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Bivariate tensor product \((p, q)\)-analogue of Kantorovich-type Bernstein-Stancu-Schurer operators
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2017, Article number: 284 (2017)
Abstract
In this paper, we construct a bivariate tensor product generalization of Kantorovich-type Bernstein-Stancu-Schurer operators based on the concept of \((p, q)\)-integers. We obtain moments and central moments of these operators, give the rate of convergence by using the complete modulus of continuity for the bivariate case and estimate a convergence theorem for the Lipschitz continuous functions. We also give some graphs and numerical examples to illustrate the convergence properties of these operators to certain functions.
1 Introduction
In recent years, \((p, q)\)-integers have been introduced to linear positive operators to construct new approximation processes. A sequence of \((p, q)\)-analogue of Bernstein operators was first introduced by Mursaleen [1, 2]. Besides, \((p, q)\)-analogues of Szász-Mirakyan operators [3], Baskakov-Kantorovich operators [4], Bleimann-Butzer-Hahn operators [5] and Kantorovich-type Bernstein-Stancu-Schurer operators [6] were also considered. For further developments, one can also refer to [7–12]. These operators are double parameters corresponding to p and q versus single parameter q-type operators [13–16]. The aim of these generalizations is to provide appropriate and powerful tools to application areas such as numerical analysis, CAGD and solutions of differential equations (see, e.g., [17]).
Motivated by all the above results, in 2016, Cai et al. [6] introduced a new kind of Kantorovich-type Bernstein-Stancu-Schurer operators based on \((p, q)\)-integers as follows:
where \(b_{n+l,k}(p,q;x)=\bigl [ {\scriptsize\begin{matrix}{} n+l\cr k \end{matrix}} \bigr ]_{p,q}x^{k}(1-x)_{p,q}^{n+l-k} \) for \(f\in C(I)\), \(I=[0,1+l]\), \(l\in\mathbb{N}\), \(0\leq\alpha\leq\beta\), \(0< q< p\leq1\) and \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). They got some approximation properties, since convergence properties of bivariate operators are important in approximation theory, and it seems there has been no papers mentioning the bivariate forms of above operators (1). Hence, we will propose the bivariate case in the following. Before doing this, in [6] (Lemma 2.1), they got \(K_{n,p,q}^{\alpha,\beta,l}(1;x)=1\), that is, the operators reproduce constant functions. However, this conclusion is incorrect. In fact, \(\sum_{k=0}^{n+l}b_{n+l,k}(p,q;x)\neq1\). Hence, we re-introduce the revised operators as
where
From [2], we know \(\sum_{k=0}^{n+l}\widetilde {b_{n+l,k}}(p,q;x)=1\), and this ensures the operators reproduce constant functions.
On this basis, let \(C(I^{2})\) denote the space of all real-valued continuous functions on \(I^{2}\) endowed with the norm \(\|f\| _{I^{2}}=\sup_{(x,y)\in I^{2}}|f(x,y)|\). For \(f\in C(I^{2})\), \(I^{2}=I\times I=[0,1+l]\times[0,1+l]\), \(l\in\mathbb{N}\), \(0\leq\alpha\leq\beta\), \(0< q_{n_{1}}, q_{n_{2}}< p_{n_{1}}, p_{n_{2}}\leq1\) and \(n_{1}, n_{2}\in\mathbb {N}\). We propose the bivariate tensor product \((p, q)\)-analogue of Kantorovich-type Bernstein-Stancu-Schurer operators as follows:
where
for \(x, y\in[0,1]\).
The paper is organized as follows. The following section contains some basic definitions regarding \((p, q)\)-integers and \((p, q)\)-calculus. In Section 3, we estimate the moments and central moments of the revised operators (2) and then deduce the corresponding results of a bivariate case. In Section 4, we give the rate of convergence by using the modulus of continuity and estimate a convergent theorem for the Lipschitz continuous functions. In Section 5, we give some graphs and numerical examples to illustrate the convergence properties of operators (4) to certain functions.
2 Some notations
We mention some definitions based on \((p, q)\)-integers, details can be found in [18–22]. For any fixed real number \(0< q< p\leq 1\) and each nonnegative integer k, we denote \((p, q)\)-integers by \([k]_{p,q}\), where
Also \((p, q)\)-factorial and \((p, q)\)-binomial coefficients are defined as follows:
The \((p, q)\)-Binomial expansion is defined by
The definite \((p, q)\)-integrals are defined by
When \(p=1\), all the definitions of \((p, q)\)-calculus above are reduced to q-calculus.
3 Auxiliary results
In order to obtain the convergence properties, we need the following lemmas.
Lemma 3.1
For the \((p, q)\)-analogue of Kantorovich-type Bernstein-Stancu-Schurer operators (2), we have
Proof
Since \(\sum_{k=0}^{n+l}{b_{n+l,k}}(p,q;x)=1\), (6) is easily obtained. Using (2) and \([k+1]_{p,q}=p^{k}+q[k]_{p,q}\), we have
Thus, (7) is proved. Finally, from (2), we get
Since \([k+1]_{p,q}=p^{k}+q[k]_{p,q}\), by some computations, we get
So, we can obtain
Thus, (8) is proved. □
Lemma 3.2
Using Lemma 3.1 and easy computations, we have
Lemma 3.3
Let \(e_{i,j}(x,y)=x^{i}y^{j}\), \(i,j\in\mathbb{N}\), \(i+j\leq2\), \((x,y)\in I^{2}\) be the two-dimensional test functions. Using Lemma 3.1, the bivariate \((p, q)\)-analogue of Kantorovich-type Bernstein-Stancu-Schurer operators defined in (4) satisfies the following equalities:
Lemma 3.4
Using Lemmas 3.2 and 3.3, the following equalities hold:
Lemma 3.5
(see Theorem 2.1 of [23])
For \(0< q_{n}< p_{n}\leq1\), set \(q_{n}:=1-\alpha_{n}\), \(p_{n}:=1-\beta _{n}\) such that \(0\leq\beta_{n}<\alpha_{n}<1\), \(\alpha_{n}\rightarrow0\), \(\beta _{n}\rightarrow0\) as \(n\rightarrow\infty\). The following statements are true:
-
(A)
If \(\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}e^{n(\beta_{n}-\alpha_{n})}=1\) and \(e^{n\beta_{n}}/n\rightarrow0\), then \([n]_{p_{n},q_{n}}\rightarrow\infty\).
-
(B)
If \(\varlimsup_{n\rightarrow\infty}e^{n(\beta_{n}-\alpha _{n})}<1\) and \(e^{n\beta_{n}}(\alpha_{n}-\beta_{n})\rightarrow0\), then \([n]_{p_{n},q_{n}}\rightarrow\infty\).
-
(C)
If \(\varliminf_{n\rightarrow\infty}e^{n(\beta_{n}-\alpha _{n})}<1\), \(\varlimsup_{n\rightarrow\infty}e^{n(\beta_{n}-\alpha_{n})}=1\) and \(\max \{e^{n\beta_{n}}/n,e^{n\beta_{n}}(\alpha_{n}-\beta_{n}) \} \rightarrow0\), then \([n]_{p_{n},q_{n}}\rightarrow\infty\).
Remark 3.6
Let sequences \(\{p_{n_{1}}\}\), \(\{q_{n_{1}}\}\), \(\{p_{n_{2}}\}\), \(\{ q_{n_{2}}\}\) (\(0< q_{n_{1}}, q_{n_{2}}< p_{n_{1}}, p_{n_{2}}\leq1\)) satisfy the conditions of Lemma 3.5(A), (B) or (C). We have \([n_{1}]_{p_{n_{1}},q_{n_{1}}}\rightarrow\infty\), \([n_{2}]_{p_{n_{2}},q_{n_{2}}}\rightarrow\infty\). From Lemmas 3.3 and 3.4, the following statements are true.
4 Convergence properties
In order to ensure the convergence of operators defined in (4), in the sequel, let \(\{p_{n_{1}}\}\), \(\{q_{n_{1}}\}\), \(\{p_{n_{2}}\}\), \(\{q_{n_{2}}\} \), \(0< q_{n_{1}}, q_{n_{2}}< p_{n_{1}}, p_{n_{2}}\leq1\) be sequences satisfying Lemma 3.5(A), (B) or (C).
Theorem 4.1
For \(f\in C(I^{2})\), we have
Proof
Using (6), Remark 3.6 and a bivariate-type Korovkin theorem (see [24]), we obtain Theorem 4.1 easily. □
For \(f\in C(I^{2})\), the complete modulus of continuity for the bivariate case is defined as
where \(\delta_{1}, \delta_{2}>0\). Furthermore, \(\omega(f;\delta_{1},\delta _{2})\) satisfies the following properties:
The partial modulus of continuity with respect to x and y is defined as
Details of the modulus of continuity for the bivariate case can be found in [25]. We also use the notation
Now, we give the estimate of the rate of convergence of operators defined in (4).
Theorem 4.2
For \(f\in C(I^{2})\), we have
where \(B_{n_{1},p_{n_{1}},q_{n_{1}}}^{\alpha,\beta,l}(x)\) and \(B_{n_{2},p_{n_{2}},q_{n_{2}}}^{\alpha,\beta,l}(y)\) are defined in (19) and (20).
Proof
From Lemmas 3.3 and 3.4, using the property (ii) of the complete modulus of continuity for the bivariate case above and the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we get
Theorem 4.2 is proved. □
Theorem 4.3
For \(f\in C(I^{2})\), under the conditions of Lemma 3.4, we have
where \(B_{n_{1},p_{n_{1}},q_{n_{1}}}^{\alpha,\beta,l}(x)\) and \(B_{n_{2},p_{n_{2}},q_{n_{2}}}^{\alpha,\beta,l}(y)\) are defined in (19) and (20).
Proof
Using the definition of partial modulus of continuity above and the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we have
Theorem 4.3 is proved. □
Theorem 4.4
For \(f\in C^{1}(I^{2})\), using Lemma 3.4, we have
where \(B_{n_{1},p_{n_{1}},q_{n_{1}}}^{\alpha,\beta,l}(x)\) and \(B_{n_{2},p_{n_{2}},q_{n_{2}}}^{\alpha,\beta,l}(y)\) are defined in (19) and (20).
Proof
Since \(f(t,s)-f(x,y)=\int_{x}^{t}f_{u}'(u,s)\,du+\int_{y}^{s}f_{v}'(x,v)\,dv\). Applying the operators defined in (4) on both sides above, we have
Due to \(\vert \int_{x}^{t}f_{u}'(u,s)\,du \vert \leq\|f_{x}'\|_{I}|t-x|\) and \(\vert \int_{y}^{s}f_{v}'(x,v)\,dv \vert \leq\|f_{y}'\|_{I}|s-y|\), we have
Using the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and Lemma 3.3, we obtain
Theorem 4.4 is proved. □
Finally, we study the rate of convergence of \(K_{p_{n_{1}},q_{n_{1}},p_{n_{2}},q_{n_{2}}}^{n_{1},n_{2},\alpha,\beta,l}(f;x,y)\) by means of functions of Lipschitz class \(\operatorname{Lip}_{M}(\theta_{1},\theta_{2})\) if
Theorem 4.5
Let \(f\in \operatorname{Lip}_{M}(\theta_{1},\theta_{2})\), under the conditions of Lemma 3.4, we have
where \(B_{n_{1},p_{n_{1}},q_{n_{1}}}^{\alpha,\beta,l}(x)\) and \(B_{n_{2},p_{n_{2}},q_{n_{2}}}^{\alpha,\beta,l}(y)\) are defined in (19) and (20).
Proof
Since \(f\in \operatorname{Lip}_{M}(\theta_{1},\theta_{2})\), we have
Using Hölder’s inequality for the last formula, respectively, we get
Theorem 4.5 is proved. □
5 Graphical and numerical examples analysis
In this section, we give several graphs and numerical examples to show the convergence of \(K_{p_{n_{1}},q_{n_{1}},p_{n_{2}},q_{n_{2}}}^{n_{1},n_{2},\alpha,\beta,l}(f;x,y)\) to \(f(x,y)\) with different values of parameters which satisfy the conclusions of Lemma 3.5.
Let \(f(x,y) = x^{2}y^{2}\), the graphs of \(K_{p_{n_{1}},q_{n_{1}},p_{n_{2}},q_{n_{2}}}^{n_{1},n_{2},\alpha,\beta,l}(f;x,y)\) with different values of \(q_{n_{1}}\), \(q_{n_{2}}\), \(p_{n_{1}}\), \(p_{n_{2}}\) and \(n_{1}\), \(n_{2}\) are shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3. In Tables 1, 2 and 3, we give the errors of the approximation of \(K_{p_{n_{1}},q_{n_{1}},p_{n_{2}},q_{n_{2}}}^{n_{1},n_{2},\alpha,\beta,l}(f;x,y)\) to \(f(x,y)\) with different parameters.
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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11601266 and 11626201), the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (Grant No. 2016J05017) and the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in Fujian Province University. We also thank Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Data Intensive Computing and Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Information Processing of Fujian Province University.
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QBC, XWX and GZ carried out the molecular genetic studies, participated in the sequence alignment and drafted the manuscript. QBC, XWX and GZ carried out the immunoassays. QBC, XWX and GZ participated in the sequence alignment. QBC, XWX and GZ participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis. QBC, XWX and GZ conceived of the study and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Cai, QB., Xu, XW. & Zhou, G. Bivariate tensor product \((p, q)\)-analogue of Kantorovich-type Bernstein-Stancu-Schurer operators. J Inequal Appl 2017, 284 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-017-1559-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-017-1559-9