Estimation of Sobolev embedding constant on a domain dividable into bounded convex domains

Makoto Mizuguchi; Kazuaki Tanaka; Kouta Sekine; Shin’ichi Oishi

doi:10.1186/s13660-017-1571-0

Research
Open Access

Estimation of Sobolev embedding constant on a domain dividable into bounded convex domains

Makoto Mizuguchi¹Email author,
Kazuaki Tanaka¹,
Kouta Sekine² and
Shin’ichi Oishi¹

Journal of Inequalities and Applications20172017:299

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-017-1571-0

Received: 6 July 2017
Accepted: 17 November 2017
Published: 29 November 2017

Abstract

This paper is concerned with an explicit value of the embedding constant from $W^{1,q}(\Omega)$ to $L^{p}(\Omega)$ for a domain $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}$ ($N\in\mathbb{N}$), where $1\leq q\leq p\leq\infty$. We previously proposed a formula for estimating the embedding constant on bounded and unbounded Lipschitz domains by estimating the norm of Stein’s extension operator. Although this formula can be applied to a domain Ω that can be divided into a finite number of Lipschitz domains, there was room for improvement in terms of accuracy. In this paper, we report that the accuracy of the embedding constant is significantly improved by restricting Ω to a domain dividable into bounded convex domains.

Keywords

Sobolev embedding constant
Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality
Young inequality

MSC

46E35

1 Introduction

We consider the Sobolev type embedding constant $C_{p}(\Omega)$ from $W^{1,q}(\Omega)$ ($1\leq q\leq p\leq\infty$) to $L^{p}(\Omega)$. The constant $C_{p}(\Omega)$ satisfies

$$\begin{aligned} \biggl( \int_{\Omega} \bigl\vert u(x) \bigr\vert ^{p}\,dx \biggr)^{\frac {1}{p}}\leq C_{p}(\Omega) \biggl( \int_{\Omega} \bigl\vert u(x) \bigr\vert ^{q}\,dx+ \int_{\Omega} \bigl\vert \nabla u(x) \bigr\vert ^{q} \,dx \biggr)^{\frac{1}{q}} \end{aligned}$$

(1)

for all $u\in W^{1,q}(\Omega)$, where $\Omega\subset\mathbb {R}^{N}$ ($N\in\mathbb{N}$) is a bounded domain and $\vert x \vert =\sqrt{\sum_{j=1}^{N}x_{j}^{2}}$ for $x=(x_{1},\ldots, x_{N})\in \mathbb{R}^{N}$. Here, $L^{p}(\Omega)$ ($1\leq p<\infty$) is the functional space of the pth power Lebesgue integrable functions over Ω endowed with the norm $\Vert f \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}:=(\int_{\Omega } \vert f(x) \vert ^{p}\,dx)^{1/p}$ for $f\in L^{p}(\Omega)$, and $L^{\infty}(\Omega)$ is the functional space of Lebesgue measurable functions over Ω endowed with the norm $\Vert f \Vert _{L^{\infty}(\Omega)}=\operatorname{ess\,sup}_{x\in\Omega } \vert f(x) \vert $ for $f\in L^{\infty}(\Omega)$. Moreover, $W^{k,p}(\Omega)$ is the kth order $L^{p}$-Sobolev space on Ω endowed with the norm $\Vert f \Vert _{W^{1,p}(\Omega)}=(\int_{\Omega} \vert f(x) \vert ^{p}\,dx+\int_{\Omega} \vert \nabla f(x) \vert ^{p}\,dx)^{1/p}$ for $f\in W^{1,p}(\Omega)$ if $1\leq p<\infty$ and $\Vert f \Vert _{W^{1,\infty}(\Omega)}=\operatorname{ess\,sup}_{x\in \Omega} \vert f(x) \vert +\operatorname{ess\,sup}_{x\in \Omega} \vert \nabla f(x) \vert $ for $f\in W^{1,\infty }(\Omega)$ if $p=\infty$.

Since inequality (1) has significance for studies on partial differential equations, many researchers studied this type of Sobolev inequality and an explicit value of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ (see, e.g., [1–7]) following the pioneering work by Sobolev [1]. In particular, our interest is in the applicability of this constant to verified numerical computation methods for PDEs which originate from Nakao’s [8] and Plum’s work [9]. These methods have been further developed by many researchers (see, e.g., [8–10] and the references therein).

The existence of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ for various domains Ω (e.g., domains with the cone condition, domains with the Lipschitz boundary, and the $(\varepsilon, \delta)$-domains) has been proven by constructing suitable extension operators from $W^{k,p}(\Omega)$ to $W^{k,p}(\mathbb{R}^{N})$ (see, e.g., [3–7]).

Several formulas for computing explicit values of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ have been proposed under suitable conditions. For example, the best constant in the classical Sobolev inequality on $\mathbb{R}^{N}$ was independently shown by Aubin [11] and Talenti [12]. For the case in which $N=1$ and $p=\infty$, the best constant of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ was proposed under some boundary conditions, e.g., the Dirichlet, the Neumann, and the periodic condition [13–17]. For a square domain $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{2}$, a tight estimate of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ was provided in [10]. Moreover, the best constant for the embedding $W^{1,2}_{0}(\Omega )\hookrightarrow L^{p}(\Omega)$ ($p=3,4,5,6,7$) with a square domain $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{2}$ was very sharply estimated in [18], where $W^{1,2}_{0}(\Omega)$ denotes the closure of $C^{\infty}_{0}(\Omega )$ in $W^{1,2}(\Omega)$. Furthermore, we have previously proposed a formula for computing an explicit value of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ for (bounded and unbounded) Lipschitz domains $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}$ ($N\geq2$) by estimating the norm of Stein’s extension operator [19]. This formula can be applied to a domain Ω that can be divided into a finite number of Lipschitz domains $\Omega_{i}$ ($i=1,2,3,\ldots, n$) such that

$$\begin{aligned} \overline{\Omega}=\bigcup_{1\leq i\leq n} \overline{\Omega_{i}} \end{aligned}$$

(2)

and

$$\begin{aligned} \Omega_{i}\cap\Omega_{j}=\phi\quad (i\neq j), \end{aligned}$$

(3)

where ϕ is the empty set and Ω̅ denotes the closure of Ω (see Theorem 6.1). Although this formula is applicable to such general domains, the values computed by this formula are very large; see Section 4 for concrete values.

In this paper, we report that the accuracy of the estimation of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ is significantly improved by restricting each $\Omega _{i}$ to bounded convex domain. Since any bounded convex domain is a Lipschitz domain (see, e.g., [20]), the present class of Ω is somewhat special compared with the class treated in [19]. Nevertheless, the formulas presented in this paper still have applicability to various domains. To obtain a sharper estimation of $C_{p}(\Omega)$, we focus on the constants $D_{p}(\Omega)$ such that

$$\begin{aligned} \biggl( \int_{\Omega} \bigl\vert u(x)-u_{\Omega}(x) \bigr\vert ^{p}\,dx \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p}}\leq D_{p}(\Omega) \biggl( \int_{\Omega} \bigl\vert \nabla u(x) \bigr\vert ^{q} \,dx \biggr)^{\frac{1}{q}}\quad \mbox{for all } u\in W^{1,q}(\Omega). \end{aligned}$$

(4)

Here, $\vert \Omega \vert $ is the measure of Ω and $u_{\Omega}:\Omega\to\mathbb{R}$ is a constant function defined by $\Omega\ni x\mapsto u_{\Omega}(x)= \vert \Omega \vert ^{-1}\int_{\Omega}u(y)\,dy$. Inequality (4) is called the Sobolev-Poincaré inequality, and $D_{p}(\Omega)$ in (4) leads to the explicit value of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ (see Theorem 2.1). Inequality (4) has also been studied by many researchers (see, e.g., [21–24]). For example, for a John domain Ω, the existence of $D_{p}(\Omega)$ was shown while assuming that $1\leq q< N$, $p=Nq/(N-q)$ [23]. It was also shown that, when $p\neq Nq/(N-q)$, $D_{p}(\Omega)$ exists if and only if $W^{1,q}(\Omega)$ is continuously embedded into $L^{p}(\Omega)$ [24]. Moreover, there are several formulas for obtaining an explicit value of $D_{p}(\Omega)$ for one-dimensional domains Ω [25–27]. In the higher-dimensional cases, however, little is known about explicit values of $D_{p}(\Omega)$, except for some special cases (see, e.g., [28] and [29] for the cases in which $p=q=1$ and $p=q=2$, respectively).

We propose four theorems (Theorem 3.1 to 3.4) for obtaining explicit values of $D_{p}(\Omega)$ on a bounded convex domain Ω. Each theorem can be used under the corresponding conditions listed in Table 1.

Table 1

The assumptions of p , q , and N imposed on Theorems 3.1 , 3.2 , 3.3 , and 3.4

Theorem	p	q	N
3.1	$2< p\leq\frac{2N}{N-1}$ (N>1), 2<p<∞ (N = 1)	$q\geq\frac{p}{p-1}$	N ≥ 1
3.2	$2< p\leq\frac{2N}{N-2}$ (N>2), 2<p<∞ (N = 2)	q = 2	N ≥ 2
3.3	$q\leq p<\frac{qN}{N-q}$ (N>q), q ≤ p<∞ (N = q)	q ≥ 1	N ≥ q
3.4	p = ∞	q ≥ 1	N<q

Theorems 3.1 and 3.2 are derived from the best constant in the Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequality on $\mathbb{R}^{N}$. Theorems 3.3 and 3.4 are derived from the best constant in Young’s inequality on $\mathbb{R}^{N}$. The values of $D_{p}(\Omega)$ calculated by these theorems yield the explicit values of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ combined with Theorem 2.1.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we propose Theorem 2.1 in which a formula for deriving an explicit value of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ from known $D_{p}(\Omega)$ is provided. In Section 3, we prove the four formulas (Theorems 3.1 to 3.4) for obtaining the explicit values of $D_{p}(\Omega)$. In Section 4, we present examples where explicit values of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ are estimated for certain domains.

2 Estimation of embedding constant $C_{p}(\Omega)$

The following notation is used throughout this paper. For any bounded domain $S\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}$ ($N\in\mathbb{N}$), we define $d_{S}$:=$\sup_{x,y\in S} \vert x-y \vert $. The closed ball centered around $z\in\mathbb{R}^{N}$ with radius $\rho >0$ is denoted by $B(z,\rho):=\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{N}\mid \vert x-z \vert \leq\rho\}$. For $m\geq1$, let $m'$ be Hölder’s conjugate of m, that is, $m'$ is defined by

$$\begin{aligned} \textstyle\begin{cases} m'=\infty,& \mbox{if } m=1,\\ m'=\frac{m}{m-1},&\mbox{if } 1< m< \infty,\\ m'=1,&\mbox{if } m=\infty. \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$

For two domains $\Omega\subseteq\mathbb{R}^{N}$ and $\Omega'\subseteq \mathbb{R}^{N}$ such that $\Omega\subseteq\Omega'$, we define the operator $E_{\Omega,\Omega'}:L^{p}(\Omega)\to L^{p}(\Omega')$ ($1\leq p\leq\infty$) by

$$\begin{aligned} (E_{\Omega,\Omega'}f ) (x)= \textstyle\begin{cases} f(x),&x\in\Omega,\\ 0,&x\in\Omega'\setminus\Omega \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$

for $f\in L^{p}(\Omega)$. Note that $E_{\Omega,\Omega'}f\in L^{p}(\Omega')$ satisfies

$$\Vert E_{\Omega,\Omega'}f \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega')}= \Vert f \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}. $$

In the following theorem, we provide a formula for obtaining an explicit value of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ from known $D_{p}(\Omega)$.

Theorem 2.1

Let $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}$ ($N\in\mathbb{N}$) be a bounded domain, and let p and q satisfy $1\leq q\leq p\leq\infty$. Suppose that there exists a finite number of bounded domains $\Omega _{i}$ ($i=1,2,3,\ldots, n$) satisfying (2) and (3). Moreover, suppose that, for every $\Omega_{i}$ ($i=1,2,3,\ldots, n$), there exist constants $D_{p}(\Omega_{i})$ such that

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u-u_{\Omega_{i}} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega_{i})}\leq D_{p}(\Omega_{i}) \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega_{i})}\quad \textit{for all } u\in W^{1,q}(\Omega_{i}). \end{aligned}$$

(5)

Then (1) holds valid for

$$\begin{aligned} C_{p}(\Omega)= \textstyle\begin{cases} \displaystyle\max \Bigl(1, \max_{1\leq i\leq n}D_{\infty}(\Omega_{i}) \Bigr) & (p=q=\infty),\\ \displaystyle2^{1-\frac{1}{q}}\max \Bigl(\max_{1\leq i\leq n} \vert \Omega _{i} \vert ^{\frac{1}{p}-\frac{1}{q}}, \max_{1\leq i\leq n}D_{p}(\Omega_{i}) \Bigr) & (\textit{otherwise}), \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$

(6)

where this formula is understood with $1/\infty=0$ when $p=\infty$ and/or $q=\infty$.

Proof

Let $u\in W^{1,q}(\Omega)$. Since every $\Omega_{i}$ is bounded, Hölder’s inequality states that

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u_{\Omega_{i}} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega_{i})}&= \biggl\vert \int_{\Omega_{i}} \vert \Omega_{i} \vert ^{-1}u(y)\,dy \biggr\vert \Vert 1 \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega_{i})} \\ &\leq \vert \Omega_{i} \vert ^{-1+\frac{1}{q'}} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega_{i})} \vert \Omega_{i} \vert ^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ &= \vert \Omega_{i} \vert ^{\frac{1}{p}-\frac{1}{q}} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega_{i})}. \end{aligned}$$

(7)

We describe the following proof separately for the case of $p=\infty$ and $p<\infty$.

When $p=\infty$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{\infty}(\Omega)}&=\max_{1\leq i\leq n} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{\infty}(\Omega_{i})} \\ &\leq\max_{1\leq i\leq n} \bigl( \Vert u_{\Omega_{i}} \Vert _{L^{\infty}(\Omega_{i})}+ \Vert u-u_{\Omega_{i}} \Vert _{L^{\infty}(\Omega_{i})} \bigr). \end{aligned}$$

From (5) and (7), it follows that

$$\begin{aligned} & \Vert u \Vert _{L^{\infty}(\Omega)} \\ &\quad \leq\max_{1\leq i\leq n} \bigl( \vert \Omega_{i} \vert ^{-\frac{1}{q}} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega_{i})}+D_{\infty }(\Omega_{i}) \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega_{i})} \bigr) \\ &\quad \leq\max \Bigl\{ \max_{1\leq i\leq n} \vert \Omega_{i} \vert ^{-\frac{1}{q}}, \max_{1\leq i\leq n}D_{\infty}(\Omega _{i}) \Bigr\} \max_{1\leq i\leq n} \bigl( \Vert u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega_{i})}+ \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega _{i})} \bigr). \end{aligned}$$

This implies that Theorem 2.1 holds for the case of $p=\infty$ and $q=\infty$.

For $q<\infty$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} & \Vert u \Vert _{L^{\infty}(\Omega)} \\ &\quad \leq\max \Bigl\{ \max_{1\leq i\leq n} \vert \Omega_{i} \vert ^{-\frac{1}{q}}, \max_{1\leq i\leq n}D_{\infty}(\Omega _{i}) \Bigr\} \biggl(\sum_{1\leq i\leq n} \bigl( \Vert u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega_{i})}+ \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega _{i})} \bigr)^{q} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{q}} \\ &\quad \leq2^{1-\frac{1}{q}}\max \Bigl\{ \max_{1\leq i\leq n} \vert \Omega_{i} \vert ^{-\frac{1}{q}}, \max_{1\leq i\leq n}D_{\infty }( \Omega_{i}) \Bigr\} \Vert u \Vert _{W^{1,q}(\Omega)}, \end{aligned}$$

where the last inequality follows from $(s+t)^{q}\leq2^{q-1}(s^{q}+t^{q})$ for $s,t\geq0$.

When $p<\infty$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}&= \biggl(\sum _{1\leq i\leq n} \int_{\Omega_{i}} \bigl\vert u(y) \bigr\vert ^{p}\,dy \biggr)^{\frac {1}{p}} \\ &= \biggl(\sum_{1\leq i\leq n} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega _{i})}^{p} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ &\leq \biggl(\sum_{1\leq i\leq n} \bigl( \Vert u_{\Omega _{i}} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega_{i})}+ \Vert u-u_{\Omega_{i}} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega_{i})} \bigr)^{p} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p}}. \end{aligned}$$

From (5) and (7), it follows that

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}&\leq \biggl(\sum _{1\leq i\leq n} \bigl( \vert \Omega_{i} \vert ^{\frac{1}{p}-\frac {1}{q}} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega_{i})}+D_{p}(\Omega _{i}) \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega_{i})} \bigr)^{p} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ &\leq \biggl(\sum_{1\leq i\leq n} \bigl( \vert \Omega_{i} \vert ^{\frac{1}{p}-\frac{1}{q}} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega_{i})}+D_{p}(\Omega_{i}) \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega_{i})} \bigr)^{q} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{q}} \\ &\leq2^{1-\frac{1}{q}} \biggl(\sum_{1\leq i\leq n} \bigl( \vert \Omega_{i} \vert ^{\frac{q}{p}-1} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega_{i})}^{q}+D_{p}(\Omega_{i})^{q} \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega_{i})}^{q} \bigr) \biggr)^{\frac{1}{q}}. \end{aligned}$$

Therefore, we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}\leq2^{1-\frac{1}{q}}\max \Bigl\{ \max_{1\leq i\leq n} \vert \Omega_{i} \vert ^{\frac {1}{p}-\frac{1}{q}}, \max_{1\leq i\leq n}D_{i}( \Omega_{i}) \Bigr\} \Vert u \Vert _{W^{1,q}(\Omega)}. \end{aligned}$$

□

3 Estimation of $D_{p}(\Omega_{i})$

Let Γ be the gamma function, that is, $\Gamma(x)=\int _{0}^{\infty}t^{x-1}e^{-t}\,dt$ for $x>0$. For $f\in L^{r}(\mathbb{R}^{N})$ and $g\in L^{s}(\mathbb{R}^{N})$ ($1\leq r,s\leq\infty$), let $f*g: \mathbb{R}^{N}\to\mathbb{R}$ be the convolution of f and g defined by

$$\begin{aligned} (f*g) (x):= \int_{\mathbb{R}^{N}}f(x-y)g(y)\,dy \biggl(= \int_{\mathbb {R}^{N}}f(x)g(x-y)\,dy \biggr). \end{aligned}$$

In the following three lemmas, we recall some known results required to obtain explicit values of $D_{p}(\Omega_{i})$ in (5) for bounded convex domains $\Omega_{i}$.

Lemma 3.1

(see, e.g., [30, 31])

Let $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}$ ($N\in\mathbb{N}$) be a bounded convex domain. For $u\in W^{1,1}(\Omega)$ and any point $x\in\Omega $, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert u(x)-u_{\Omega}(x) \bigr\vert \leq\frac{d_{\Omega }^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int_{\Omega} \vert x-y \vert ^{1-N} \bigl\vert \nabla u(y) \bigr\vert \,dy. \end{aligned}$$

A proof of Lemma 3.1 is provided in Appendix 2 because Lemma 3.1 plays an especially important role in obtaining the explicit values of $D_{p}(\Omega_{i})$.

Lemma 3.2

(Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev’s inequality [32])

For $\lambda>0$, we put $h_{\lambda}(x):= \vert x \vert ^{-\lambda}$. If $0<\lambda<N$,

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert h_{\lambda}*g \Vert _{L^{\frac{2N}{\lambda }}(\mathbb{R}^{N})}\leq C_{\lambda, N} \Vert g \Vert _{L^{\frac{2N}{2N-\lambda}}(\mathbb{R}^{N})}\quad \textit{for all } g\in L^{\frac{2N}{2N-\lambda}}\bigl(\mathbb{R}^{N}\bigr) \end{aligned}$$

(8)

holds valid for

$$\begin{aligned} C_{\lambda, N}=\pi^{\frac{\lambda}{2}}\frac{\Gamma(\frac {N}{2}-\frac{\lambda}{2})}{\Gamma(N-\frac{\lambda}{2})} \biggl( \frac{\Gamma(\frac{N}{2})}{\Gamma(N)} \biggr)^{-1+\frac{\lambda}{N}}, \end{aligned}$$

(9)

where this is the best constant in (8).

Moreover, if $N<2\lambda<2N$,

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert h_{\lambda}*g \Vert _{L^{\frac{2N}{2\lambda -N}}(\mathbb{R}^{N})}\leq\tilde{C}_{\lambda, N} \Vert g \Vert _{L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{N})}\quad \textit{for all } g\in L^{2}\bigl(\mathbb{R}^{N}\bigr) \end{aligned}$$

(10)

holds valid for

$$\begin{aligned} \tilde{C}_{\lambda, N}=\pi^{\frac{\lambda}{2}}\frac{\Gamma(\frac {N}{2}-\frac{\lambda}{2})}{\Gamma(\frac{\lambda}{2})} \sqrt{\frac {\Gamma(\lambda-\frac{N}{2})}{\Gamma(\frac{3N}{2}-\lambda)}} \biggl(\frac{\Gamma(\frac{N}{2})}{\Gamma(N)} \biggr)^{-1+\frac{\lambda}{N}}, \end{aligned}$$

(11)

where this is the best constant in (10).

Lemma 3.3

(Young’s inequality [33])

Suppose that $1\leq t,r,s\leq\infty$ and $1/t=1/r+1/s-1\geq0$. For $f\in L^{r}(\mathbb{R}^{N})$ and $g\in L^{s}(\mathbb{R}^{N})$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert f*g \Vert _{L^{t}(\mathbb{R}^{N})}\leq (A_{r}A_{s}A_{t'})^{N} \Vert f \Vert _{L^{r}(\mathbb {R}^{N})} \Vert g \Vert _{L^{s}(\mathbb{R}^{N})} \end{aligned}$$

(12)

with

$$\begin{aligned} A_{m}= \textstyle\begin{cases} \sqrt{m^{\frac{2}{m}-1}(m-1)^{1-\frac{1}{m}}}&(1< m< \infty),\\ 1&(m=1, \infty). \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$

The constant $(A_{r}A_{s}A_{t'})^{N}$ is the best constant in (12).

The following Theorems 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 provide estimations of $D_{p}(\Omega)$ for a bounded convex domain Ω, where p, q, and N are imposed on the assumptions listed in Table 1.

Theorem 3.1

Let $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}$ ($N\in\mathbb{N}$) be a bounded convex domain. Assume that $p\in\mathbb{R}$ satisfies $2< p\leq 2N/(N-1)$ if $N\geq2$ and $2< p<\infty$ if $N=1$. For $q\in\mathbb{R}$ such that $q\geq p/(p-1)$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u-u_{\Omega} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}\leq D_{p}(\Omega ) \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega)} \quad \textit{for all } u\in W^{1,q}(\Omega) \end{aligned}$$

with

$$\begin{aligned} D_{p}(\Omega)=\frac{d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{2N}{p}}\pi^{\frac {N}{p}}}{N \vert \Omega \vert ^{\frac{1}{p}+\frac {1}{q}}}\frac{\Gamma(\frac{p-2}{2p}N)}{\Gamma(\frac {p-1}{p}N)} \biggl( \frac{\Gamma(N)}{\Gamma(\frac{N}{2})} \biggr)^{\frac{p-2}{p}}. \end{aligned}$$

Proof

Let $u\in W^{1,q}(\Omega)$. Since $p\leq2N/(N-1)$ and $1-N+(2N/p)\geq 0$, it follows that $\vert x-z \vert ^{1-N+\frac {2N}{p}}\leq d_{\Omega}^{1-N+\frac{2N}{p}}$ for $x, z\in\Omega$. Lemma 3.1 implies that, for a fixed $x\in\Omega$,

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert u(x)-u_{\Omega}(x) \bigr\vert &\leq \frac{d_{\Omega }^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int_{\Omega} \vert x-z \vert ^{1-N+\frac{2N}{p}} \vert x-z \vert ^{-\frac{2N}{p}} \bigl\vert \nabla u(z) \bigr\vert \,dz \\ &\leq\frac{d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{2N}{p}}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int_{\Omega} \vert x-z \vert ^{-\frac {2N}{p}} \bigl\vert \nabla u(z) \bigr\vert \,dz \\ &\leq\frac{d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{2N}{p}}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int_{\mathbb{R}^{N}} \vert x-z \vert ^{-\frac {2N}{p}} \bigl(E_{\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{N}} \vert \nabla u \vert \bigr) (z)\,dz. \end{aligned} $$

Therefore,

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u-u_{\Omega} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}&\leq\frac {d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{2N}{p}}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \biggl( \int_{\Omega} \biggl( \int_{\mathbb{R}^{N}} \vert x-z \vert ^{-\frac{2N}{p}} \bigl(E_{\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{N}} \vert \nabla u \vert \bigr) (z)\,dz \biggr)^{p}\,dx \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ &\leq\frac{d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{2N}{p}}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \biggl( \int_{\mathbb{R}^{N}} \biggl( \int_{\mathbb{R}^{N}} \vert x-z \vert ^{-\frac{2N}{p}} \bigl(E_{\Omega,\mathbb {R}^{N}} \vert \nabla u \vert \bigr) (z)\,dz \biggr)^{p}\,dx \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p}}. \end{aligned}$$

Since $q\geq p/(p-1)$ and Ω is bounded, we have $\vert \nabla u \vert \in L^{p/(p-1)}(\Omega)$. Therefore, Lemma 3.2 ensures

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u-u_{\Omega} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}&\leq\frac {d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{2N}{p}}}{N \vert \Omega \vert }C_{\frac{2N}{p}, N} \bigl\Vert E_{\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{N}} \vert \nabla u \vert \bigr\Vert _{L^{\frac{p}{p-1}}(\mathbb{R}^{N})} \\ &=\frac{d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{2N}{p}}}{N \vert \Omega \vert }C_{\frac{2N}{p}, N} \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{\frac {p}{p-1}}(\Omega)}, \end{aligned}$$

where $C_{\frac{2N}{p}, N}$ is defined in (9) with $\lambda=2N/p$. Since $q\geq p/(p-1)$, Hölder’s inequality moreover implies

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u-u_{\Omega} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}&\leq\frac {d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{2N}{p}}}{N \vert \Omega \vert ^{\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{q}}}C_{\frac{2N}{p}, N} \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega)}. \end{aligned}$$

□

Theorem 3.2

Let $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}$ ($N\geq2$) be a bounded convex domain. Assume that $2< p\leq2N/(N-2)$ if $N\geq3$ and $2< p<\infty$ if $N=2$. For all $u\in W^{1,2}(\Omega)$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u-u_{\Omega} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}\leq D_{p}(\Omega ) \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{2}(\Omega)} \end{aligned}$$

with

$$\begin{aligned} D_{p}(\Omega)=\frac{d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{p+2}{2p}N}\pi^{\frac {p+2}{4p}N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert }\frac{\Gamma(\frac {p-2}{4p}N)}{\Gamma(\frac{p+2}{4p}N)}\sqrt{ \frac{\Gamma(\frac {N}{p})}{\Gamma(\frac{p-1}{p}N)}} \biggl(\frac{\Gamma(N)}{\Gamma (\frac{N}{2})} \biggr)^{\frac{p-2}{2p}}. \end{aligned}$$

Proof

Let $u\in W^{1,2}(\Omega)$. Since $p\leq2N/(N-2)$, it follows that $\vert x-z \vert ^{1-N+(p+2)N/(2p)}\leq d_{\Omega }^{1-N+(p+2)N/(2p)}$ for $x, z\in\Omega$. Lemma 3.1 leads to

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert u(x)-u_{\Omega}(x) \bigr\vert &\leq \frac{d_{\Omega }^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int_{\Omega} \vert x-z \vert ^{1-N+\frac{p+2}{2p}N} \vert x-z \vert ^{-\frac{p+2}{2p}N} \bigl\vert \nabla u(z) \bigr\vert \,dz \\ &\leq\frac{d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{p+2}{2p}N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int_{\Omega} \vert x-z \vert ^{-\frac {p+2}{2p}N} \bigl\vert \nabla u(z) \bigr\vert \,dz \\ &\leq\frac{d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{p+2}{2p}N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int_{\mathbb{R}^{N}} \vert x-z \vert ^{-\frac {p+2}{2p}N} \bigl(E_{\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{N}} \vert \nabla u \vert \bigr) (z)\,dz. \end{aligned} $$

Therefore,

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u-u_{\Omega} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}&\leq\frac {d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{p+2}{2p}N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \biggl( \int_{\Omega} \biggl( \int_{\mathbb{R}^{N}} \vert x-z \vert ^{-\frac{p+2}{2p}N} \bigl(E_{\Omega,\mathbb {R}^{N}} \vert \nabla u \vert \bigr) (z)\,dz \biggr)^{p}\,dx \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p}} \\ &\leq\frac{d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{p+2}{2p}N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \biggl( \int_{\mathbb{R}^{N}} \biggl( \int_{\mathbb {R}^{N}} \vert x-z \vert ^{-\frac{p+2}{2p}N} \bigl(E_{\Omega ,\mathbb{R}^{N}} \vert \nabla u \vert \bigr) (z)\,dz \biggr)^{p}\,dx \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p}}. \end{aligned}$$

From (10), it follows that

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u-u_{\Omega} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}&\leq\frac {d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{p+2}{2p}N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert }\tilde{C}_{\frac{p+2}{2p}N, N} \bigl\Vert E_{\Omega,\mathbb {R}^{N}} \vert \nabla u \vert \bigr\Vert _{L^{2}(\mathbb {R}^{N})} \\ &=\frac{d_{\Omega}^{1+\frac{p+2}{2p}N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert }\tilde{C}_{\frac{p+2}{2p}N, N} \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{2}(\Omega)}, \end{aligned}$$

where $\tilde{C}_{\frac{p+2}{2p}N, N}$ is defined in (11) with $\lambda=(p+2)N/(2p)$. □

Theorem 3.3

Let $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}$ ($N\in\mathbb{N}$) be a bounded convex domain. Suppose that $1\leq q\leq p< qN/(N-q)$ if $N>q$, and $1\leq q\leq p<\infty$ if $N=q$. Then we have

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u-u_{\Omega} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}\leq D_{p}(\Omega ) \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega)}\quad \textit{for all } u\in W^{1,q}(\Omega) \end{aligned}$$

(13)

with

$$\begin{aligned} D_{p}(\Omega)=\frac{d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert }(A_{r}A_{q}A_{p'})^{N} \bigl\Vert \vert x \vert ^{1-N} \bigr\Vert _{L^{r}(V)}, \end{aligned}$$

where $\Omega_{x}:=\{x-y\mid y\in\Omega\}$ for $x\in\Omega$, $V:=\bigcup_{x\in\Omega}\Omega_{x}$, and $r=qp/((q-1)p+q)$.

Proof

First, we prove $I:= \Vert \vert x \vert ^{1-N} \Vert _{L^{r}(V)}^{r}<\infty$. Let $\rho=2d_{\Omega}$ so that $V\subset B(0,\rho)$. We have

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{pq(1-N)}{(q-1)p+q}+N-1&=\frac{pq(1-N)+Np(q-1)+Nq}{(q-1)p+q}-1 \\ &=\frac{Nq-(N-q)p}{(q-1)p+q}-1>-1. \end{aligned}$$

Therefore,

$$\begin{aligned} I&= \int_{V} \vert x \vert ^{\frac{pq(1-N)}{(q-1)p+q}}\,dx \leq \int_{B(0,\rho)} \vert x \vert ^{\frac{pq(1-N)}{(q-1)p+q}}\,dx =J \int_{0}^{\rho}\rho^{\frac{pq(1-N)}{(q-1)p+q}+N-1}\,d\rho < \infty, \end{aligned}$$

where J is defined by

$$J= \textstyle\begin{cases} 2&(N=1),\\ 2\pi&(N=2),\\ 2\pi\int_{[0,\pi]^{N-2}}\prod_{i=1}^{N-2}(\sin\theta_{i})^{N-i-1} \,d\theta_{1}\cdots \,d\theta_{N-2}&(N\geq3). \end{cases} $$

Next, we show (13). For $x\in\Omega$, it follows from Lemma 3.1 that

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert u(x)-u_{\Omega}(x) \bigr\vert &\leq\frac{d_{\Omega }^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int_{\Omega} \vert x-y \vert ^{1-N} \bigl\vert \nabla u(y) \bigr\vert \,dy \\ &=\frac{d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int_{\Omega _{x}} \vert y \vert ^{1-N} \bigl\vert \nabla u(x-y) \bigr\vert \,dy \\ &\leq\frac{d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int _{V} \vert y \vert ^{1-N} \bigl(E_{\Omega,V} \vert \nabla u \vert \bigr) (x-y)\,dy. \end{aligned}$$

Since $E_{V,\mathbb{R}^{N}}E_{\Omega,V}=E_{\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{N}}$,

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert u(x)-u_{\Omega}(x) \bigr\vert &\leq \frac{d_{\Omega }^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int_{\mathbb{R}^{N}} (E_{V,\mathbb{R}^{N}}\psi ) (y) \bigl(E_{\Omega,\mathbb {R}^{N}} \vert \nabla u \vert \bigr) (x-y)\,dy, \end{aligned}$$

(14)

where $\psi(y)= \vert y \vert ^{1-N}$ for $y\in V$. We denote $f(x)= (E_{V,\mathbb{R}^{N}}\psi )(x)$ and $g(x)= (E_{\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{N}} \vert \nabla u \vert )(x)$. Lemma 3.3 and (14) give

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u-u_{\Omega} \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}&\leq\frac {d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \Vert f*g \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)} \\ &\leq\frac{d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \Vert f*g \Vert _{L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{N})} \\ &\leq\frac{d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert }(A_{r}A_{q}A_{p'})^{N} \Vert f \Vert _{L^{r}(\mathbb {R}^{N})} \Vert g \Vert _{L^{q}(\mathbb{R}^{N})} \\ &=\frac{d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert }(A_{r}A_{q}A_{p'})^{N} I^{\frac{1}{r}} \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega)}. \end{aligned}$$

□

Theorem 3.4

Let $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}$ ($N\in\mathbb{N}$) be a bounded convex domain, and let $q>N$. Then we have

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u-u_{\Omega} \Vert _{L^{\infty}(\Omega)}\leq D_{\infty}(\Omega) \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega )}\quad \textit{for all } u\in W^{1,q}(\Omega) \end{aligned}$$

(15)

with

$$\begin{aligned} D_{\infty}(\Omega)=\frac{d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \bigl\Vert \vert x \vert ^{1-N} \bigr\Vert _{L^{q'}(V)}, \end{aligned}$$

where V is defined in Theorem 3.3.

Proof

First, we show $I:= \Vert \vert x \vert ^{1-N} \Vert _{L^{q'}(V)}^{q'}<\infty$. Let $\rho=2d_{\Omega}$ so that $V\subset B(0,\rho)$. We have

$$\begin{aligned} q'(1-N)+N-1=\frac{q(1-N)+N(q-1)}{q-1}-1=\frac{q-N}{q-1}-1>-1. \end{aligned}$$

Therefore,

$$\begin{aligned} I= \int_{V} \vert x \vert ^{q'(1-N)}\,dx\leq \int_{B(0,\rho )} \vert x \vert ^{q'(1-N)}\,dx =J \int_{0}^{\rho}\rho^{q'(1-N)+N-1}\,d\rho < \infty, \end{aligned}$$

where J is defined in the proof of Theorem 3.3.

Next, we prove (15). Let $r=\frac{q}{q-1}(\geq1)$, $f(x)= (E_{V,\mathbb{R}^{N}}\psi )(x)$, and $g(x)= (E_{\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{N}} \vert \nabla u \vert )(x)$, where ψ is denoted in the proof of Theorem 3.3. From Lemma 3.3 and (14), for $u\in W^{1,q}(\Omega)$, it follows that

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u-u_{\Omega} \Vert _{L^{\infty}(\Omega)}&\leq\frac {d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \Vert f*g \Vert _{L^{\infty}(\Omega)} \leq\frac{d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \Vert f*g \Vert _{L^{\infty}(\mathbb{R}^{N})} \\ &\leq\frac{d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \Vert f \Vert _{L^{q'}(\mathbb{R}^{N})} \Vert g \Vert _{L^{q}(\mathbb{R}^{N})} =\frac{d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert }I^{\frac {1}{q'}} \Vert \nabla u \Vert _{L^{q}(\Omega)}. \end{aligned}$$

□

4 Explicit values of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ for certain domains

In this section, we present numerical examples where explicit values of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ on a square and a triangle domain are computed using Theorems 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4. All computations were performed on a computer with Intel Xeon E5-2687W @ 3.10 GHz, 512 GB RAM, CentOS 7, and MATLAB 2017a. All rounding errors were strictly estimated using the interval toolbox INTLAB version 10.1 [34]. Therefore, all values in the following tables are mathematically guaranteed to be upper bounds of the corresponding $C_{p}(\Omega)$’s.

First, we select domains $\Omega_{i}$ ($1\leq i\leq n$) satisfying (2) and (3). For all domains $\Omega_{i}$ ($1\leq i\leq n$), we then compute the values of $D_{p}(\Omega_{i})$ using Theorems 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4. Next, explicit values of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ are computed through Theorem 2.1.

4.1 Estimation on a square domain

For the first example, we select the case in which $\Omega=(0,1)^{2}$. For $n=1,4,16, 64, \ldots$ , we define each $\Omega_{i}$ ($1\leq i\leq n$) as a square with side length $1/\sqrt{n}$; see Figure 1 for the cases in which $n=4$ and $n=16$. For this division of Ω, Theorem 2.1 states that

$$\begin{aligned} C_{p}(\Omega)=2^{1-\frac{1}{q}}\max \Bigl(n^{- (\frac {1}{p}-\frac{1}{q} )}, \max _{1\leq i\leq n}D_{p}(\Omega_{i}) \Bigr). \end{aligned}$$

In this case, V (in Theorems 3.3 and 3.4) becomes a square with side length $2/\sqrt{n}$ (see Figure 2). Note that $\Vert \vert x \vert ^{1-N} \Vert _{L^{r}(V)}=\int_{V} \vert x \vert ^{\beta}\,dx$, where $\beta =qp(1-N)/((q-1)p+q)$ if $p<\infty$ and $\beta=q'(1-N)$ if $p=\infty$.

Figure 1
$\pmb{\Omega_{i}}$ **for the cases in which** $\pmb{n=4}$ **(the left-hand side) and** $\pmb{n=16}$ **(the right-hand side).**

Figure 2
**The domain** V **in Theorems** **3.3** **and** **3.4** .

Table 2 compares upper bounds for $C_{p}(\Omega)$ computed by Theorems 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, [10, Lemma 2.3], and [19, Corollary D.1] with $q=2$; the numbers of division n are shown in the corresponding parentheses. Moreover, these values are plotted in Figure 3, except for the values derived from [19, Corollary D.1].

Figure 3
**Computed values of** $\pmb{C_{p}(\Omega)}$ **for** $\pmb{\Omega =(0,1)^{2}}$ **and** $\pmb{3\leq p\leq80}$ .

Table 2

Computed values of $\pmb{C_{p}(\Omega)}$ for $\pmb{\Omega=(0,1)^{2}}$ and $\pmb{q=2}$ . The numbers of division n are shown in the corresponding parentheses. Theorem 3.1 cannot be used for $\pmb{p>4}$ when $\pmb{N=2}$

p	Theorem 3.1	Theorem 3.2	Theorem 3.3	[ 10 , Lemma 2.3]	[ 19 , Corollary D.1]
3	2.553767 (16)	4.423506 (256)	2.647076 (16)	1.272533	1.291703 × 10⁴
4	2.506629 (4)	5.656855 (256)	3.098954 (16)	1.553774	1.809271 × 10⁴
5	-	5.721912 (64)	3.527578 (16)	1.841950	2.275458 × 10⁴
6	-	5.802230 (64)	3.922709 (16)	2.135792	2.701890 × 10⁴
7	-	6.245674 (64)	4.288114 (16)	2.434362	3.096661 × 10⁴
8	-	6.727172 (64)	4.628497 (16)	2.736941	3.465528 × 10⁴
9	-	7.127190 (64)	4.947849 (16)	3.042967	3.812726 × 10⁴
10	-	7.464264 (64)	5.249352 (16)	3.351991	4.141471 × 10⁴
20	-	9.162396 (16)	7.659208 (16)	6.549949	6.789009 × 10⁴
30	-	10.202188 (64)	9.485455 (16)	9.856546	8.800592 × 10⁴
40	-	11.632217 (64)	10.640059 (64)	13.218367	1.048141 × 10⁵
50	-	12.907885 (64)	12.020066 (64)	16.613831	1.195208 × 10⁵
60	-	14.069728 (64)	13.258962 (64)	20.031993	1.327453 × 10⁵
70	-	15.143396 (64)	14.392550 (64)	23.466517	1.448540 × 10⁵
80	-	16.146231 (64)	15.443710 (64)	26.913400	1.560849 × 10⁵

Theorems 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and [10, Lemma 2.3] provide sharper estimates of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ than [19, Corollary D.1] for all p’s. The estimates derived by Theorem 3.2 and Theorem 3.3 for $32\leq p\leq80$ are sharper than the estimates obtained by [10, Lemma 2.3].

We also show the values of $C_{\infty}(\Omega)$ computed by Theorem 3.4 for $3\leq q\leq10$ in Table 3.

Table 3

Computed values of $\pmb{C_{\infty}(\Omega)}$ for a square domain Ω and $\pmb{3\leq q\leq10}$ . The numbers of division n are shown in the corresponding parentheses

q	Theorem 3.4
3	5.611920 (16)
4	4.756829 (64)
5	4.000001 (64)
6	3.563595 (64)
7	3.281342 (64)
8	3.084422 (64)
9	2.939469 (64)
10	2.828428 (64)

4.2 Estimation on a triangle domain

For the second example, we select the case in which Ω is a regular triangle with the vertices $(0,0)$, $(1,0)$, and $(1/2,\sqrt {3}/2)$. For $n=1,4,16,64,\ldots$ , we define each $\Omega_{i}$ ($1\leq i\leq n$) as a regular triangle with side length $1/\sqrt{n}$; see Figure 4 for the case in which $n=4$ and $n=16$. For this division of Ω, Theorem 2.1 states that

$$C_{p}(\Omega)=2^{1-\frac{1}{q}}\max \biggl( \biggl(\frac{4n}{\sqrt {3}} \biggr)^{- (\frac{1}{p}-\frac{1}{q} )}, \max_{1\leq i\leq n} D_{p}( \Omega_{i}) \biggr). $$

In this case, V is the regular hexagon displayed in Figure 5.

Figure 4
$\pmb{\Omega_{i}}$ **when** $\pmb{n=4}$ **(the left-hand side) and** $\pmb{n=16}$ **(the right-hand side).**

Figure 5
**The domain** V **in Theorems** **3.3** **and** **3.4** .

Table 4 compares upper bounds of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ computed by Theorems 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and [19, Corollary D.1] with $q=2$; the numbers of division n are shown in the corresponding parentheses. Moreover, these values are plotted in Figure 6. The estimate computed by Theorem 3.1 is sharpest when $p=4$. However, for the other p satisfying $3\leq p\leq80$, Theorem 3.3 provides the sharpest estimates.

Figure 6
**Computed values of** $\pmb{C_{p}(\Omega)}$ **for a regular triangle domain** Ω **and** $\pmb{3\leq p\leq80}$ .

Table 4

Computed values of $\pmb{C_{p}(\Omega)}$ for a regular triangle domain Ω and $\pmb{q=2}$ . The numbers of division n are shown in the corresponding parentheses. Theorem 3.1 cannot be used for $\pmb{p>4}$ when $\pmb{N=2}$

p	Theorem 3.1	Theorem 3.2	Theorem 3.3	[ 19 , Corollary D.1]
3	2.580982 (16)	4.097053 (256)	2.366856 (4)	2.538335 × 10⁴
4	2.465500 (4)	5.700515 (64)	2.709475 (4)	3.553398 × 10⁴
5	-	6.330220 (64)	3.042818 (4)	4.464990 × 10⁴
6	-	7.477243 (64)	3.353176 (4)	5.297547 × 10⁴
7	-	7.601403 (16)	3.641844 (4)	6.067602 × 10⁴
8	-	7.750471 (16)	3.911816 (4)	6.786738 × 10⁴
9	-	7.933346 (16)	4.165864 (4)	7.463399 × 10⁴
10	-	8.133664 (16)	4.406282 (4)	8.103954 × 10⁴
20	-	10.219436 (16)	6.341217 (4)	1.326097 × 10⁵
30	-	12.055827 (16)	7.622031 (16)	1.717928 × 10⁵
40	-	13.666509 (16)	8.748299 (16)	2.045371 × 10⁵
50	-	15.112804 (16)	9.869218 (16)	2.331904 × 10⁵
60	-	16.059718 (64)	10.876336 (16)	2.589578 × 10⁵
70	-	17.313793 (64)	11.798394 (16)	2.825529 × 10⁵
80	-	18.483221 (64)	12.653794 (16)	3.044383 × 10⁵

We also show the values of $C_{\infty}(\Omega)$ computed by Theorem 3.4 for $3\leq q\leq10$ in Table 5.

Table 5

Computed values of $\pmb{C_{\infty}(\Omega)}$ for a regular triangle domain Ω and $\pmb{3\leq q\leq10}$ . The numbers of division n are shown in the corresponding parentheses

q	Theorem 3.4
3	4.797133 (4)
4	4.146459 (16)
5	3.583834 (16)
6	3.251833 (16)
7	3.033691 (16)
8	2.879743 (16)
9	2.765427 (16)
10	2.677251 (16)

Remark 4.1

The values of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ derived from Theorem 3.1 to 3.4 (provided in Tables 1 to 5) can be directly used for any domain that is composed of unit squares and triangles with side length 1 (see Figure 7 for some examples).

Figure 7
**Some examples of domains** Ω **that are composed of unit squares and triangles with side length** 1.

4.3 Estimation on a cube domain

For the third example, we select the case in which $\Omega=(0,1)^{3}$. For $n=1,8,64,512,\ldots$ , we define each $\Omega_{i}$ ($1\leq i\leq n$) as a cube with side length $1/\sqrt[3]{n}$. For this division of Ω, Theorem 2.1 states that

$$C_{p}(\Omega)=2^{1-\frac{1}{q}}\max \Bigl(n^{- (\frac {1}{p}-\frac{1}{q} )}, \max _{1\leq i\leq n} D_{p}(\Omega _{i}) \Bigr). $$

In this case, V is also a cube with the side length $2/\sqrt[3]{n}$.

Table 6 compares upper bounds of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ computed by Theorems 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and [19, Corollary D.1] with $q=2$; the numbers of division n are shown in the corresponding parentheses. The minimum value for each p is written in bold. We also show the values of $C_{\infty}(\Omega)$ computed by Theorem 3.4 for $4\leq q\leq10$ in Table 7.

Table 6

Computed values of $\pmb{C_{p}(\Omega)}$ for a cube domain Ω and $\pmb{q=2}$ . The numbers of division n are shown in the corresponding parentheses. Theorem 3.1 for $\pmb{p>3}$ cannot be used when $\pmb{N=3}$ . Theorem 3.2 can be used for $\pmb{p=6}$ only when $\pmb{N=3}$

p	Theorem 3.1	Theorem 3.2	Theorem 3.3	[ 19 , Corollary D.1]
3	4.000001 (512)	10.919242 (32,768)	5.947133 (4096)	3.115606 × 10⁴
4	-	16.340789 (4096)	13.241245 (4096)	4.219101 × 10⁴
5	-	18.436348 (4096)	29.676745 (4096)	5.239741 × 10⁴
6	-	20.658471 (1)	−	-

Table 7

Computed values of $\pmb{C_{\infty}(\Omega)}$ for a cube domain Ω and $\pmb{4\leq q\leq10}$ . The numbers of division n are shown in the corresponding parentheses

q	Theorem 3.4
4	22.627417 (32,768)
5	13.928810 (32,768)
6	10.079369 (32,768)
7	8.000001 (32,768)
8	6.727172 (32,768)
9	5.878938 (32,768)
10	5.278032 (32,768)

5 Conclusion

We proposed several theorems that provide explicit values of Sobolev type embedding constant $C_{p}(\Omega)$ satisfying (1) for a domain Ω that can be divided into a finite number of bounded convex domains. These theorems give sharper estimates of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ than the previous estimates derived by the method in [19]. This accuracy improvement leads to much applicability of the estimates of $C_{p}(\Omega)$ to verified numerical computations for PDEs.

Declarations

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency. The second author (KT) was supported by JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Research Activity Start-up Grant Number JP17H07188 and Mizuho Foundation for the Promotion of Sciences. The third author (KS) was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16K17651. We thank the editors and reviewers for giving useful comments to improve the contents of this manuscript.

Authors’ contributions

All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Appendix 1: Embedding constant $C_{p}(\Omega)$ on dividable domains

Theorem 6.1 provides an estimation of the embedding constant $C_{p}(\Omega)$ for a domain Ω that can be divided into domains $\Omega_{i}$ (such as convex domains and Lipschitz domains) satisfying (2) and (3).

Theorem 6.1

Let $\Omega\subset\mathbb{R}^{N}$ ($N\in\mathbb{N}$) be a domain that can be divided into a finite number of domains $\Omega _{i}$ ($i=1,2,3,\ldots, n$) satisfying (2) and (3). Assume that, for every $\Omega_{i}$ ($i=1,2,3,\ldots, n$), there exists a constant $C_{p}(\Omega_{i})$ such that $\Vert u \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega_{i})}\leq C_{p}(\Omega_{i}) \Vert u \Vert _{W^{1,q}(\Omega_{i})}$ for all $u\in W^{1,q}(\Omega_{i})$. Then (1) holds valid for

$$C_{p}(\Omega)=M_{p,q}\max_{1\leq i\leq n} C_{p}(\Omega_{i}), $$

where

$$\begin{aligned} M_{p,q}= \textstyle\begin{cases} 1&(p\geq q),\\ n^{\frac{1}{p}-\frac{1}{q}}&(p< q). \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$

Proof

We consider both the cases in which $p<\infty$ and $p=\infty$.

When $p<\infty$, it follows that

$$\begin{aligned} \begin{aligned} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega)}&= \biggl(\sum _{1\leq i\leq n} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{p}(\Omega_{i})}^{p} \biggr)^{1/p} \\ &\leq \biggl(\sum_{1\leq i\leq n}C_{p}( \Omega_{i})^{p} \Vert u \Vert _{W^{1,q}(\Omega_{i})}^{p} \biggr)^{1/p} \\ &\leq\max_{1\leq i\leq n} C_{p}( \Omega_{i}) \biggl(\sum_{1\leq i\leq n} \Vert u \Vert _{W^{1,q}(\Omega_{i})}^{p} \biggr)^{1/p} \\ &\leq M_{p,q}\max_{1\leq i\leq n} C_{p}( \Omega_{i}) \Vert u \Vert _{W^{1,q}(\Omega)}. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

Note that $\vert x \vert _{p}\leq M_{p,q} \vert x \vert _{q}$ holds for $x=(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{n})\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$ (see [19, Lemma A.1] for a detailed proof), where we denote

$$\begin{aligned} \vert x \vert _{p}= \textstyle\begin{cases} \displaystyle \biggl(\sum_{1\leq i\leq n} \vert x_{i} \vert ^{p} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p}}&(1\leq p< \infty),\\ \displaystyle\max_{1\leq i\leq n} \vert x_{i} \vert &(p=\infty). \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$

When $p=\infty$,

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{\infty}(\Omega)}&= \max_{1\leq i\leq n} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{\infty}(\Omega_{i})} \\ &\leq\max_{1\leq i\leq n} C_{p}( \Omega_{i}) \Vert u \Vert _{W^{1,q}(\Omega_{i})} \\ &\leq\max_{1\leq i\leq n} C_{p}( \Omega_{i})\max_{1\leq i\leq n} \Vert u \Vert _{W^{1,q}(\Omega_{i})}. \end{aligned}$$

Since $M_{\infty,q}=1$, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \Vert u \Vert _{L^{\infty}(\Omega)}&\leq\max_{1\leq i\leq n} C_{p}(\Omega_{i}) \Vert u \Vert _{W^{1,q}(\Omega)}. \end{aligned}$$

□

Appendix 2: A proof of Lemma 3.1

This section provides a proof of Lemma 3.1 based on [31, Lemma 7.16].

Proof of Lemma 3.1

Since $C^{\infty}(\Omega)\cap W^{1,1}(\Omega)$ is densely defined in $W^{1,1}(\Omega)$, it suffices to prove Lemma 3.1 for $u\in C^{1}(\Omega)$. Since Ω is convex, we have, for $x, y\in\Omega$,

$$\begin{aligned} u(x)-u(y)=- \int_{0}^{ \vert x-y \vert }\partial _{r}u(x+r\omega) \,dr, \end{aligned}$$

where $\omega=(y-x)/ \vert y-x \vert $ and $\partial _{r}u(x+r\omega)=\frac{\partial}{\partial r}u(x+r\omega)$. Integrating with respect to y over Ω, we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert u(x)-u_{\Omega}(x) \bigr\vert &= \vert \Omega \vert ^{-1} \biggl\vert \int_{\Omega} \int_{0}^{\vert x-y\vert }\partial_{r}u(x+r\omega)\,dr \,dy \biggr\vert \\ &\leq \vert \Omega \vert ^{-1} \int_{\Omega} \int _{0}^{ \vert x-y \vert } \bigl\vert \partial_{r}u(x+r \omega ) \bigr\vert \,dr\,dy \\ &\leq \vert \Omega \vert ^{-1} \int_{\Omega} \int _{0}^{\infty} \bigl\vert (E_{\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{N}} \partial _{r}u) (x+r\omega) \bigr\vert \,dr\,dy \\ &\leq \vert \Omega \vert ^{-1} \int_{B(x,d_{\Omega})} \int _{0}^{\infty} \bigl\vert (E_{\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{N}} \partial _{r}u) (x+r\omega) \bigr\vert \,dr\,dy \\ &= \vert \Omega \vert ^{-1} \int_{0}^{d_{\Omega}} \int _{ \vert \omega \vert =1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \bigl\vert (E_{\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{N}} \partial_{r}u) (x+r\omega) \bigr\vert \rho ^{N-1}\,dr \,d \omega \,d\rho \\ &= \vert \Omega \vert ^{-1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{ \vert \omega \vert =1} \int_{0}^{d_{\Omega}} \bigl\vert (E_{\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{N}} \partial_{r}u) (x+r\omega) \bigr\vert \rho ^{N-1}\,d\rho \,d \omega \,dr \\ &= \frac{d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int _{0}^{\infty} \int_{ \vert \omega \vert =1} \bigl\vert (E_{\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{N}}\partial_{r}u) (x+r\omega) \bigr\vert \,d\omega \,dr \\ &= \frac{d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int_{ \vert \omega \vert =1} \int_{0}^{\infty} \bigl\vert (E_{\Omega ,\mathbb{R}^{N}} \partial_{r}u) (x+r\omega) \bigr\vert r^{1-N}r^{N-1}drd \omega \\ &= \frac{d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int _{\mathbb{R}^{N}} \bigl\vert (E_{\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{N}}\partial _{r}u) (y) \bigr\vert \vert x-y \vert ^{1-N}\,dy \\ &= \frac{d_{\Omega}^{N}}{N \vert \Omega \vert } \int _{\Omega} \bigl\vert \partial_{r}u(y) \bigr\vert \vert x-y \vert ^{1-N}\,dy. \end{aligned}$$

Therefore, a proof of Lemma 3.1 is completed. □

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)

Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1, Okubo Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan

(2)

Faculty of Information Networking for Innovation and Design, Toyo University, 1-7-11 Akabanedai, kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0053, Japan

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Estimation of Sobolev embedding constant on a domain dividable into bounded convex domains

Abstract

Keywords

MSC

1 Introduction

2 Estimation of embedding constant \(C_{p}(\Omega)\)

Theorem 2.1

Proof

3 Estimation of \(D_{p}(\Omega_{i})\)

Lemma 3.1

Lemma 3.2

Lemma 3.3

Theorem 3.1

Proof

Theorem 3.2

Proof

Theorem 3.3

Proof

Theorem 3.4

Proof

4 Explicit values of \(C_{p}(\Omega)\) for certain domains

4.1 Estimation on a square domain

4.2 Estimation on a triangle domain

Remark 4.1

4.3 Estimation on a cube domain

5 Conclusion

Declarations

Acknowledgements

Authors’ contributions

Competing interests

Authors’ Affiliations

References

Copyright

Theorem	p	q	N
3.1	\(2< p\leq\frac{2N}{N-1}\) (N>1), 2<p<∞ (N = 1)	\(q\geq\frac{p}{p-1}\)	N ≥ 1
3.2	\(2< p\leq\frac{2N}{N-2}\) (N>2), 2<p<∞ (N = 2)	q = 2	N ≥ 2
3.3	\(q\leq p<\frac{qN}{N-q}\) (N>q), q ≤ p<∞ (N = q)	q ≥ 1	N ≥ q
3.4	p = ∞	q ≥ 1	N<q