Skip to main content

Some new weakly singular integral inequalities and their applications to fractional differential equations

Abstract

Some new inequalities with weakly singular integral kernel are developed, which generalize some known inequalities and can be used in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the solutions to certain fractional differential equations.

1 Introduction

The well-known inequalities, such as the Gronwall type inequality, the Gronwall-Bellman type inequality, the Henry-Gronwall type inequality, the Henry-Bihari type inequality and their variants in retarded form played important roles in the research of quantitative analysis of the solutions to differential and integral equations, as well as in the modeling of engineering and science problems. Recently, with the development of fractional differential equations, integral inequalities with weakly singular kernels have drawn more attention [111]. In 1981, Henry [12] proposed a method to find solutions and proved some results concerning linear integral inequalities with a weakly singular kernel. In 1997, Medved̆ [3] presented a new method to solve integral inequalities of Henry-Gronwall type and their Bihari version, then he got the explicit bounds with a quite simple formula, similar to the classic Gronwall-Bellman inequalities. Furthermore, he also obtained global solutions of the semilinear evolutions in [4].

In 2011, Ye and Gao [5] presented the integral inequalities of Henry-Gronwall type,

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u(t) \leq a(t)+\int_{ t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta -1}[b(s)u(s)+c(s)u(s-r)]\,ds, \quad t\in[t_{0}, T), \\ u(t)\leq\varphi(t), \quad t\in[t_{0}-r, t_{0}). \end{cases} $$

In 2013, Shao and Meng [6] established Gronwall-Bellman type inequalities with a weakly singular integral

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u(t) \leq a(t)+\int_{ t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}b(s)u(s)\,ds+\int_{ t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}p(s)u^{\gamma}(s-r)\,ds, \quad t\in[t_{0}, T), \\ u(t)\leq\varphi(t), \quad t\in[t_{0}-r, t_{0}). \end{cases} $$

In [7], Feng and Meng studied the following Gronwall-Bellman type inequalities:

$$ u^{p}(x) \leq a(x)+ \int_{0}^{x}b(t)u^{q}(t)\,dt+ \frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha )}h(x) \int_{0}^{x}(x-t)^{\alpha-1}L \bigl(t, u(t) \bigr) \,dt. $$

In 2008, by using the modified Medved̆ method, Ma and Pečarić [8] studied the inequality

$$ u^{p}(t) \leq a(t)+b(t) \int_{0}^{t} \bigl(t^{\alpha}-s^{\alpha} \bigr)^{\beta -1}s^{\gamma-1}f(s) u^{q}(s)\,ds,\quad t\in R_{+}. $$

The aim of this paper was to give explicit bounds to some new nonlinear Henry-Gronwall type retarded integral inequalities with weakly singular integral kernel of the form

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u^{p}(t) \leq a(t)+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}b(s) u^{q}(s)\,ds+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}c(s) u^{l}(s-r)\,ds, \quad t\in I, \\ u(t)\leq\varphi(t), \quad t\in[t_{0}-r, t_{0}), \end{cases} $$

and Gronwall-Bellman type integral inequalities with nonlinear weakly singular integral kernel of the form

$$ u^{p}(t) \leq a(t)+b(t) \int_{0}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}c(s) u^{m}(s)\,ds+d(t) \int_{0}^{t} \bigl(t^{\alpha}-s^{\alpha} \bigr)^{\beta -1}s^{\gamma-1}f(s) u^{q}(s)\,ds, $$

which can be used as handy and effective tools in the study of the delay fractional differential equations. We also give some examples to illustrate applications of our results.

2 Preliminary knowledge

In the following, R denotes the set of real numbers, N denotes the set of integer numbers, \(R_{+}= [0, +\infty)\), \(I=[t_{0}, T)\subset R_{+}\), \(T<\infty\). For convenience, we give some lemmas which will be used in the proof of the main results.

Lemma 2.1

(Jensen’s inequality)

Let \(n\in N\), \(a_{1}, a_{2}, \ldots, a_{n}\) be nonnegative real numbers. Then, for \(r>1\),

$$ \Biggl(\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_{i} \Biggr)^{r}\leq n^{r-1}\sum_{i=1}^{n}a_{i}^{r} . $$

Lemma 2.2

(see [13])

Let \(a\geq0\), \(p\geq q\geq0\), \(p\neq0\), then

$$ a^{\frac{q}{p}}\leq \frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}a+\frac {p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}} \quad \textit{for any } K> 0 . $$

Lemma 2.3

(see [14])

Let α, β, γ, and p be positive constants, then

$$ \int^{t}_{0} \bigl(t^{\alpha}-s^{\alpha} \bigr)^{p(\beta-1)}s^{p(\gamma -1)}\,ds=\frac{t^{\theta}}{\alpha}B \biggl[ \frac{p(\gamma -1)+1}{\alpha}, p(\beta-1)+1 \biggr], \quad t\in R_{+}. $$

Here \(B(m,n)=\int^{1}_{0}s^{m-1}(1-s)^{n-1}\,ds\) (\(m > 0\), \(n > 0\)) is the B-function, \(\theta=p[\alpha(\beta-1)+\gamma-1]+1\).

Definition 2.1

(see [15])

Let \([x, y, z]\) be an ordered parameter group of nonnegative real numbers. The group is said to belong to the first class distribution and denoted by \([x, y, z] \in I\) if the conditions \(x \in(0, 1]\), \(y \in(\frac {1}{2}, 1) \), and \(z \geq\frac{3}{2}-y\) are satisfied; the group is said to belong to the second class distribution and denoted by \([x, y, z]\in\mathit{II}\) if the conditions \(x\in(0, 1]\), \(y \in(0, \frac{1}{2}]\), and \(z > \frac {1-2y^{2}}{1-y^{2}}\) are satisfied.

Lemma 2.4

(see [15])

Suppose that the positive constants α, β, γ, \(p_{1}\), and \(p_{2}\) satisfy the conditions

  1. (a)

    if \([\alpha, \beta, \gamma]\in I\), \(p_{1}=\frac {1}{\beta}\);

  2. (b)

    if \([\alpha, \beta, \gamma]\in \mathit{II}\), \(p_{2}=\frac {1+4\beta}{1+3\beta}\), then

    $$ B \biggl[\frac{p_{i}(\gamma-1)+1}{\alpha}, p_{i}(\beta-1)+1 \biggr]\in(0, \infty) $$

    and

    $$ \theta_{i}=p_{i} \bigl[\alpha(\beta-1)+\gamma-1 \bigr]+1 \geq0 $$

    are valid for \(i=1, 2\).

Lemma 2.5

([13])

Let \(a(t), b(t)\in C(I, R_{+})\), \(p\geq q>0\). If \(u(t)\in C(I, R_{+})\), and

$$ u^{p}(t) \leq a(t)+ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}b(s) u^{q}(s)\,ds, $$

then

$$ u(t) \leq \biggl\{ a(t)+ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}A_{1}(s)e^{\int _{s}^{t}B_{1}(\tau)\,d\tau}\,ds \biggr\} ^{\frac{1}{p}}, \quad t\in I. $$
(2.1)

Here

$$\begin{aligned}& A_{1}(t)=b(t) \biggl[\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}a(t)+ \frac {p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}} \biggr],\qquad B_{1}(t)= \frac{q}{p}K^{\frac {q-p}{p}}b(t). \end{aligned}$$

Lemma 2.6

Let \(a(t), b(t), c(t)\in C(I, R_{+})\), \(p\geq q>0\), \(p\geq l>0\), \(\varphi(t)\in C([t_{0}-r, t_{0}], R_{+})\), \(a(t_{0})=\varphi(t_{0})\). If \(u(t)\in C(I, R_{+})\), and

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u^{p}(t) \leq a(t)+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}b(s) u^{q}(s)\,ds+\int _{t_{0}}^{t}c(s) u^{l}(s-r)\,ds, \quad t\in I, \\ u(t)\leq\varphi(t), \quad t\in[t_{0}-r, t_{0}). \end{cases} $$
(2.2)

Then, for \(t\in[t_{0}, t_{0}+r)\),

$$ u(t) \leq \biggl\{ a(t)+ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}c(s)\varphi^{l}(s-r)\,ds+ \int _{t_{0}}^{t}A_{2}(s)e^{\int_{s}^{t}B_{2}(\tau)\,d\tau} \,ds \biggr\} ^{\frac{1}{p}}. $$
(2.3)

Here \(r\in R_{+}\),

$$\begin{aligned} \begin{aligned} &A_{2}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}b(t) \biggl(a(t)+ \int ^{t}_{t_{0}}c(s)\varphi^{l}(s-r)\,ds \biggr)+\frac{p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}}, \\ &B_{2}(t)=B_{1}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}b(t). \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

For \(t\in[t_{0}+r, T)\),

$$ u(t) \leq \biggl\{ a(t)+ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}A_{3}(s)e^{\int _{s}^{t}B_{3}(\tau)\,d\tau} \,ds \biggr\} ^{\frac{1}{p}}, $$
(2.4)

where

$$\begin{aligned}& A_{3}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}a(t)b(t)+ \frac {p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}}b(t)+\frac{l}{p}K^{\frac {l-p}{p}}a(t-r)c(t)+ \frac{p-l}{p}K^{\frac{l}{p}}c(t), \\& B_{3}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac {q-p}{p}}b(t)+ \frac{l}{p}K^{\frac{l-p}{p}}c(t). \end{aligned}$$

Proof

For \(t\in[t_{0}, t_{0}+r)\), we get

$$ u^{p}(t) \leq a(t)+ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}c(s) \varphi^{l}(s-r)\,ds+ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}b(s) u^{q}(s)\,ds, $$

then from Lemma 2.5, the inequality (2.3) holds.

For \(t\in[t_{0}+r, T)\), let \(z(t)=\int_{t_{0}}^{t}b(s) u^{q}(s)\,ds+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}c(s) u^{l}(s-r)\,ds\), then \(z(t_{0})=0\), \(z(t)\) is nondecreasing, and

$$ u^{p}(t) \leq a(t)+z(t). $$

Then from Lemma 2.2 we obtain, for any \(K>0\),

$$\begin{aligned} z'(t) =&b(t) u^{q}(t)+c(t) u^{l}(t-r) \\ \leq& b(t) \biggl[\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}} \bigl(a(t)+z(t) \bigr)+ \frac{p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}} \biggr] \\ &{}+c(t) \biggl[\frac{l}{p}K^{\frac{l-p}{p}} \bigl(a(t-r)+z(t-r) \bigr)+ \frac {p-l}{p}K^{\frac{l}{p}} \biggr] \\ \leq& A_{3}(t)+B_{3}(t)z(t), \end{aligned}$$

and we have \(z(t)\leq \int_{t_{0}}^{t}A_{3}(s)e^{\int_{s}^{t}B_{3}(\tau)\,d\tau}\,ds\). Then the inequality (2.4) holds. □

Lemma 2.7

([16])

Let \(a(t)\), \(b(t, s)\), \(b'(t,s)\) be continuous and nonnegative. If \(u(t)\in C(I, R_{+})\) and

$$ u(t) \leq a(t)+ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}b(t, s)u(s)\,ds, $$

then

$$ u(t) \leq a(t)+e^{\int_{t_{0}}^{t}b(t, s)\,ds} \int_{t_{0}}^{t}e^{-\int _{t_{0}}^{\tau} b(\tau, s)\,ds} \biggl[a(\tau)b(\tau, \tau)+ \int_{t_{0}}^{\tau }b'_{\tau}(\tau, s)a(s)\,ds \biggr]\,d\tau. $$
(2.5)

3 Main results

We are now to deal with a certain class of Henry-Gronwall type retarded inequalities with weak integral kernels.

Theorem 3.1

Let \(a(t), b(t), c(t)\in C(I, R_{+})\), \(p\geq q>0\), \(p\geq l>0\), \(\varphi(t)\in C([t_{0}-r, t_{0}], R_{+})\), \(a(t_{0})=\varphi(t_{0})\), \(u(t)\in C(I, R_{+})\). Suppose

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u^{p}(t) \leq a(t)+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}b(s) u^{q}(s)\,ds+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}c(s) u^{l}(s-r)\,ds, \quad t\in I, \\ u(t)\leq\varphi(t), \quad t\in[t_{0}-r, t_{0}), \end{cases} $$
(3.1)

where \(\beta> 0\).

(i) Suppose that \(\beta>\frac{1}{2}\), then

$$\begin{aligned} \textstyle\begin{cases} u(t) \leq \{a_{1}(t)+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}c_{1}(s)\varphi ^{l}(s-r)\,ds+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}A_{4}(s)e^{\int_{s}^{t}B_{4}(\tau)\,d\tau }\,ds \}^{\frac{1}{p}}, \quad t\in[t_{0}, t_{0}+r), \\ u(t)\leq \{a_{1}(t)+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}A_{5}(s)e^{\int_{s}^{t}B_{5}(\tau )\,d\tau}\,ds \}^{\frac{1}{p}}, \quad t\in[t_{0}+r, T). \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$
(3.2)

Here

$$\begin{aligned}& a_{1}(t)=3a^{2}(t)e^{-2t} , \qquad b_{1}(t)=\frac{6\Gamma(2\beta-1)}{4^{\beta}}b^{2}(t)e^{2t(\frac{q}{p}-1)} , \\& c_{1}(t)=\frac{6\Gamma(2\beta-1)}{4^{\beta}}c^{2}(s)e^{2t(\frac{l}{p}-1)} , \\& A_{4}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}b_{1}(t) \biggl[a_{1}(t)+ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}c_{1}(s) \varphi^{l}(s-r)\,ds \biggr]+\frac{p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}} , \\& B_{4}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac {q-p}{p}}b_{1}(t) , \\& A_{5}(t)= \biggl[\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}a_{1}(t)+ \frac {p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}} \biggr]b_{1}(t)+ \biggl[ \frac{l}{p}K^{\frac {l-p}{p}}a_{1}(t-r) +\frac{p-l}{p}K^{\frac{l}{p}} \biggr]c_{1}(t) , \\& B_{5}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}b_{1}(t)+ \frac{l}{p}K^{\frac {l-p}{p}}c_{1}(t) . \end{aligned}$$

(ii) If \(0<\beta\leq\frac{1}{2}\), let \(q_{1}=\frac{1+\beta }{\beta}\), \(p_{1}=1+\beta\), then

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} u(t) \leq \{a_{2}(t)+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}c_{2}(s)\varphi ^{l}(s-r)\,ds+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}A_{6}(s)e^{\int_{s}^{t}B_{6}(\tau)\,d\tau }\,ds \}^{\frac{1}{p}}, \quad t\in[t_{0}, t_{0}+r), \\ u(t)\leq \{a_{2}(t)+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}A_{7}(s)e^{\int _{s}^{t}B_{7}(\tau)\,d\tau}\,ds \}^{\frac{1}{p}},\quad t\in [t_{0}+r, T). \end{cases} $$
(3.3)

Here

$$\begin{aligned}& a_{2}(t)=3^{q_{1}-1}a^{q_{1}}(t)e^{-q_{1}t} , \qquad b_{2}(t)=3^{q_{1}-1} \biggl(\frac{\Gamma(1-(1-\beta )p_{1})}{p_{1}^{1-(1-\beta)p_{1}}} \biggr)^{\frac{q_{1}}{p_{1}}}b^{q_{1}}(t)e^{(-q_{1}+\frac {q_{1}q}{p})t} , \\& c_{2}(t)=3^{q_{1}-1} \biggl(\frac{\Gamma(1-(1-\beta )p_{1})}{p_{1}^{1-(1-\beta)p_{1}}} \biggr)^{\frac{q_{1}}{p_{1}}} c^{q_{1}}(t)e^{(-q_{1}+\frac{q_{1}l}{p})t} , \\& A_{6}(t)=\frac {q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}b_{2}(t) \biggl(a_{2}(t)+ \int _{t_{0}}^{t}c_{2}(s) \varphi^{l}(s-r)\,ds \biggr)+\frac{p-q}{p}K^{\frac {q}{p}} , \\& B_{6}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}b_{2}(t), \\& A_{7}(t)= \biggl[\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}a_{2}(t)+ \frac {p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}} \biggr]b_{2}(t)+ \biggl[ \frac{l}{p}K^{\frac {l-p}{p}}a_{2}(t-r) +\frac{p-l}{p}K^{\frac{l}{p}} \biggr]c_{2}(t) , \\& B_{7}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}b_{2}(t)+ \frac{l}{p}K^{\frac {l-p}{p}}c_{2}(t) . \end{aligned}$$

Proof

(i) Using the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality by (3.1), we get

$$\begin{aligned} u^{p}(t) \leq& a(t)+ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}e^{s}e^{-s}b(s) u^{q}(s)\,ds+ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}e^{s}e^{-s}c(s) u^{l}(s-r)\,ds \\ \leq& a(t)+ \biggl( \int_{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{2\beta-2}e^{2s} \,ds \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \biggl( \int_{t_{0}}^{t}b^{2}(s)e^{-2s} u^{2q}(s)\,ds \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \\ &{}+ \biggl( \int_{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{2\beta-2}e^{2s} \,ds \biggr)^{\frac {1}{2}} \biggl( \int_{t_{0}}^{t}c^{2}(s)e^{-2s} u^{2l}(s-r)\,ds \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \\ \leq&a(t)+ \biggl(\frac{2e^{2t}\Gamma(2\beta-1)}{4^{\beta}} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \\ &{}\cdot\biggl[ \biggl( \int_{t_{0}}^{t}b^{2}(s)e^{-2s} u^{2q}(s)\,ds \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}}+ \biggl( \int_{t_{0}}^{t}c^{2}(s)e^{-2s} u^{2l}(s-r)\,ds \biggr)^{\frac {1}{2}} \biggr] . \end{aligned}$$

Using Lemma 2.1 for \(n=3\), \(r=2\), we obtain

$$ u^{2p}(t)\leq3a^{2}(t)+3\frac{2e^{2t}\Gamma(2\beta-1)}{4^{\beta }} \biggl( \int_{t_{0}}^{t}b^{2}(s)e^{-2s} u^{2q}(s)\,ds+ \int _{t_{0}}^{t}c^{2}(s)e^{-2s} u^{2l}(s-r)\,ds \biggr). $$

Let \(v(t)=e^{-\frac{2}{p}t}u^{2}(t)\), then we get

$$\begin{aligned} v^{p}(t) \leq&3a^{2}(t)e^{-2t}+\frac{6\Gamma(2\beta-1)}{4^{\beta }} \\ &{}\cdot \biggl( \int_{t_{0}}^{t}b^{2}(s)e^{2s(\frac{q}{p}-1)} v^{q}(s)\,ds+ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}c^{2}(s)e^{2s(\frac{l}{p}-1)} v^{l}(s-r)\,ds \biggr). \end{aligned}$$

Using Lemma 2.6, we get (3.2).

(ii) By the hypothesis, we get \(\frac{1}{p_{1}}+\frac {1}{q_{1}}=1\), using the Hölder inequality by (3.1), we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} u^{p}(t) \leq& a(t)+ \biggl( \int_{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{p_{1}(\beta -1)}e^{p_{1}s} \,ds \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p_{1}}} \biggl( \int _{t_{0}}^{t}b^{q_{1}}(s)e^{-q_{1}s} u^{q_{1}q}(s)\,ds \biggr)^{\frac {1}{q_{1}}} \\ &{}+ \biggl( \int_{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{p_{1}(\beta-1)}e^{p_{1}s} \,ds \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p_{1}}} \biggl( \int_{t_{0}}^{t}e^{-q_{1}s}c^{q_{1}}(s) u^{q_{1}l}(s-r)\,ds \biggr)^{\frac{1}{q_{1}}} \\ =&a(t)+ \biggl(\frac{e^{p_{1}t}\Gamma(1-(1-\beta )p_{1})}{p_{1}^{1-(1-\beta)p_{1}}} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p_{1}}} \\ &{}\cdot \biggl[ \biggl( \int_{t_{0}}^{t}b^{q_{1}}(s)e^{-q_{1}s} u^{q_{1}q}(s)\,ds \biggr)^{\frac{1}{q_{1}}}+ \biggl( \int_{t_{0}}^{t}c^{q_{1}}(s)e^{-q_{1}s} u^{q_{1}l}(s-r)\,ds \biggr)^{\frac{1}{q_{1}}} \biggr] . \end{aligned}$$

Using Lemma 2.1 for \(n=3\), \(r=q_{1}\), we have

$$\begin{aligned} u^{pq_{1}}(t) \leq&3^{q_{1}-1} a^{q_{1}}(t)+3^{q_{1}-1} \biggl(\frac {e^{p_{1}t}\Gamma(1-(1-\beta)p_{1})}{p_{1}^{1-(1-\beta)p_{1}}} \biggr)^{\frac{q_{1}}{p_{1}}} \\ &{}\cdot \biggl[ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}b^{q_{1}}(s)e^{-q_{1}s} u^{q_{1}q}(s)\,ds+ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}c^{q_{1}}(s)e^{-q_{1}s} u^{q_{1}l}(s-r)\,ds \biggr] . \end{aligned}$$

Let \(v(t)=e^{-\frac{q_{1}}{p}t}u^{q_{1}}(t)\), then we get

$$\begin{aligned} v^{p}(t) \leq&3^{q_{1}-1} a^{q_{1}}(t)e^{-q_{1}t}+3^{q_{1}-1} \biggl(\frac {\Gamma(1-(1-\beta)p_{1})}{ p_{1}^{1-(1-\beta)p_{1}}} \biggr)^{\frac{q_{1}}{p_{1}}} \\ &{}\cdot \biggl[ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}b^{q_{1}}(s)e^{(-q_{1}+\frac {q_{1}q}{p})s} v^{q}(s)\,ds+ \int_{t_{0}}^{t}c^{q_{1}}(s)e^{(-q_{1}+\frac{q_{1}l}{p})s} v^{l}(s-r)\,ds \biggr]. \end{aligned}$$

By Lemma 2.6 we get (3.3). This completes the proof of Theorem 3.1. □

Remark 3.1

If \(p=q=1\), then Theorem 3.1 becomes Theorem 5 in [5]. If \(p=q=l=1\), then Theorem 3.1 becomes Theorem 2.5 in [3]. If \(p=l=1\), \(b(t)=0\), then Theorem 3.1 becomes Theorem 2.4 in [3].

Theorem 3.2

Suppose that \(u(t)\), \(a(t)\), \(b(t)\), \(c(t)\), \(d(t)\), \(f(t)\) are nonnegative continuous functions for \(t\in R_{+}\). Let p, m, q be constants with \(p\geq m>0\), \(p\geq q >0\). If

$$ u^{p}(t) \leq a(t)+b(t) \int_{0}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}c(s) u^{m}(s)\,ds+d(t) \int_{0}^{t} \bigl(t^{\alpha}-s^{\alpha} \bigr)^{\beta -1}s^{\gamma-1}f(s) u^{q}(s)\,ds, $$
(3.4)

then for \([\alpha, \beta, \gamma]\in I\),

$$\begin{aligned} u(t) \leq& \biggl\{ a(t)+ \biggl[\bar{a}_{1}(t)+e^{\int_{0}^{t}\bar {b}_{1}(t,s)\,ds}\int_{0}^{t}e^{-\int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}_{1}(\tau ,s)\,ds} \\ &{}\cdot \biggl( \bar{a}_{1}(s) \bar{b}_{1}(\tau,\tau)+ \int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}'_{1\tau}( \tau ,s)\bar{a}_{1}(s)\,ds \biggr)\,d\tau \biggr]^{1-\beta} \biggr\} ^{\frac{1}{p}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.5)

where

$$\begin{aligned}& \bar{a}_{1}(t) = 3^{\frac{\beta}{1-\beta}} \bigl[b(t)e^{t}M_{1}^{\beta}A^{1-\beta}_{1}(t)+d(t) \bigl(N_{1} t^{\theta_{1}} \bigr)^{\beta}B_{1}^{1-\beta}(t) \bigr]^{\frac{1}{1-\beta}}, \\& \bar{b}_{1}(t,s) = 3^{\frac{\beta}{1-\beta}} \biggl[ \biggl( \frac {m}{p}K^{\frac{m-p}{p}}b(t)e^{t}M_{1}^{\beta} \biggr)^{\frac {1}{1-\beta}} e^{-\frac{1}{1-\beta}s} c^{\frac{1}{1-\beta}}(s) \\& \hphantom{\bar{b}_{1}(t,s) ={}}{}+ \biggl( \frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}d(t) \bigl(N_{1}t^{\theta_{1}} \bigr)^{\beta} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{1-\beta}}f^{\frac {1}{1-\beta}}(s) \biggr], \\& M_{1} = \frac{\Gamma (1-(1-\beta)\frac{1}{\beta} )}{ (\frac{1}{\beta} )^{1-(1-\beta)\frac{1}{\beta}}}= \frac{\Gamma(2-\frac{1}{\beta})}{ \beta^{\frac{1}{\beta}-2}}, \\& N_{1} = \frac{1}{\alpha}\cdot B \biggl(\frac{\frac{\gamma-1}{\beta }+1}{\alpha}, \frac{\beta-1}{\beta}+1 \biggr)=\frac{1}{\alpha}\cdot B \biggl(\frac{\beta+\gamma-1}{\alpha}, \frac{2\beta-1}{\beta} \biggr), \\& \theta_{1} = \frac{1}{\beta} \bigl[\alpha(\beta-1)+\gamma-1 \bigr]+1, \\& A_{1}(t) = \int_{0}^{t}e^{-\frac{1}{1-\beta}s}c^{\frac{1}{1-\beta }}(s) \biggl(\frac{m}{p}K^{\frac{m-p}{p}}a(s)+\frac{p-m}{p} K^{\frac{m}{p}} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{1-\beta}}\,ds, \\& B_{1}(t) = \int_{0}^{t}f^{\frac{1}{1-\beta}}(s) \biggl( \frac {q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}a(s)+\frac{p-q}{p} K^{\frac{q}{p}} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{1-\beta}}\,ds; \end{aligned}$$

for \([\alpha, \beta, \gamma]\in \mathit{II}\),

$$\begin{aligned} u(t) \leq& \biggl\{ a(t)+ \biggl[\bar{a}_{2}(t)+e^{\int_{0}^{t}\bar {b}_{2}(t,s)\,ds} \int_{0}^{t}e^{-\int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}_{2}(\tau ,s)\,ds} \\ &{}\cdot\biggl( \bar{a}_{2}(s) \bar{b}_{2}(\tau,\tau)+ \int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}'_{2\tau}( \tau ,s)\bar{a}_{2}(s)\,ds \biggr)\,d\tau \biggr]^{\frac{ \beta}{1+4\beta }} \biggr\} ^{\frac{1}{p}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.6)

where

$$\begin{aligned}& \bar{a}_{2}(t) = 3^{\frac{1+3\beta}{\beta}} \bigl[b(t)e^{t}M_{2}^{\frac{1+3 \beta}{1+4\beta}}A^{\frac{\beta}{1+4\beta }}_{2}(t)+d(t) \bigl(N_{2} t^{\theta_{2}} \bigr)^{\frac{1+3\beta}{1+4 \beta}}B_{2}^{\frac{\beta }{1+4\beta}}(t) \bigr]^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}}, \\& \bar{b}_{2}(t,s)= 3^{\frac{1+3\beta}{\beta}} \biggl[ \biggl( \frac {m}{p}K^{\frac{m-p}{p}}b(t)e^{t}M_{2} ^{\frac{1+3\beta}{1+4\beta}} \biggr)^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}} e^{-\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}s} c^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}}(s) \\& \hphantom{\bar{b}_{2}(t,s)={}}{}+ \biggl(\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac {q-p}{p}}d(t) \bigl(N_{2}t^{\theta_{2}} \bigr)^{\frac{1+3\beta}{1+4 \beta}} \biggr) ^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}}f^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}}(s) \biggr], \\& M_{2} = \frac{\Gamma (1-(1-\beta)\frac{1+4\beta}{1+3\beta } )}{ (\frac{1+4\beta}{1+3\beta} )^{1-(1-\beta )\frac{1+4\beta}{1+3\beta}}} =\frac{\Gamma (\frac{4\beta^{2}}{1+3\beta} )}{ (\frac{1+4\beta}{1+3\beta} )^{\frac{4\beta^{2}}{1+3\beta }}}, \\& N_{2} = \frac{1}{\alpha}\cdot B \biggl(\frac{\frac{1+4\beta}{1+3\beta}(\gamma-1)+1}{\alpha}, \frac{1+4\beta}{1+3\beta}(\beta-1)+1 \biggr) \\& \hphantom{N_{2}}=\frac{1}{\alpha }\cdot B \biggl( \frac{\gamma-\beta+4\beta\gamma}{\alpha(1+3\beta)},\frac {4\beta^{2}}{1+3\beta} \biggr), \\& \theta_{2} = \frac{1+4\beta}{1+3\beta} \bigl[\alpha(\beta-1)+\gamma-1 \bigr]+1, \\& A_{2}(t) = \int_{0}^{t}e^{-\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}s}c^{\frac {1+4\beta}{\beta}}(s) \biggl(\frac{m}{p}K^{\frac{m-p}{p}}a(s)+\frac{p-m}{p} K^{\frac{m}{p}} \biggr)^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}}\,ds, \\& B_{2}(t) = \int_{0}^{t}f^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}}(s) \biggl( \frac {q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}a(s)+\frac{p-q}{p} K^{\frac{q}{p}} \biggr)^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}}\,ds. \end{aligned}$$

Proof

Define

$$ v(t)=b(t) \int_{0}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}c(s) u^{m}(s)\,ds+d(t) \int _{0}^{t} \bigl(t^{\alpha}-s^{\alpha} \bigr)^{\beta-1}s^{\gamma-1}f(s) u^{q}(s)\,ds, $$
(3.7)

then

$$ u^{p}(t)\leq a(t)+v(t)\quad \mbox{or} \quad u(t)\leq \bigl\{ a(t)+v(t) \bigr\} ^{\frac{1}{p}}. $$
(3.8)

By Lemma 2.2, from (3.7), for any \(K>0\), we have

$$\begin{aligned} v(t) \leq& b(t) \int_{0}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}c(s) \biggl[ \frac {m}{p}K^{\frac{m-p}{p}} \bigl(a(s)+v(s) \bigr)+\frac{p-m}{p}K^{\frac {m}{p}} \biggr] \,ds \\ &{}+d(t) \int_{0}^{t} \bigl(t^{\alpha}-s^{\alpha} \bigr)^{\beta-1}s^{\gamma -1}f(s) \biggl[\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}} \bigl(a(s)+v(s) \bigr)+\frac {p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}} \biggr]\,ds \\ =&A(t)+\frac{m}{p}K^{\frac{m-p}{p}}b(t) \int_{0}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta -1}c(s) v(s)\,ds \\ &{}+ \frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}d(t) \int _{0}^{t} \bigl(t^{\alpha}-s^{\alpha} \bigr)^{\beta-1}s^{\gamma -1}f(s)v(s)\,ds \\ =&A(t)+\frac{m}{p}K^{\frac{m-p}{p}}b(t)\cdot B(t)+\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}d(t) \cdot C(t). \end{aligned}$$
(3.9)

Here

$$\begin{aligned}& A(t) = b(t) \int_{0}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}c(s) \biggl[ \frac {m}{p}K^{\frac{m-p}{p}}a(s)+\frac{p-m}{p}K^{\frac{m}{p}} \biggr] \,ds \\& \hphantom{A(t) ={}}{} + d(t) \int_{0}^{t} \bigl(t^{\alpha}-s^{\alpha} \bigr)^{\beta-1}f(s)s^{\gamma -1} \biggl[\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}a(s)+ \frac{p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}} \biggr]\,ds, \\& B(t) = \int_{0}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}c(s) v(s)\,ds, \\& C(t) = \int_{0}^{t} \bigl(t^{\alpha}-s^{\alpha} \bigr)^{\beta-1}s^{\gamma-1}f(s)v(s)\,ds. \end{aligned}$$

Now we try to estimate \(A(t)\), \(B(t)\), and \(C(t) \).

If \([\alpha,\beta,\gamma]\in I\), let \(p_{1}=\frac{1}{\beta}\), \(q_{1}=\frac{1}{1-\beta}\); if \([\alpha,\beta,\gamma]\in\mathit{II}\), let \(p_{2}=\frac{1+4\beta}{1+3\beta}\), \(q_{2}=\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}\). Then \(\frac{1}{p_{i}}+\frac{1}{q_{i}}=1\) for \(i=1, 2\). Using Hölder’s inequality, Lemma 2.3, and Lemma 2.4 we get

$$\begin{aligned} A(t) \leq& b(t) \biggl[ \int_{0}^{t}(t-s)^{p_{i}(\beta -1)}e^{p_{i}s} \,ds \biggr]^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}} \\ &{}\cdot\biggl[ \int_{0}^{t} e^{-q_{i}s}c^{q_{i}}(s) \biggl( \frac{m}{p}K^{\frac {m-p}{p}}a(s)+\frac{p-m}{p}K^{\frac{m}{p}} \biggr)^{q_{i}} \,ds \biggr]^{\frac{1}{q_{i}}} \\ &{}+d(t) \biggl[ \int_{0}^{t} \bigl(t^{\alpha}-s^{\alpha} \bigr)^{p_{i}(\beta -1)}s^{p_{i}(\gamma-1)}\,ds \biggr]^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}} \\ &{}\cdot \biggl[ \int_{0}^{t}f^{q_{i}}(s) \biggl( \frac{q}{p}K^{\frac {q-p}{p}}a(s)+\frac{p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}} \biggr)^{q_{i}}\,ds \biggr]^{\frac{1}{q_{i}}} \\ =&b(t) \biggl(\frac{e^{p_{i}t}\Gamma(1-(1-\beta )p_{i})}{p_{i}^{1-(1-\beta)p_{i}}} \biggr) ^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}} \\ &{}\cdot \biggl[ \int_{0}^{t} e^{-q_{i}s}c^{q_{i}}(s) \biggl( \frac{m}{p}K^{\frac {m-p}{p}}a(s)+\frac{p-m}{p}K^{\frac{m}{p}} \biggr)^{q_{i}} \,ds \biggr]^{\frac{1}{q_{i}}} \\ &{}+d(t) \biggl[\frac{t^{\theta_{i}}}{\alpha}B \biggl(\frac {p_{i}(\gamma-1)+1}{\alpha}, p_{i}(\beta-1)+1 \biggr) \biggr]^{\frac {1}{p_{i}}} \\ &{}\cdot\biggl[ \int_{0}^{t}f^{q_{i}}(s) \biggl( \frac{q}{p}K^{\frac {q-p}{p}}a(s)+\frac{p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}} \biggr)^{q_{i}}\,ds \biggr]^{\frac{1}{q_{i}}} \\ =& b(t)e^{t}M_{i}^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}}A_{i}^{\frac {1}{q_{i}}}(t)+d(t) \bigl(N_{i}t^{\theta_{i}} \bigr)^{\frac {1}{p_{i}}}B_{i}^{\frac{1}{q_{i}}}(t). \end{aligned}$$
(3.10)

Here

$$\begin{aligned}& \theta_{i} = p_{i} \bigl[\alpha(\beta-1)+\gamma-1 \bigr]+1, \\& M_{i} = \frac{\Gamma(1-(1-\beta)p_{i})}{p_{i}^{1-(1-\beta)p_{i}}},\qquad N_{i}= \frac{1}{\alpha}B \biggl(\frac{p_{i}(\gamma -1)+1}{\alpha}, p_{i}(\beta-1)+1 \biggr), \\& A_{i}(t) = \int_{0}^{t} e^{-q_{i}s}c^{q_{i}}(s) \biggl( \frac {m}{p}K^{\frac{m-p}{p}}a(s)+\frac{p-m}{p}K^{\frac{m}{p}} \biggr)^{q_{i}} \,ds, \\& B_{i}(t) = \int_{0}^{t}f^{q_{i}}(s) \biggl( \frac{q}{p}K^{\frac {q-p}{p}}a(s)+\frac{p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}} \biggr)^{q_{i}}\,ds , \quad i=1, 2. \end{aligned}$$

Similarly, we can get

$$\begin{aligned} B(t) \leq& \biggl[ \int_{0}^{t}(t-s)^{p_{i}(\beta-1)}e^{p_{i}s} \,ds \biggr]^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}} \biggl[ \int_{0}^{t}e^{-q_{i}s} c^{q_{i}}(s)v^{q_{i}}(s) \,ds \biggr]^{\frac{1}{q_{i}}} \\ =&e^{t}M_{i}^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}} \biggl[ \int_{0}^{t}e^{-q_{i}s} c^{q_{i}}(s)v^{q_{i}}(s) \,ds \biggr]^{\frac{1}{q_{i}}} \end{aligned}$$
(3.11)

and

$$\begin{aligned} C(t) \leq& \biggl[ \int_{0}^{t} \bigl(t^{\alpha}-s^{\alpha} \bigr)^{p_{i}(\beta -1)}s^{p_{i}(\gamma-1)}\,ds \biggr]^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}} \biggl[ \int _{0}^{t} f^{q_{i}}(s)v^{q_{i}}(s) \,ds \biggr]^{\frac{1}{q_{i}}} \\ =& \bigl(N_{i}t^{\theta_{i}} \bigr)^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}} \biggl[ \int_{0}^{t} f^{q_{i}}(s)v^{q_{i}}(s) \,ds \biggr]^{\frac{1}{q_{i}}}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.12)

From (3.9), (3.11), and (3.12) we get

$$\begin{aligned} v(t) \leq& A(t)+\frac{m}{p}K^{\frac{m-p}{p}}b(t)e^{t}M_{i}^{\frac {1}{p_{i}}} \biggl[ \int_{0}^{t} e^{-q_{i}s} c^{q_{i}}(s)v^{q_{i}}(s) \,ds \biggr]^{\frac{1}{q_{i}}} \\ &{}+\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}d(t) \bigl(N_{i}t^{\theta_{i}} \bigr)^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}} \biggl[ \int_{0}^{t} f^{q_{i}}(s)v^{q_{i}}(s) \,ds \biggr]^{\frac{1}{q_{i}}}. \end{aligned}$$

Using Lemma 2.1 and (3.10) we can get

$$\begin{aligned} v^{q_{i}}(t) \leq& 3^{q_{i}-1} A^{q_{i}}(t)+3^{q_{i}-1} \biggl(\frac {m}{p}K^{\frac{m-p}{p}}b(t)e^{t}M_{i}^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}} \biggr)^{q_{i}} \int_{0}^{t} e^{-q_{i}s} c^{q_{i}}(s)v^{q_{i}}(s) \,ds \\ &{}+3^{q_{i}-1} \biggl(\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}d(t) \bigl(N_{i}t^{\theta _{i}} \bigr)^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}} \biggr)^{q_{i}} \int_{0}^{t} f^{q_{i}}(s)v^{q_{i}}(s) \,ds \\ =&3^{q_{i}-1} A^{q_{i}}(t)+e_{i}(t) \int_{0}^{t}e^{-q_{i}s} c^{q_{i}}(s)v^{q_{i}}(s) \,ds+g_{i}(t) \int_{0}^{t} f^{q_{i}}(s)v^{q_{i}}(s) \,ds \\ \leq&3^{q_{i}-1} \bigl[b(t)e^{t}M_{i}^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}}A_{i}^{\frac {1}{q_{i}}}(t) +d(t) \bigl(N_{i}t^{\theta_{i}} \bigr)^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}}B_{i}^{\frac {1}{q_{i}}}(t) \bigr]^{q_{i}} \\ &{}+ \int_{0}^{t} \bigl[e_{i}(t)e^{-q_{i}s}c^{q_{i}}(s)+g_{i}(t) f^{q_{i}}(s) \bigr]v^{q_{i}}(s)\,ds. \end{aligned}$$
(3.13)

Here

$$ e_{i}(t)=3^{q_{i}-1} \biggl(\frac{m}{p}K^{\frac {m-p}{p}}b(t)e^{t}M_{i}^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}} \biggr)^{q_{i}},\qquad g_{i}(t)=3^{q_{i}-1} \biggl( \frac{q}{p}K^{\frac {q-p}{p}}d(t) \bigl(N_{i}t^{\theta_{i}} \bigr)^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}} \biggr)^{q_{i}}. $$

By Lemma 2.7 we have

$$ v^{q_{i}}(t) \leq \bar{a}(t)+e^{\int_{0}^{t}\bar{b}(t,s)\,ds} \int _{0}^{t}e^{-\int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}(\tau,s)\,ds} \biggl[\bar{a}(s) \bar {b}(\tau, \tau)+ \int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}'_{\tau}( \tau,s)\bar {a}(s)\,ds \biggr]\,d\tau. $$
(3.14)

Here

$$\begin{aligned}& \bar{a}_{i}(t)=3^{q_{i}-1} \bigl[b(t)e^{t}M_{i}^{\frac {1}{p_{i}}}A_{i}^{\frac{1}{q_{i}}}(t)+d(t) \bigl(N_{i}t^{\theta _{i}} \bigr)^{\frac{1}{p_{i}}}B_{i}^{\frac{1}{q_{i}}}(t) \bigr]^{q_{i}}, \\& \bar{b}_{i}(t, s)=e_{i}(t)e^{-q_{i}s}c^{q_{i}}(s)+g_{i}(t)f^{q_{i}}(s). \end{aligned}$$

Combining (3.8) and (3.14) we get

$$\begin{aligned} u(t) \leq& \biggl\{ a(t)+ \biggl[\bar{a}_{i}(t)+e^{\int_{0}^{t}\bar{b}_{i}(t,s)\,ds} \int_{0}^{t} e^{-\int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}_{i}(\tau,s)\,ds} \\ &{}\cdot\biggl( \bar{a}_{i}(s)\bar {b}_{i}(\tau, \tau)+ \int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}'_{i\tau}( \tau, s)\bar{a}_{i}(s)\,ds \biggr)\,d\tau \biggr]^{\frac{1}{q_{i}}} \biggr\} ^{\frac{1}{p}}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.15)

Considering the two situations for \(i=1, 2\) and using the parameters α, β, and γ to \(p_{i}\), \(q_{i}\) and \(\theta_{i}\) in (3.15), we can get (3.4) and (3.5), respectively. This completes the proof of Theorem 3.2. □

Corollary 3.1

Suppose that the conditions of Theorem  3.2 hold, if \(b(t)=0\), then

$$ u^{p}(t) \leq a(t)+d(t) \int_{0}^{t} \bigl(t^{\alpha}-s^{\alpha} \bigr)^{\beta -1}s^{\gamma-1}f(s) u^{q}(s)\,ds $$

and we deduce the following results.

For \([\alpha, \beta, \gamma]\in I\),

$$\begin{aligned} u(t) \leq& \biggl\{ a(t)+ \biggl[\bar{a}_{3}(t)+e^{\int_{0}^{t}\bar {b}_{3}(t,s)\,ds} \int_{0}^{t}e^{\int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}_{3}(\tau ,s)\,ds} \\ &{}\cdot\biggl( \bar{a}_{3}(s) \bar{b}_{3}(\tau,\tau)+ \int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}'_{3\tau}( \tau ,s)\bar{a}_{3}(s)\,ds \biggr)\,d\tau \biggr]^{1-\beta} \biggr\} ^{\frac{1}{p}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.16)

where

$$\begin{aligned}& \bar{a}_{3}(t) = \bigl(3^{\beta}d(t)N_{1}^{\beta}t^{(\alpha +1)(\beta-1)+\gamma} \bigr)^{\frac{1}{1-\beta}}B_{1}(t), \\& \bar{b}_{3}(t,s) = 3^{\frac{\beta}{1-\beta}} \biggl(\frac {q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}d(t)N_{1}^{\beta}t^{(\alpha+1)(\beta -1)+\gamma} f(s) \biggr)^{\frac{1}{1-\beta}}, \end{aligned}$$

\(N_{1}\), \(B_{1}(t)\) are the same as in Theorem  3.2.

For \([\alpha, \beta, \gamma]\in \mathit{II}\),

$$\begin{aligned} u(t) \leq& \biggl\{ a(t)+ \biggl[\bar{a}_{4}(t)+e^{\int_{0}^{t}\bar {b}_{4}(t,s)\,ds} \int_{0}^{t}e^{\int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}_{4}(\tau ,s)\,ds} \\ &{}\cdot\biggl( \bar{a}_{4}(s) \bar{b}_{4}(\tau,\tau)+ \int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}'_{4\tau}( \tau ,s)\bar{a}_{4}(s)\,ds \biggr)\,d\tau \biggr]^{\frac{ \beta}{1+4\beta }} \biggr\} ^{\frac{1}{p}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.17)

where

$$\begin{aligned}& \bar{a}_{4}(t) = 3^{\frac{1+3\beta}{\beta}} \bigl[d(t)N_{2}^{\frac {1+3\beta}{1+4\beta}} t^{\frac{ [\alpha(\beta-1)+\gamma ](1+3\beta)+\beta}{1+3\beta }} \bigr]^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}}B_{2}(t), \\& \bar{b}_{4}(t,s) = 3^{\frac{1+3\beta}{\beta}} \biggl(\frac {q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}d(t)N_{2}^{\frac{1+3\beta}{1+4\beta}} t^{\frac{[\alpha(\beta-1)+\gamma](1+3\beta)+\beta}{1+3\beta }}f(s) \biggr)^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}}, \end{aligned}$$

\(N_{2}\), \(B_{2}(t)\) are the same as in Theorem  3.2.

Corollary 3.2

Suppose that the conditions of Theorem  3.2 hold, \(\alpha=\gamma=1\). If

$$ u^{p}(t) \leq a(t)+b(t) \int_{0}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}c(s) u^{m}(s)\,ds+d(t) \int_{0}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}f(s) u^{q}(s)\,ds, $$

then for \([\alpha, \beta, \gamma]\in I\),

$$\begin{aligned} u(t) \leq& \biggl\{ a(t)+ \biggl[\bar{a}_{5}(t)+e^{\int_{0}^{t}\bar {b}_{1}(t,s)\,ds} \int_{0}^{t}e^{\int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}_{1}(\tau ,s)\,ds} \\ &{}\cdot \biggl( \bar{a}_{5}(s) \bar{b}_{1}(\tau,\tau)+ \int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}'_{5\tau}( \tau ,s)\bar{a}_{5}(s)\,ds \biggr)\,d\tau \biggr]^{1-\beta} \biggr\} ^{\frac{1}{p}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.18)

where

$$\begin{aligned}& \bar{a}_{5}(t) = 3^{\frac{\beta}{1-\beta}} \bigl[b(t)e^{t}M_{1}^{\beta}A_{1}^{1-\beta}(t) +d(t) \bigl(\bar{N}_{1}t^{\bar{\theta}_{1}} \bigr)^{\beta}B_{1}^{1-\beta }(t) \bigr]^{\frac{1}{1-\beta}}, \\& \bar{b}_{5}(t,s) = 3^{\frac{\beta}{1-\beta}} \biggl[ \biggl( \frac {m}{p}K^{\frac{m-p}{p}}b(t)M_{1}^{\beta} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{1-\beta }}e^{\frac{1}{\beta-1}s} c^{\frac{1}{\beta-1}}(s)+ \biggl( \frac{q}{p}K^{\frac {q-p}{p}}d(t) \bigl(N_{1}t^{\bar{\theta}_{1}} \bigr)^{\beta} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{1-\beta}}f^{\frac{1}{1-\beta}}(s) \biggr], \\& \bar{N}_{1} = B \biggl(1, \frac{2\beta-1}{\beta} \biggr), \qquad \bar{ \theta}_{1}=\frac{1}{\beta}(\beta-1)+1=\frac{2\beta -1}{\beta}, \end{aligned}$$

\(M_{1}\), \(A_{1}(t)\), \(B_{1}(t)\) are the same as in Theorem  3.2.

For \([\alpha, \beta, \gamma]\in \mathit{II}\),

$$\begin{aligned} u(t) \leq& \biggl\{ a(t)+ \biggl[\bar{a}_{6}(t)+e^{\int_{0}^{t}\bar {b}_{6}(t,s)\,ds} \int_{0}^{t}e^{\int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}_{6}(\tau ,s)\,ds} \\ &{}\cdot\biggl( \bar{a}_{6}(s) \bar{b}_{6}(\tau,\tau)+ \int_{0}^{\tau}\bar{b}'_{6\tau}( \tau ,s)\bar{a}_{6}(s)\,ds \biggr)\,d\tau \biggr]^{\frac{ \beta}{1+4\beta }} \biggr\} ^{\frac{1}{p}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.19)

where

$$\begin{aligned}& \bar{a}_{6}(t) = 3^{\frac{1+3\beta}{\beta}} \bigl[b(t)e^{t}M_{2}^{\frac{1+3 \beta}{1+4\beta}}A_{2}^{\frac{\beta }{1+4\beta}}(t)+d(t) \bigl(\bar{N}_{2} t^{\bar{\theta}_{2}} \bigr)^{\frac{1+3\beta}{1+4\beta}}B_{2}^{\frac{\beta}{1+4\beta}}(t) \bigr]^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}}, \\& \bar{b}_{6}(t,s) = 3^{\frac{1+3\beta}{\beta}} \biggl[ \biggl( \frac {m}{p}K^{\frac{m-p}{p}}b(t)e^{t} M_{2}^{\frac{1+3 \beta}{1+4\beta}} \biggr)^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}} e^{-\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}s} c^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}}(s) \\& \hphantom{\bar{b}_{6}(t,s) ={}}{}+ \biggl(\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac {q-p}{p}}d(t) \bigl(\bar{N}_{2}t^{\bar{\theta}_{2}} \bigr)^{\frac {1+3\beta}{1+4\beta}} \biggr) ^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}}f^{\frac{1+4\beta}{\beta}}(s) \biggr], \\& \bar{N}_{2} = B \biggl(1, \frac{4\beta^{2}}{1+3\beta} \biggr), \\& \bar{\theta}_{2} = \frac{1+4\beta}{1+3\beta}(\beta-1)+1=\frac {4\beta^{2}}{1+3\beta}, \end{aligned}$$

\(M_{2}\), \(A_{2}(t)\), \(B_{2}(t)\) are the same as in Theorem  3.2.

Remark 3.2

If \(b(t)=0\), then Theorem 3.2 becomes Theorem 2.6 in [2].

Remark 3.3

If \(b(t)=d(t)=1\), \(p=m=\alpha =\gamma=1\), then Theorem 3.2 becomes Theorem 4 in [4]. Due to the difference in methods, our results are not the same as in [2]. The results in Theorem 3.2 have the simple exponential function of Theorem 4 in [2].

4 Applications

(1) Consider the delay fractional differential equations with initial condition

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} {}^{\mathrm{C}}_{t_{0}}D_{t}^{\beta}x^{p}(t)=f(t, x(t), x(t-r)), \quad t\in I=[t_{0}, T), \\ {}^{\mathrm{C}}_{t_{0}}D_{t}^{\beta} x(t_{0})=b_{k}, \quad k=0,1,2,\ldots,m-1, \\ x(t)=\varphi(t), \quad t\in I=[t_{0}-r, t_{0}). \end{cases} $$
(4.1)

Here \({}^{\mathrm{C}}_{t_{0}}D_{t}^{\beta}\) is the Caputo fractional derivative of order β (\(m-1\leq\beta< m\)), \(r\in R_{+}\) is a real constant, \(f(t, y, z)\in C(I\times R^{2}, R)\), φ is a given continuously differentiable function on \([t_{0}-r, t_{0}]\) up to order m (\(m=-[-\beta]\)). In this case, we denote \(\varphi^{k}(t_{0})=b_{k}\), \(k=0,1,2,\ldots, m-1\).

In [17], the initial value problem (4.1) is equivalent to the Volterra fractional integral equation

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} x^{p}(t)=\sum_{k=0}^{m-1}\frac{b_{k}}{k!}(t-t_{0})^{k}+\frac {1}{\Gamma(\beta)}\int_{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}f(s, x(s), x(s-r))\,ds, \quad t\in I, \\ x(t)=\varphi(t), \quad t\in I=[t_{0}-r, t_{0}). \end{cases} $$
(4.2)

The next theorem deals with the estimates of the solution of (4.2).

Theorem 4.1

Suppose that \(|f(t,y,z)|\leq b(t)|y|^{q}+c(t)|z|^{l}\), \(t\in I\), \(m, p, q, l\in R_{+}\), \(p\geq q\), \(p\geq l\), \(b(t), c(t)\in C(I, R_{+})\). If \(x(t)\) is the solution of initial problem (4.2), then the following estimations hold.

(i) Suppose that \(\beta>\frac{1}{2}\), then

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} |x(t)| \leq \{g_{1}(t)+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}k_{1}(s)\varphi ^{l}(s-r)\,ds+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}F_{1}(s)e^{\int_{s}^{t}G_{1}(\tau)\,d\tau }\,ds \}^{\frac{1}{p}}, \quad t\in[t_{0}, t_{0}+r), \\ |x(t)|\leq \{g_{1}(t)+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}F_{2}(s)e^{\int_{s}^{t}G_{2}(\tau )\,d\tau}\,ds \}^{\frac{1}{p}} \quad t\in[t_{0}+r, T). \end{cases} $$
(4.3)

Here

$$\begin{aligned}& g_{1}(t)=3e^{-2t} \Biggl[\sum_{k=0}^{m-1} \frac {|b_{k}|}{k!}(t-t_{0})^{k} \Biggr]^{2}, \qquad h_{1}(t)=\frac{6\Gamma(2\beta-1)}{4^{\beta}}e^{2t(\frac {q}{p}-1)} \biggl[ \frac{b(t)}{\Gamma(\beta)} \biggr]^{2}, \\& k_{1}(t)=\frac{6\Gamma(2\beta-1)}{4^{\beta}} \biggl[\frac {c(t)}{\Gamma(\beta)} \biggr]^{2}e^{2t(\frac{l}{p}-1)}, \\& F_{1}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}h_{1}(t) \biggl[g_{1}(t)+ \int _{t_{0}}^{t}k_{1}(s) \varphi^{l}(s-r)\,ds \biggr]+\frac{p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}},\qquad G_{1}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}h_{1}(t), \\& F_{2}(t)= \biggl[\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}g_{1}(t)+ \frac {p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}} \biggr]h_{1}(t)+ \biggl[ \frac{l}{p}K^{\frac {l-p}{p}}g_{1}(t-r) +\frac{p-l}{p}K^{\frac{l}{p}} \biggr]k_{1}(t), \\& G_{2}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}h_{1}(t)+ \frac{l}{p}K^{\frac {l-p}{p}}k_{1}(t) . \end{aligned}$$

(ii) If \(0<\beta\leq\frac{1}{2}\), then

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} |x(t)| \leq \{g_{2}(t)+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}k_{2}(s)\varphi ^{l}(s-r)\,ds+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}F_{3}(s) e^{\int_{s}^{t}G_{3}(\tau)\,d\tau}\,ds \}^{\frac{1}{p}}, \quad t\in[t_{0}, t_{0}+r), \\ |x(t)|\leq \{g_{2}(t)+\int_{t_{0}}^{t}F_{4}(s)e^{\int_{s}^{t}G_{4}(\tau )\,d\tau}\,ds \}^{\frac{1}{p}}, \quad t\in[t_{0}+r, T). \end{cases} $$
(4.4)

Here

$$\begin{aligned}& g_{2}(t)=3^{\frac{1}{\beta}}e^{-\frac{1+\beta}{\beta}t} \Biggl[\sum _{k=0}^{m-1}\frac{|b_{k}|}{k!}(t-t_{0})^{k} \Biggr]^{\frac {1+\beta}{\beta}}, \\& h_{2}(t)=3^{\frac{1}{\beta}} \biggl(\frac{\Gamma(\beta ^{2})}{(1+\beta)^{\beta^{2}}} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{\beta}} e^{ [-\frac{1+\beta}{\beta}+\frac{q}{p}(1+\beta) ]t} \biggl[\frac{b(t)}{\Gamma(\beta)} \biggr]^{\frac{1+\beta}{\beta }}, \\& k_{2}(t)=3^{\frac{1}{\beta}} \biggl(\frac{\Gamma(\beta ^{2})}{(1+\beta)^{\beta^{2}}} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{\beta}} e^{ [-\frac{1+\beta}{\beta}+\frac{q}{p}(1+\beta) ]t} \biggl[\frac{c(t)}{\Gamma(\beta)} \biggr]^{\frac{1+\beta}{\beta }}, \\& F_{3}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}h_{2}(t) \biggl[g_{2}(t)+ \int _{t_{0}}^{t}k_{2}(s) \varphi^{l}(s-r)\,ds \biggr]+\frac{p-q}{p}K^{\frac {q}{p}}, \qquad G_{3}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}h_{2}(t), \\& F_{4}(t)= \biggl[\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}g_{2}(t)+ \frac {p-q}{p}K^{\frac{q}{p}} \biggr]h_{2}(t)+ \biggl[ \frac{l}{p}K^{\frac {l-p}{p}}g_{2}(t-r) +\frac{p-l}{p}K^{\frac{l}{p}} \biggr]k_{2}(t), \\& G_{4}(t)=\frac{q}{p}K^{\frac{q-p}{p}}h_{2}(t)+ \frac{l}{p}K^{\frac {l-p}{p}}k_{2}(t) . \end{aligned}$$

Proof

By (4.2), we derive that

$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} |x(t)|^{p}\leq\sum_{k=0}^{m-1}\frac{|b_{k}|}{k!}(t-t_{0})^{k}+\frac {1}{\Gamma(\beta)}\int_{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}b(s)|x(s)|^{q}\,ds \\ \hphantom{|x(t)|^{p}\leq{}}{}+\frac{1}{\Gamma(\beta)}\int_{t_{0}}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta-1}c(s)|x(s-r)|^{l}\,ds,\quad t\in I, \\ |x(t)|=|\varphi(t)|, \quad t\in[t_{0}-r, t_{0}). \end{cases} $$
(4.5)

Using Theorem 3.1, we get the desired conclusion. This proves the results (4.3) and (4.4). □

(2) In this section, based on the definition of Riemann-Liouville (R-L) and Erdélyi-Kober (E-K) fractional integral, we will study the boundedness of a certain FDE with R-L fractional operator and E-K fractional operator. The definitions of two fractional operators are given below.

Definition 4.1

([17])

The R-L fractional integral and fractional derivative of order α of the function \(f(x)\in C(R_{+}, R)\) are given by

$$\begin{aligned}& I^{\alpha}f(x)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int_{0}^{x}(x-t)^{\alpha-1}f(t)\,dt, \quad \alpha>0, \\& D^{\alpha}f(x)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(1-\alpha)}\frac{d}{dx} \int _{0}^{x}(x-t)^{-\alpha}f(t)\,dt,\quad 0< \alpha< 1, \end{aligned}$$

provided that the right side is point-wise defined on \(R_{+}\).

Definition 4.2

([18, 19])

The E-K fractional integral of continuous function \(f(x)\in C(R_{+}, R)\) is defined by

$$ I^{\gamma,\delta}_{\beta}f(x)=\frac{x^{-\beta(\gamma+\delta )}}{\Gamma(\delta)} \int_{0}^{x} \bigl(x^{\beta}-t^{\beta} \bigr)^{\delta -1}t^{\beta\gamma}f(t)d \bigl(t^{\beta} \bigr),\quad \delta, \gamma, \beta\in R_{+}, $$

provided that the right side is point-wise defined on \(R_{+}\).

Consider the following Volterra type integral equations:

$$ u^{p}(t)-\frac{b(t)}{\Gamma(\beta)} \int_{0}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta -1}c(s)u^{m}(s) \,ds-\frac{d(t)}{\Gamma(\beta)} \int_{0}^{t} \bigl(t^{\alpha}-s^{\alpha} \bigr)^{\beta-1}s^{\gamma-1}f(s)u^{q}(s)\,ds=a(t). $$
(4.6)

Theorem 4.2

Let \(u(t), a(t), b(t), c(t), d(t), f(t)\in C[0,\infty)\), p, m, q, α, β, γ be the same as in Theorem  3.2. Then, for any \(K>0\), every solution of equation (4.6) has the bounds and the same modality as (3.5), (3.6), in which we have \(|u(t)|\), \(|a(t)|\), \(\frac{|b(t)|}{\Gamma (\beta)}\), \(|c(t)|\), \(\frac{|d(t)|}{\Gamma(\beta)}\), \(|f(t)|\) instead of \(u(t)\), \(a(t)\), \(b(t)\), \(c(t)\), \(d(t)\), and \(f(t)\).

Proof

From (4.6) we have

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\vert u(t) \bigr\vert ^{p} \leq& \bigl\vert a(t) \bigr\vert + \frac{\vert b(t)\vert }{\Gamma(\beta)} \int_{0}^{t}(t-s)^{\beta -1} \bigl\vert c(s) \bigr\vert \bigl\vert u(s) \bigr\vert ^{m}\,ds \\ &{}-\frac{\vert d(t)\vert }{\Gamma(\beta)} \int_{0}^{t} \bigl(t^{\alpha}-s^{\alpha} \bigr)^{\beta-1}s^{\gamma-1} \bigl\vert f(s) \bigr\vert \bigl\vert u(s) \bigr\vert ^{q}\,ds. \end{aligned}$$

Then by the difference in the selection of \(a(t)\), \(b(t)\), \(c(t)\), \(d(t)\), \(f(t)\), p, m, q, α, β, γ, we get the desired results. □

References

  1. Denton, Z, Vatsala, AS: Fractional integral inequalities and applications. Comput. Math. Appl. 59, 1087-1094 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Ye, H, Gao, J, Ding, Y: A generalized Gronwall inequality and its application to a fractional differential equation. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 328, 1075-1081 (2007)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Medved̆, M: A new approach to an analysis of Henry type integral inequalities and their Bihari type versions. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 214, 349-366 (1997)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Medved̆, M: Integral inequalities and global solutions of semilinear evolution equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 267, 643-650 (2002)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  5. Ye, H, Gao, J: Henry-Gronwall type retarded integral inequalities and their applications to fractional differential equations with delay. Appl. Math. Comput. 218, 4152-4160 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Shao, J, Meng, F: Gronwall-Bellman type inequalities and their applications to fractional differential equations. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2013, Article ID 217641 (2013). doi:10.1155/2013/217641

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Feng, Q, Meng, F: Some new Gronwall-type inequalities arising in the research of fractional differential equations. J. Inequal. Appl. 2013, 429 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Ma, Q, Pečarić, Q: Some new explicit bounds for weakly singular integral inequalities with applications to fractional differential and integral equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 341, 894-905 (2008)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  9. Cheung, WS, Ma, QH, Tseng, S: Some new nonlinear weakly singular integral inequalities of Wendroff type with applications. J. Inequal. Appl. 2008, Article ID 909156 (2008)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang, H, Zheng, K: Some nonlinear weakly singular integral inequalities with two variables and applications. J. Inequal. Appl. 2010, Article ID 345701 (2010)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. Lakhal, F: A new nonlinear integral inequity of Wendroff type with continuous and weakly singular kernel and its application. J. Math. Inequal. 6(3), 367-379 (2012)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Henry, D: Geometric Theory of Semilinear Parabolic Equations. Springer, Berlin (1981)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Jiang, FC, Meng, FW: Explicit bounds on some new nonlinear integral inequalities with delay. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 205, 479-486 (2007)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Prudnikov, AP, Brychkov, YA, Marichev, OI: Integrals and Series: Elementary Functions, vol. 1. Nauka, Moscow (1981) (in Russian)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Ma, QH, Yang, EH: Estimations on solutions of some weakly singular Volterra integral inequalities. Acta Math. Appl. Sin. 25, 505-515 (2002)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhang, H, Meng, F: Integral inequalities in two independent variables for retarded Volterra equations. Appl. Math. Comput. 199, 90-98 (2008)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  17. Podlubny, I: Fractional Differential Equations. Academic Press, San Diego (1999)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Kiryakova, VS: Generalized Fractional Calculus and Applications. Pitman Res. Notes Math. Ser., vol. 301. Longman, Harlow (1994)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. Al-Saqabi, B, Kiryakova, VS: Explicit solutions of fractional integral and differential equations involving Erdélyi-Kober operators. Appl. Math. Comput. 95, 1-13 (1998)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research is supported by National Science Foundation of China (11171178 and 11271225).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Run Xu.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

RX carried out the generalized weakly singular integral inequalities and completed the corresponding proof. FM participated in Section 4 - Applications. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Xu, R., Meng, F. Some new weakly singular integral inequalities and their applications to fractional differential equations. J Inequal Appl 2016, 78 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-016-1015-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-016-1015-2

MSC

Keywords