}{4(1-z)^{3}}, \qquad c_{5}(z)=- \frac{4z ^{3}+33z^{2}+22z+1}{5(1-z)^{4}}, \\ &c_{6}(z)=\frac{5z^{4}+104z^{3}+198z^{2}+52z+1}{6(1-z)^{5}}, \\ &c_{7}(z)=- \frac{6z^{5}+285z^{4}+1208z^{3}+906z^{2}+114z+1}{7(1-z)^{6}}. \end{aligned}$$

Observing the above, we find the following properties for $c_{k}(z)$.

Theorem 3.3

For $0< z<1$, the coefficients $c_{k}(z)$ in Theorem 3.1 satisfy

$$\begin{aligned} (-1)^{k}c_{k}(z)>0, \quad k\geq 2. \end{aligned}$$

(3.24)

In particular, if $\frac{1}{7}< z<1$, then

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert c_{k}(z) \bigr\vert < \bigl\vert c_{k+1}(z) \bigr\vert ,\quad k\geq 2. \end{aligned}$$

(3.25)

Proof

By (2.8), we have

$$\begin{aligned} c_{k}(z)=\frac{(-1)^{k}}{k}\sum _{j=0}^{k-2}\binom{k}{j}b_{j}(z), \end{aligned}$$

(3.26)

which implies that (3.24) is true because $b_{j}(z)>0$ for all $j\geq 0$ and $0< z<1$. By (3.26), we further have

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert c_{k+1}(z) \bigr\vert - \bigl\vert c_{k}(z) \bigr\vert =\sum_{j=0}^{k-2} \biggl[\frac{1}{k+1} \binom{k+1}{j}-\frac{1}{k} \binom{k}{j} \biggr]b_{j}(z)+\frac{k}{2}b _{k-1}(z). \end{aligned}$$

(3.27)

For $1\leq j\leq k-2$,

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{k+1}\binom{k+1}{j}-\frac{1}{k} \binom{k}{j}= \biggl[\frac{1}{k+1-j}- \frac{1}{k} \biggr] \binom{k}{j}\geq 0. \end{aligned}$$

(3.28)

Thus,

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert c_{k+1}(z) \bigr\vert - \bigl\vert c_{k}(z) \bigr\vert \geq \biggl[\frac{1}{k+1}- \frac{1}{k} \biggr]b _{0}(z)+\frac{k}{2}b_{k-1}(z). \end{aligned}$$

(3.29)

From (2.8) it follows that

$$\begin{aligned} b_{k-1}(z)>\frac{z}{1-z}b_{0}(z). \end{aligned}$$

(3.30)

By (3.29) and (3.30), we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert c_{k+1}(z) \bigr\vert - \bigl\vert c_{k}(z) \bigr\vert > \biggl[\frac{1}{k+1}- \frac{1}{k}+ \frac{kz}{2(1-z)} \biggr]b_{0}(z). \end{aligned}$$

(3.31)

It is easy to verify that when $1/7< z<1$ there holds

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{k+1}-\frac{1}{k}+ \frac{kz}{2(1-z)}>0, \end{aligned}$$

(3.32)

which implies that (3.25) is true. □

The following theorem gives the conditions for N in a simpler form than those in Theorem 3.1.

Theorem 3.4

Let p and q be any positive integers. If $N\geq (2p+2) (\frac{(p+1)z}{1-z}+ \frac{1}{3} )$, then

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z)> z^{N-1}\sum _{k=2}^{2p+1}\frac{c_{k}(z)}{N ^{k}},\quad 0< z< 1. \end{aligned}$$

(3.33)

If $N\geq (2q+1) ((q+\frac{1}{2})\frac{z}{1-z}+\frac{1}{3} )$, then

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z)< z^{N-1}\sum _{k=2}^{2q}\frac{c_{k}(z)}{N ^{k}}, \quad 0< z< 1. \end{aligned}$$

(3.34)

Proof

By (2.8) we have

$$\begin{aligned} &\sum_{k=0}^{m-2}\frac{b_{k}(z)}{m} \binom{m}{k}-\frac{1}{N}\sum_{k=0} ^{m-1}\frac{b_{k}(z)}{m+1}\binom{m+1}{k} \\ &\quad =\sum_{k=0}^{m-2}\frac{b_{k}(z)}{m} \binom{m}{k}-\frac{1}{N}\sum_{k=0} ^{m-2}\frac{b_{k}(z)}{m+1}\binom{m+1}{k}-\frac{m}{2N} \frac{z}{1-z} \sum_{k=0}^{m-2} \binom{m-1}{k}b_{k}(z) \\ &\quad =\frac{1}{N}\sum_{k=0}^{m-2}b_{k}(z) \binom{m}{k} \biggl[\frac{N}{m}- \frac{1}{m+1-k}- \frac{m-k}{2}\frac{z}{1-z} \biggr]. \end{aligned}$$

If $N\geq m (\frac{1}{3}+\frac{m}{2}\frac{z}{1-z} )$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{N}{m}-\frac{1}{m+1-k}-\frac{m-k}{2} \frac{z}{1-z}\geq 0 \end{aligned}$$

for all $k=0,1,\ldots,m-2$. This implies (3.19) is true. The proof left is similar to that of Theorem 3.1. □

Remark 3.2

In Theorems 3.1 and 3.4, the conditions for N are sufficient but not necessary. It is possible to relax the conditions for N. Even we conjecture that, for some fixed $z\in (0,1)$, Theorem 3.1 is true for any positive integer N.

Remark 3.3

In a nutshell, according to Theorems 3.1 and 3.4, for sufficiently large N and any positive integers p and q, we have

$$\begin{aligned} & z^{N-1}\sum_{k=2}^{2p+1} \frac{(-1)^{k}}{kN^{k}} \biggl[\frac{1-z}{z}b _{k}(z)-kb_{k-1}(z) \biggr]< \gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z) \\ &\quad < z^{N-1}\sum_{k=2}^{2q} \frac{(-1)^{k}}{kN^{k}} \biggl[\frac{1-z}{z}b _{k}(z)-kb_{k-1}(z) \biggr]. \end{aligned}$$

(3.35)

In particular, when $z=1/2$, there holds

$$\begin{aligned} & \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)^{N-1}\sum _{k=2}^{2p+1}\frac{(-1)^{k}}{kN ^{k}} \biggl[b_{k} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)-kb_{k-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr) \biggr] \\ &\quad < \gamma \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)-\gamma _{N-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr) \\ &\quad < \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)^{N-1}\sum _{k=2}^{2q}\frac{(-1)^{k}}{kN ^{k}} \biggl[b_{k} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)-kb_{k-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr) \biggr], \end{aligned}$$

(3.36)

which generalizes the result (1.11) due to Chen and Han [5] for large N. In view of (3.36), a variety of simple inequalities for $\gamma (\frac{1}{2} )-\gamma _{N-1} (\frac{1}{2} )$ are derived for sufficiently large N by choosing different parameters p and q.

$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{2^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{1}{N^{2}}-\frac{8}{3N^{3}} \biggr)< \gamma \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)-\gamma _{N-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)< \frac{1}{2^{N-1}}\frac{1}{N^{2}},\quad (p=q=1), \\ &\frac{1}{2^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{1}{N^{2}}-\frac{8}{3N^{3}}+ \frac{23}{2N ^{4}}-\frac{332}{5N^{5}} \biggr)\\ &\quad < \gamma \biggl( \frac{1}{2} \biggr)- \gamma _{N-1} \biggl( \frac{1}{2} \biggr) \\ &\quad < \frac{1}{2^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{1}{N^{2}}-\frac{8}{3N^{3}}+ \frac{23}{2N ^{4}} \biggr),\quad (p=q=2), \\ &\frac{1}{2^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{1}{N^{2}}-\frac{8}{3N^{3}}+ \frac{23}{2N ^{4}}-\frac{332}{5N^{5}}+\frac{479}{N^{6}}- \frac{29\text{,}024}{7N^{7}} \biggr)\\ &\quad < \gamma \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)-\gamma _{N-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr) \\ &\quad < \frac{1}{2^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{1}{N^{2}}-\frac{8}{3N^{3}}+ \frac{23}{2N ^{4}}-\frac{332}{5N^{5}}+\frac{479}{N^{6}} \biggr),\quad (p=q=3). \end{aligned}$$

Remark 3.4

The inequalities for $\gamma (\frac{1}{t} )-\gamma _{N-1} (\frac{1}{t} )$ were investigated by Ma and Chen [14]. In particular, some inequalities for the cases $t=3$ and $t=4$ were presented, see [14, 15, 29]. As examples, here we apply Theorem 3.1 to obtain several simple and new inequalities related to $\gamma (\frac{1}{3} )- \gamma _{N-1} (\frac{1}{3} )$ and $\gamma (\frac{1}{4} )- \gamma _{N-1} (\frac{1}{4} )$ for sufficiently large N.

Case $t=3$:

$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{3^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{3}{4N^{2}}-\frac{5}{4N^{3}} \biggr)< \gamma \biggl(\frac{1}{3} \biggr)-\gamma _{N-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{3} \biggr)< \frac{1}{3^{N-1}}\frac{3}{4N^{2}}, \\ &\frac{1}{3^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{3}{4N^{2}}-\frac{5}{4N^{3}}+ \frac{27}{8N ^{4}}-\frac{123}{10N^{5}} \biggr)\\ &\quad < \gamma \biggl( \frac{1}{3} \biggr)- \gamma _{N-1} \biggl( \frac{1}{3} \biggr) \\ &\quad < \frac{1}{3^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{3}{4N^{2}}-\frac{5}{4N^{3}}+ \frac{27}{8N ^{4}} \biggr), \\ &\frac{1}{3^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{3}{4N^{2}}-\frac{5}{4N^{3}}+ \frac{27}{8N ^{4}}-\frac{123}{10N^{5}}+\frac{56}{N^{6}}- \frac{17\text{,}127}{56N^{7}} \biggr)\\ &\quad < \gamma \biggl(\frac{1}{3} \biggr)-\gamma _{N-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{3} \biggr) \\ &\quad < \frac{1}{3^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{3}{4N^{2}}-\frac{5}{4N^{3}}+ \frac{27}{8N ^{4}}-\frac{123}{10N^{5}}+\frac{56}{N^{6}} \biggr). \end{aligned}$$

Case $t=4$:

$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{4^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{2}{3N^{2}}-\frac{8}{9N^{3}} \biggr)< \gamma \biggl(\frac{1}{4} \biggr)-\gamma _{N-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{4} \biggr)< \frac{1}{4^{N-1}}\frac{2}{3N^{2}}, \\ &\frac{1}{4^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{2}{3N^{2}}-\frac{8}{9N^{3}}+ \frac{17}{9N ^{4}}-\frac{736}{135N^{5}} \biggr)\\ &\quad< \gamma \biggl( \frac{1}{4} \biggr)- \gamma _{N-1} \biggl( \frac{1}{4} \biggr) \\ &\quad < \frac{1}{4^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{2}{3N^{2}}-\frac{8}{9N^{3}}+ \frac{17}{9N ^{4}} \biggr), \\ &\frac{1}{4^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{2}{3N^{2}}-\frac{8}{9N^{3}}+ \frac{17}{9N ^{4}}-\frac{736}{135N^{5}}+\frac{1594}{81N^{6}}- \frac{48\text{,}296}{567N^{7}} \biggr)\\ &\quad< \gamma \biggl(\frac{1}{4} \biggr)- \gamma _{N-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{4} \biggr) \\ &\quad < \frac{1}{4^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{2}{3N^{2}}-\frac{8}{9N^{3}}+ \frac{17}{9N ^{4}}-\frac{736}{135N^{5}}+\frac{1594}{81N^{6}} \biggr). \end{aligned}$$

Theorem 3.5

Let $m\geq 3$ be a positive integer. For $0< z<1$, we have the following asymptotic expansion:

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)-\gamma _{N-1}(z)=z^{N-1}\sum _{k=2}^{m-1}\frac{c_{k}(z)}{N ^{k}}+O \biggl(\frac{z^{N-1}}{N^{m}} \biggr),\quad N\rightarrow \infty , \end{aligned}$$

(3.37)

where $c_{k}(z)$ are described as in (3.3).

Proof

By (3.15) we immediately obtain (3.37). □

Remark 3.5

When $z=1/2$, we recover the result of Chen and Han [5] about asymptotic expansion of $\gamma (\frac{1}{2} )- \gamma _{N-1} (\frac{1}{2} )$:

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)-\gamma _{N-1} \biggl( \frac{1}{2} \biggr)= \frac{1}{2^{N-1}} \biggl(\frac{1}{N^{2}}- \frac{8}{3N^{3}}+\frac{23}{2N ^{4}}-\frac{332}{5N^{5}}+ \frac{479}{N^{6}}-\frac{29\text{,}024}{7N^{7}}+ \cdots \biggr), \end{aligned}$$

as $N\rightarrow \infty $.

Estimate of the generalized Somos’ quadratic recurrence constant

Sondow and Hadjicostas [25] generalized Somos’ quadratic recurrence constant (1.3) as

$$\begin{aligned} \sigma _{t}=\sqrt[t]{1\sqrt[t]{2\sqrt[t]{3 \sqrt[t]{4\cdots }}}}= \prod_{k=1}^{\infty }k^{\frac{1}{t^{k}}}. \end{aligned}$$

(4.1)

Then they established the relation between the generalized Somos’ quadratic recurrence constant $\sigma _{t}$ and the function $\gamma (\frac{1}{t} )$:

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma \biggl(\frac{1}{t} \biggr)=t\ln \frac{t}{(t-1)\sigma _{t}^{t-1}},\quad t>1. \end{aligned}$$

(4.2)

Recently, Coffey [6] obtained the following integral and series representations for $\ln \sigma _{t}$:

$$\begin{aligned} \ln \sigma _{t}= \int _{0}^{\infty } \biggl(\frac{e^{-x}}{t-1}+ \frac{1}{1-te ^{x}} \biggr)\frac{dx}{x} \end{aligned}$$

(4.3)

and

$$\begin{aligned} \ln \sigma _{t}=\frac{1}{t-1}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\frac{(-1)^{k-1}}{k}Li _{k} \biggl(\frac{1}{t} \biggr)=\frac{1}{t-1}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty } \frac{1}{k} \biggl[Li_{k} \biggl(\frac{1}{t} \biggr)-1 \biggr] \end{aligned}$$

(4.4)

in terms of the polylogarithm function. Using (4.2) and Theorem 3.1, it is natural that we give an estimate for the generalized Somos’ quadratic recurrence constant $\sigma _{t}$:

$$\begin{aligned} L_{t}< \sigma _{t} < U_{t}, \end{aligned}$$

(4.5)

where the bounds

$$\begin{aligned} &L_{t}= \Biggl\{ \frac{t}{t-1}\exp \Biggl\{ - \frac{\gamma _{N-1} (\frac{1}{t} )}{t}-\frac{1}{t^{N}}\sum_{k=2}^{2q} \frac{c_{k} (\frac{1}{t} )}{N^{k}} \Biggr\} \Biggr\} ^{\frac{1}{t-1}}, \end{aligned}$$

(4.6)

$$\begin{aligned} &U_{t}= \Biggl\{ \frac{t}{t-1}\exp \Biggl\{ - \frac{\gamma _{N-1} (\frac{1}{t} )}{t}-\frac{1}{t^{N}}\sum_{k=2}^{2p+1} \frac{c_{k} (\frac{1}{t} )}{N^{k}} \Biggr\} \Biggr\} ^{\frac{1}{t-1}}. \end{aligned}$$

(4.7)

Equivalently, (4.5) leads to a general estimate for $\ln \sigma _{t}$.

Theorem 4.1

Let p and q be any positive integers. For sufficiently large N, we have

$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{1}{t-1} \Biggl\{ - \frac{\gamma _{N-1} (\frac{1}{t} )}{t}-\ln \biggl(1- \frac{1}{t} \biggr)-\frac{1}{t^{N}}\sum _{k=2}^{2q}\frac{c_{k} (\frac{1}{t} )}{N ^{k}} \Biggr\} \\ &\quad< \ln \sigma _{t} < \frac{1}{t-1} \Biggl\{ - \frac{\gamma _{N-1} (\frac{1}{t} )}{t}-\ln \biggl(1- \frac{1}{t} \biggr)-\frac{1}{t^{N}}\sum _{k=2}^{2p+1}\frac{c_{k} (\frac{1}{t} )}{N ^{k}} \Biggr\} , \end{aligned}$$

(4.8)

where $c_{k}(z)$ are described as in (3.3).

As a consequence, we easily obtain an asymptotic expansion for $\ln \sigma _{t}$.

Theorem 4.2

As $N\rightarrow \infty $, the following asymptotic expansion holds:

$$\begin{aligned} \ln \sigma _{t}=\frac{1}{t-1} \Biggl\{ - \frac{\gamma _{N-1} (\frac{1}{t} )}{t}-\ln \biggl(1- \frac{1}{t} \biggr)- \frac{1}{t^{N}}\sum_{k=2}^{m-1} \frac{c_{k} (\frac{1}{t} )}{N ^{k}} \Biggr\} +O \biggl(\frac{1}{N^{m}t^{N}} \biggr), \end{aligned}$$

(4.9)

where $m\geq 3$.

Remark 4.1

Theorems 4.1 and 4.2 show that the function

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{t-1} \Biggl\{ - \frac{\gamma _{N-1} (\frac{1}{t} )}{t}-\ln \biggl(1- \frac{1}{t} \biggr)-\frac{1}{t^{N}}\sum _{k=2}^{m-1}\frac{c_{k} (\frac{1}{t} )}{N ^{k}} \Biggr\} \end{aligned}$$

is a good approximation of $\ln \sigma _{t}$ with the error term $O (1/(N^{m}t^{N}) )$. In particular, for large t, the approximation effect is great.

When $t=2$, we have the following estimate and asymptotic expansion for lnσ.

Corollary 4.1

Let p and q be any positive integers. For sufficiently large N, we have

$$\begin{aligned} -\frac{\gamma _{N-1} (\frac{1}{2} )}{2}+\ln 2- \frac{1}{2^{N}}\sum _{k=2}^{2q}\frac{c_{k} (\frac{1}{2} )}{N ^{k}}< \ln \sigma < - \frac{\gamma _{N-1} (\frac{1}{2} )}{2}+ \ln 2-\frac{1}{2^{N}}\sum _{k=2}^{2p+1}\frac{c_{k} (\frac{1}{2} )}{N ^{k}}. \end{aligned}$$

(4.10)

Corollary 4.2

As $N\rightarrow \infty $, the following asymptotic expansion holds:

$$\begin{aligned} \ln \sigma =-\frac{\gamma _{N-1} (\frac{1}{2} )}{2}+\ln 2- \frac{1}{2^{N}} \sum_{k=2}^{m-1}\frac{c_{k} (\frac{1}{2} )}{N ^{k}}+O \biggl(\frac{1}{N^{m}2^{N}} \biggr), \end{aligned}$$

(4.11)

where $m\geq 3$.

In fact, according to Definition (4.1) and Lemma 2.1 or (2.12), we find an alternative approach to get the estimate for $\ln \sigma _{t}$.

Theorem 4.3

Let N be any positive integer. Then, for $t>1$ and $m\geq 1$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \ln \sigma _{t}=\lambda _{N-1} \biggl( \frac{1}{t} \biggr)-\frac{\ln N}{t ^{N-1}(t-1)}-\frac{1}{t^{N}} \Biggl\{ \sum_{k=1}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{k}b _{k} (\frac{1}{t} )}{kN^{k}}+ \kappa \frac{(-1)^{m}b_{m} (\frac{1}{t} )}{mN^{m}} \Biggr\} , \end{aligned}$$

(4.12)

where $0<\kappa <1$ and $\lambda _{n}(z)=\sum_{k=1}^{n}(\ln k)z^{k}$.

Proof

Taking $f(x)=\ln x$ and $z=1/t$ in (2.12), we immediately obtain (4.12). □

It should be noted that the number N in Theorem 4.3 is not restricted except N is a positive integer. By Theorem 4.3, it is clear that the following corollary is true.

Corollary 4.3

For $t>1$ and $m\geq 1$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \ln \sigma _{t}=\lambda _{N-1} \biggl( \frac{1}{t} \biggr)-\frac{\ln N}{t ^{N-1}(t-1)}-\frac{1}{t^{N}}\sum _{k=1}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}( \frac{1}{t})}{kN^{k}}+O \biggl(\frac{1}{N^{m}t^{N}} \biggr), \end{aligned}$$

(4.13)

as $N\rightarrow \infty $.

Also, we can obtain a new type of approximation for $\ln \sigma _{t}$ similar to Theorem 3.1.

Corollary 4.4

For any positive integers p, q, and N, there holds

$$\begin{aligned} &\lambda _{N-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{t} \biggr)- \frac{\ln N}{t^{N-1}(t-1)}-\frac{1}{t ^{N}}\sum_{k=1}^{2p} \frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(\frac{1}{t})}{kN^{k}} \\ &\quad< \ln \sigma _{t} < \lambda _{N-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{t} \biggr)- \frac{\ln N}{t^{N-1}(t-1)}-\frac{1}{t ^{N}}\sum_{k=1}^{2q-1} \frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(\frac{1}{t})}{kN^{k}}. \end{aligned}$$

(4.14)

In particular, when $t=2$ we have

$$\begin{aligned} & \lambda _{N-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)- \frac{\ln N}{2^{N-1}}- \frac{1}{2^{N}}\sum_{k=1}^{2p} \frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(\frac{1}{2})}{kN ^{k}} \\ &\quad< \ln \sigma < \lambda _{N-1} \biggl(\frac{1}{2} \biggr)- \frac{\ln N}{2^{N-1}}- \frac{1}{2^{N}}\sum_{k=1}^{2q-1} \frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(\frac{1}{2})}{kN ^{k}}, \end{aligned}$$

(4.15)

and

$$\begin{aligned} \ln \sigma =\lambda _{N-1} \biggl( \frac{1}{2} \biggr)- \frac{\ln N}{2^{N-1}}-\frac{1}{2^{N}}\sum _{k=1}^{m-1}\frac{(-1)^{k}b _{k}(\frac{1}{2})}{kN^{k}}+O \biggl(\frac{1}{N^{m}2^{N}} \biggr), \end{aligned}$$

(4.16)

as $N\rightarrow \infty $.

Finally, we get a new estimate for $\gamma (z)$ when $0< z<1$.

Corollary 4.5

For any positive integers p, q, and N, there holds

$$\begin{aligned} (1-z)z^{N-2}\sum_{k=1}^{2q-1} \frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(z)}{kN^{k}} &< \gamma (z)- \biggl(z^{N-2}\ln N- \frac{1-z}{z^{2}}\lambda _{N-1}(z)-\frac{ \ln (1-z)}{z} \biggr) \\ &< (1-z)z^{N-2}\sum_{k=1}^{2p} \frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(z)}{kN^{k}}. \end{aligned}$$

(4.17)

Proof

Using relation (4.2) and Corollary 4.3 and replacing t by $1/z$, we have the desired result. □

In a similar manner, we obtain the following asymptotic expansion for $\gamma (z)$.

Corollary 4.6

Let $m\geq 1$ be a positive integer. For $0< z<1$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \gamma (z)={}&z^{N-2}\ln N-\frac{1-z}{z^{2}} \lambda _{N-1}(z)-\frac{ \ln (1-z)}{z} \\ & {}+(1-z)z^{N-2}\sum_{k=1}^{m-1} \frac{(-1)^{k}b_{k}(z)}{kN^{k}}+O \biggl(\frac{z ^{N-2}}{N^{m}} \biggr), \end{aligned}$$

(4.18)

as $N\rightarrow \infty $.

Remark 4.2

Unlike Theorem 3.1, the number N in (4.17) is not restricted except N is a positive integer. In other words, identity (4.17) is true for all $N\geq 1$.

Remark 4.3

If we approximate $\gamma (z)$ by the function $z^{N-2}\ln N-\frac{1-z}{z ^{2}}\lambda _{N-1}(z)-\frac{\ln (1-z)}{z}$ as $N\rightarrow \infty $, then we arrive at the error bound $O(z^{N-2}/N)$. By Theorem 3.5, we conclude that it is better that we approximate $\gamma (z)$ by its partial sum $\gamma _{N-1}(z)$ because the error bound is $O(z^{N-1}/N ^{2})$.

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Acknowledgements

The author sincerely appreciates the anonymous referees for their very helpful and detailed comments, which have significantly improved the presentation of this paper.

Funding

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. LY18A010001) and the Ningbo Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2017A610140).

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Institute of Mathematics, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
Aimin Xu

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Aimin Xu
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Xu, A. Approximations of the generalized-Euler-constant function and the generalized Somos’ quadratic recurrence constant. J Inequal Appl 2019, 198 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-019-2153-0

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Received: 19 February 2019
Accepted: 09 July 2019
Published: 17 July 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-019-2153-0

MSC

11Y60
33E20
41A60
26D15

Keywords

Asymptotic expansion
Eulerian fraction
Generalized-Euler-constant function
Inequality
Somos’ quadratic recurrence constant