Theorem 3.1
The double inequalities
$$ \frac{e^{t}}{1+2t}< I_{0}(t)< \frac{e^{t}}{\sqrt{1+2t}} $$
(3.1)
and
$$ \frac{b}{1+\log(b/a)}< TQ(a,b)< \frac{b}{\sqrt{1+\log(b/a)}} $$
(3.2)
hold for all
\(t>0\)
and
\(b>a>0\).
Proof
From (1.8) we have
$$ I_{0}(t)=\frac{2}{\pi} \int_{0}^{\pi/2}\cosh(t\sin\theta)\,d\theta= \frac {2}{\pi} \int_{0}^{1}\frac{\cosh(tx)}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\,dx $$
(3.3)
and
$$\begin{aligned} e^{-t}I_{0}(t) =&\frac{2}{\pi} \int_{0}^{\pi/2}e^{t[\cos(2\theta )-1]}\,d\theta= \frac{2}{\pi} \int_{0}^{\pi/2}\frac{d\theta}{e^{2t\sin ^{2}\theta}} \\ < &\frac{2}{\pi} \int_{0}^{\pi/2}\frac{d\theta}{1+2t\sin^{2}\theta}=\frac {1}{\sqrt{1+2t}}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.4)
We clearly see that both \(\cosh(tx)\) and \(1/\sqrt{1-x^{2}}\) are increasing with respect to x on \((0, 1)\). Then Lemma 2.9 and (3.3) lead to
$$\begin{aligned} I_{0}(t) \geq&\frac{2}{\pi} \int_{0}^{1}\frac{dx}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \int _{0}^{1}\cosh(tx)\,dx=\frac{\sinh t}{t} \\ =&\frac{e^{t}}{2t} \biggl(1-\frac{1}{e^{2t}} \biggr)>\frac{e^{t}}{2t} \biggl(1-\frac{1}{1+2t} \biggr)=\frac{e^{t}}{1+2t}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.5)
Therefore, inequality (3.1) follows from (3.4) and (3.5).
Let \(t=\log(b/a)/2\). Then it follows from (1.8) and (3.1) that
$$ \frac{\sqrt{b/a}}{1+\log(b/a)}< \frac{TQ(a,b)}{\sqrt{ab}}< \frac{\sqrt {b/a}}{\sqrt{1+\log(b/a)}}. $$
(3.6)
Therefore, inequality (3.2) follows from (3.6). □
Remark 3.1
From Theorem 3.1 we clearly see that
$$ \lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}e^{-t}I_{0}(t)=\lim _{x\rightarrow0^{+}}TQ(x, 1)=0. $$
Theorem 3.2
The double inequalities
$$ \alpha_{1}\sqrt{\frac{\sinh(2t)}{t}}< I_{0}(t)< \beta_{1}\sqrt{\frac{\sinh (2t)}{t}} $$
(3.7)
and
$$ \alpha_{2}\sqrt{L(a,b)A(a,b)}< TQ(a,b)< \beta_{2}\sqrt{L(a,b)A(a,b)} $$
(3.8)
hold for all
\(t>0\)
and
\(a, b>0\)
with
\(a\neq b\)
if and only if
\(\alpha _{1}\leq1/\sqrt{\pi}\), \(\beta_{1}\geq\sqrt{2}/2\), \(\alpha_{2}\leq\sqrt{2/\pi}\)
and
\(\beta_{2}\geq1\).
Proof
Let
$$\begin{aligned}& R_{0}(t)=\frac{I^{2}_{0}(t)}{\sinh(2t)/(2t)}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.9)
$$\begin{aligned}& a_{n}=\frac{(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{4}}, \qquad b_{n}=\frac{2^{2n}}{(2n+1)!}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.10)
Then simple computation leads to
$$ \frac{a_{n}}{b_{n}}=\frac{(2n)!(2n+1)!}{2^{4n}(n!)^{4}}. $$
(3.11)
It follows from Lemma 2.5 and (3.11) that the sequence \(\{a_{n}/b_{n}\} _{n=0}^{\infty}\) is strictly decreasing and
$$ \lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{a_{n}}{b_{n}}=\frac{2}{\pi}. $$
(3.12)
From Lemma 2.8 we have
$$ R_{0}(t)=\frac{\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}a_{n}t^{2n}}{\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}b_{n}t^{2n}}. $$
(3.13)
Lemma 2.6 and (3.13) together with the monotonicity of the sequence \(\{ a_{n}/b_{n}\}_{n=0}^{\infty}\) lead to the conclusion that \(R_{0}(t)\) is strictly decreasing on the interval \((0, \infty)\). Therefore, we have
$$ \lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}R_{0}(t)< R_{0}(t)< \lim_{t\rightarrow 0^{+}}R_{0}(t)=\frac{a_{0}}{b_{0}}=1. $$
(3.14)
From Lemma 2.2, (3.12), and (3.13) we know that
$$ \lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}R_{0}(t)= \frac{2}{\pi}. $$
(3.15)
Therefore, inequality (3.7) holds for all \(t>0\) if and only if \(\alpha _{1}\leq1/\sqrt{\pi}\) and \(\beta_{1}\geq\sqrt{2}/2\) follows easily from (3.9), (3.14), and (3.15) together with the monotonicity of \(R_{0}(t)\).
Let \(b>a>0\) and \(t=\log(b/a)/2\). Then inequality (3.8) holds for \(a, b>0\) with \(a\neq b\) if and only if \(\alpha_{2}\leq\sqrt{2/\pi}\), and \(\beta_{2}\geq1\) follows from (1.7) and (1.8) together with inequality (3.7) for all \(t>0\) if and only if \(\alpha_{1}\leq1/\sqrt{\pi}\) and \(\beta_{1}\geq\sqrt{2}/2\). □
Remark 3.2
Equations (3.9) and (3.15) imply that
$$ \lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}e^{-t}\sqrt{t}I_{0}(t)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}} $$
or we have the asymptotic formula
$$ I_{0}(t)\sim\frac{e^{t}}{\sqrt{2\pi t}} \quad (t\rightarrow\infty). $$
Theorem 3.3
Let
\(\lambda_{1}, \lambda_{2}>0\), \(t_{0}=2.7113\ldots\)
be the unique solution of the equation
$$ \frac{d}{dt} \biggl[\frac{tI^{2}_{0}(t)-\sinh t}{(\cosh t-1)\sinh t} \biggr]=0 $$
(3.16)
on
\((0, \infty)\)
and
$$ \lambda_{0}=\frac{t_{0}I^{2}_{0}(t_{0})-\sinh t_{0}}{(\cosh t_{0}-1)\sinh t_{0}}=0.6766\ldots. $$
(3.17)
Then the double inequality
$$ \sqrt{(\lambda_{1}\cosh t+1-\lambda_{1}) \frac{\sinh t}{t}}< I_{0}(t)< \sqrt{(\lambda_{2}\cosh t+1- \lambda_{2})\frac{\sinh t}{t}} $$
(3.18)
or
$$ \sqrt{\bigl[\lambda_{1}A(a,b)+(1-\lambda_{1})G(a,b) \bigr]L(a,b)}< TQ(a,b)< \sqrt {\bigl[\lambda_{2}A(a,b)+(1- \lambda_{2})G(a,b)\bigr]L(a,b)} $$
holds for all
\(t>0\)
or
\(a,b>0\)
with
\(a\neq b\)
if and only if
\(\lambda _{1}\leq2/\pi\), \(\lambda_{2}>\lambda_{0}\).
Proof
Let
$$\begin{aligned}& R_{1}(t)=\frac{I^{2}_{0}(t)-\frac{\sinh t}{t}}{\frac{(\cosh t-1)\sinh t}{t}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.19)
$$\begin{aligned}& c_{n}=\frac{(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{4}}-\frac{1}{(2n+1)!}, \qquad d_{n}=\frac {2^{2n}-1}{(2n+1)!}, \qquad s_{n}=\frac{(2n)!(2n+1)!}{2^{4n}(n!)^{4}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.20)
and
$$ s^{\prime}_{n}= \bigl(2^{2n}+3n^{2}+6n+2 \bigr)s_{n}- \bigl(3n^{2}+6n+3 \bigr). $$
(3.21)
Then it follows from Lemma 2.2, Lemma 2.5, Lemma 2.8, and (3.19)-(3.21) that
$$\begin{aligned}& R_{1}(t)=\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}c_{n}t^{2n}}{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}d_{n}t^{2n}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.22)
$$\begin{aligned}& \lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}R_{1}(t)=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty} \frac {c_{n}}{d_{n}}=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac {2^{2n}s_{n}-1}{2^{2n}-1}= \frac{2}{\pi}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.23)
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{c_{1}}{d_{1}}=\frac{2}{3}< \frac{c_{2}}{d_{2}}=\frac{41}{60}> \frac {c_{3}}{d_{3}}=\frac{19}{28}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.24)
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{c_{n+1}}{d_{n+1}}-\frac{c_{n}}{d_{n}}=-\frac{2^{2n}s^{\prime }_{n}}{(n+1)^{2} (2^{2n+2}-1 ) (2^{2n}-1 )}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.25)
and we have the inequality
$$\begin{aligned} s^{\prime}_{n} >&\frac{2}{\pi} \bigl(2^{2n}+3n^{2}+6n+2 \bigr)- \bigl(3n^{2}+6n+3 \bigr) \\ >&\frac{3}{5} \bigl(2^{2n}+3n^{2}+6n+2 \bigr)- \bigl(3n^{2}+6n+3 \bigr)=\frac{3}{5} \bigl[2^{2n}- \bigl(2n^{2}+4n+3 \bigr) \bigr]>0 \end{aligned}$$
(3.26)
for all \(n\geq3\).
From (3.24)-(3.26) we know that the sequence \(\{c_{n}/d_{n}\} _{n=1}^{\infty}\) is strictly increasing for \(1\leq n\leq2\) and strictly decreasing for \(n\geq2\). Then Lemma 2.7 and (3.22) lead to the conclusion that there exists \(t_{0}\in(0, \infty)\) such that \(R_{1}(t)\) is strictly increasing on \((0, t_{0})\) and decreasing on \((t_{0}, \infty)\). Therefore, we have
$$ \min\Bigl\{ R_{1}\bigl(0^{+}\bigr), \lim _{t\rightarrow\infty}R_{1}(t)\Bigr\} < R_{1}(t)\leq R_{1}(t_{0}) $$
(3.27)
for all \(t>0\), and \(t_{0}\) is the unique solution of equation (3.16) on \((0, \infty)\).
Note that
$$ R_{1}\bigl(0^{+}\bigr)=\frac{c_{1}}{d_{1}}= \frac{2}{3}. $$
(3.28)
From (3.17), (3.19), (3.23), (3.27), and (3.28) we get
$$ \frac{2}{\pi}< R_{1}(t)\leq R_{1}(t_{0})= \lambda_{0}. $$
(3.29)
Therefore, inequality (3.18) holds for all \(t>0\) if and only if \(\lambda _{1}\leq2/\pi\), \(\lambda_{2}\geq\lambda_{0}\) follows from (3.19) and (3.29) together with the piecewise monotonicity of \(R_{1}(t)\) on \((0, \infty)\). Numerical computations show that \(t_{0}=2.7113\ldots\) and \(\lambda_{0}=0.6766\ldots\) . □
Theorem 3.4
Let
\(p, q\in\mathbb{R}\). Then the double inequality
$$ \cosh^{1-p} t \biggl(\frac{\sinh t}{t} \biggr)^{p}< I_{0}(t)< q\frac{\sinh t}{t}+(1-q)\cosh t $$
(3.30)
or
$$ L^{p}(a,b)A^{1-p}(a,b)< TQ(a,b)< qL(a,b)+(1-q)A(a,b) $$
holds for all
\(t>0\)
or
\(a, b>0\)
with
\(a\neq b\)
if and only if
\(p\geq 3/4\)
and
\(q\leq3/4\).
Proof
If the first inequality of (3.30) holds for all \(t>0\), then
$$ \lim_{t\rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{I_{0}(t)-\cosh^{1-p} t (\frac{\sinh t}{t} )^{p}}{t^{2}}=\frac{1}{3} \biggl(p- \frac{3}{4} \biggr)\geq0, $$
which implies that \(p\geq3/4\).
It is not difficult to verify that the function \(\cosh^{1-p} t(\sinh t/t)^{p}\) is strictly decreasing with respect to \(p\in\mathbb{R}\) for any fixed \(t>0\), hence we only need to prove the first inequality of (3.30) for all \(t>0\) and \(p=3/4\), that is,
$$ I^{4}_{0}(t)> \biggl(\frac{\sinh t}{t} \biggr)^{3}\cosh t. $$
(3.31)
Making use of the power series and Cauchy product formulas together with Lemma 2.8 we have
$$\begin{aligned}& I^{4}_{0}(t)- \biggl(\frac{\sinh t}{t} \biggr)^{3}\cosh t \\& \quad =\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \Biggl[\sum _{k=0}^{n} \biggl(\frac {(2k)!}{2^{2k}(k!)^{4}} \frac{(2(n-k))!}{ 2^{2(n-k)}((n-k)!)^{4}} \biggr)-\frac{2^{4n+3}-2^{2n+1}}{(2n+3)!} \Biggr]t^{2n}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.32)
Let \(W_{n}\) and \(s_{n}\) be, respectively, defined by Lemma 2.3 and Lemma 2.5, and
$$ u_{n}=\sum_{k=0}^{n} \biggl(\frac{(2k)!}{2^{2k}(k!)^{4}}\frac{(2(n-k))!}{ 2^{2(n-k)}((n-k)!)^{4}} \biggr)-\frac{2^{4n+3}-2^{2n+1}}{(2n+3)!}. $$
(3.33)
Then simple computations lead to
$$ u_{0}=u_{1}=0,\qquad u_{2}= \frac{3}{80}, \qquad u_{3}=\frac{4}{189}. $$
(3.34)
It follows from Lemma 2.1 and Lemmas 2.3-2.5 together with (3.33) that
$$\begin{aligned} u_{n} =&\sum_{k=0}^{n} \biggl(\frac{1}{(k!)^{2}((n-k)!)^{2}}\frac {(2k)!}{2^{2k}(k!)^{2}}\frac{(2(n-k))!}{ 2^{2(n-k)}((n-k)!)^{2}} \biggr)- \frac{2^{4n+3}-2^{2n+1}}{(2n+3)!} \\ =&\sum_{k=0}^{n} \biggl( \frac{1}{(k!)^{2}((n-k)!)^{2}}W_{k}W_{n-k} \biggr)-\frac{2^{4n+3}-2^{2n+1}}{(2n+3)!} \\ >&\sum_{k=0}^{n} \biggl( \frac{1}{(k!)^{2}((n-k)!)^{2}}W^{2}_{n/2} \biggr)-\frac{2^{4n+3}-2^{2n+1}}{(2n+3)!} \\ =&\sum_{k=0}^{n} \biggl[ \frac{1}{(k!)^{2}((n-k)!)^{2}} \biggl(\frac{\Gamma (n/2+1/2)}{\Gamma(1/2)\Gamma(n/2+1)} \biggr)^{2} \biggr]- \frac {2^{4n+3}-2^{2n+1}}{(2n+3)!} \\ >&\sum_{k=0}^{n} \biggl( \frac{1}{\pi(n/2+1/2)(k!)^{2}((n-k)!)^{2}} \biggr)-\frac{2^{4n+3}-2^{2n+1}}{(2n+3)!} \\ =&\frac{2}{\pi(n+1)(n!)^{2}}\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac {(n!)^{2}}{(k!)^{2}((n-k)!)^{2}}-\frac{2^{4n+3}-2^{2n+1}}{(2n+3)!} \\ =&\frac{2}{\pi(n+1)(n!)^{2}}\frac{(2n)!}{(n!)^{2}}-\frac {2^{4n+3}-2^{2n+1}}{(2n+3)!} \\ =&\frac{2^{2n+1} (2^{2n+2}-1 )}{\pi(2n+3)!} \biggl[\frac {2^{2n+2}}{2^{2n+2}-1} \biggl(n+\frac{3}{2} \biggr)s_{n}-\pi \biggr] \\ >&\frac{2^{2n+1} (2^{2n+2}-1 )}{\pi(2n+3)!} \biggl[ \biggl(4+\frac {3}{2} \biggr) \frac{2}{\pi}-\pi \biggr]>0 \end{aligned}$$
(3.35)
for all \(n\geq4\).
Therefore, inequality (3.31) follows from (3.32)-(3.35).
If the second inequality of (3.30) holds for all \(t>0\), then we have
$$ \lim_{t\rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{I_{0}(t)-q\frac{\sinh t}{t}-(1-q)\cosh t}{t^{2}}=\frac{1}{3} \biggl(q- \frac{3}{4} \biggr)\leq0, $$
which implies that \(q\leq3/4\).
Since \(\cosh t>\sinh t/t\), we only need to prove that the second inequality of (3.3) holds for all \(t>0\) and \(q=3/4\), that is,
$$ \frac{\cosh t-I_{0}(t)}{\cosh t-\sinh t/t}>\frac{3}{4}. $$
(3.36)
Let
$$ \alpha_{n}=\frac{2^{n}n!-(2n-1)!!}{2^{n}n!(2n)!}, \qquad \beta_{n}= \frac {2n}{(2n+1)!}, \qquad \gamma_{n}=\frac{(n+2)(2n+1)}{2(n+1)}W_{n}, $$
and \(W_{n}\) be defined by (2.1).
Then simple computations lead to
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{\cosh t-I_{0}(t)}{\cosh t-\sinh t/t}=\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty }\alpha_{n}t^{2n}}{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\beta_{n}t^{2n}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.37)
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{\alpha_{n+1}}{\beta_{n+1}}-\frac{\alpha_{n}}{\beta_{n}}=\frac {2n+3}{2n+2}(1-W_{n+1})- \frac{2n+1}{2n}(1-W_{n})=\frac{\gamma_{n}-1}{2n(n+1)}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.38)
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{\gamma_{n+1}}{\gamma_{n}}=1+\frac{n+1}{2(n+2)^{2}}>1, \qquad \gamma _{1}= \frac{9}{8}>1. \end{aligned}$$
(3.39)
From (3.38) and (3.39) we clearly see that the sequence \(\{\alpha _{n}/\beta_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\) is strictly increasing, then Lemma 2.6 and (3.37) lead to the conclusion that the function \((\cosh t-I_{0}(t))/[\cosh t-\sinh t/t]\) is strictly increasing on the interval \((0, \infty)\). Therefore, inequality (3.36) follows from the monotonicity of \((\cosh t-I_{0}(t))/[\cosh t-\sinh t/t]\) and the fact that
$$ \lim_{t\rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{\cosh t-I_{0}(t)}{\cosh t-\sinh t/t}=\frac{\alpha_{1}}{\beta_{1}}= \frac{3}{4}. $$
□
Theorem 3.5
Let
\(p, q>0\), \(t_{0}\)
be the unique solution of the equation
$$ \frac{d [\frac{p^{2}(I_{0}(t)-1)}{\cosh(pt)-1} ]}{dt}=0 $$
(3.40)
and
$$ \mu_{0}=\frac{p^{2}(I_{0}(t_{0})-1)}{\cosh(pt_{0})-1}. $$
(3.41)
Then the following statements are true:
-
(i)
The double inequality
$$ 1-\frac{1}{2p^{2}}+\frac{1}{2p^{2}}\cosh(pt)< I_{0}(t)< 1- \frac {1}{2q^{2}}+\frac{1}{2q^{2}}\cosh(qt) $$
(3.42)
or
$$\begin{aligned}& \biggl(1-\frac{1}{2p^{2}} \biggr)G(a,b)+\frac {1}{2p^{2}}A^{p}_{p}(a,b)G^{1-p}(a,b) \\& \quad < TQ(a,b) < \biggl(1-\frac{1}{2q^{2}} \biggr)G(a,b)+ \frac {1}{2q^{2}}A^{q}_{q}(a,b)G^{1-q}(a,b) \end{aligned}$$
holds for all
\(t>0\)
or
\(a, b>0\)
with
\(a\neq b\)
if and only if
\(p\leq \sqrt{3}/2\)
and
\(q\geq1\).
-
(ii)
The inequality
$$ I_{0}(t)\geq1-\frac{\mu_{0}}{p^{2}}+\frac{\mu_{0}}{p^{2}} \cosh(pt) $$
(3.43)
or
$$ TQ(a,b)\geq \biggl(1-\frac{\mu_{0}}{p^{2}} \biggr)G(a,b)+\frac{\mu _{0}}{p^{2}}A^{p}_{p}(a,b)G^{1-p}(a,b) $$
holds for all
\(t>0\)
or
\(a, b>0\)
with
\(a\neq b\)
if
\(p\in(\sqrt{3}/2, 1)\).
Proof
(i) Let
$$\begin{aligned}& R_{2}(t)=\frac{p^{2}(I_{0}(t)-1)}{\cosh(pt)-1}, \\& u_{n}=\frac{1}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}, \qquad v_{n}=\frac{p^{2n-2}}{(2n)!}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.44)
Then simple computations lead to
$$\begin{aligned}& R_{2}(t)=\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}u_{n}t^{2n}}{\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}v_{n}t^{2n}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.45)
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{u_{n+1}}{v_{n+1}}-\frac{u_{n}}{v_{n}}=-\frac {(2n)!}{(2p)^{2n}(n!)^{2}} \biggl(p^{2}-\frac{2n+1}{2n+2} \biggr). \end{aligned}$$
(3.46)
From (3.46) we clearly see that the sequence \(\{u_{n}/v_{n}\} _{n=1}^{\infty}\) is strictly decreasing if \(p\geq1\) and strictly increasing if \(p\leq\sqrt{3}/2\). Then Lemma 2.6 and (3.45) lead to the conclusion that the function \(R_{2}(t)\) is strictly decreasing if \(p\geq1\) and strictly increasing if \(p\leq\sqrt{3}/2\). Hence, we have
$$ R_{2}(t)< \lim_{t\rightarrow0^{+}}R_{2}(t)= \frac{u_{1}}{v_{1}}=\frac{1}{2} $$
(3.47)
for all \(t>0\) if \(p\geq1\) and
$$ R_{2}(t)>\lim_{t\rightarrow0^{+}}R_{2}(t)= \frac{u_{1}}{v_{1}}=\frac{1}{2} $$
(3.48)
for all \(t>0\) if \(p\leq\sqrt{3}/2\).
Therefore, inequality (3.42) holds for all \(t>0\) if \(p\leq\sqrt{3}/2\) and \(q\geq1\) follows easily from (3.44) and (3.47) together with (3.48).
If the first inequality (3.42) holds for all \(t>0\), then we have
$$ \lim_{t\rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{I_{0}(t)- (1-\frac{1}{2p^{2}}+\frac {1}{2p^{2}}\cosh(pt) )}{ t^{4}}=\frac{1}{48} \biggl( \frac{3}{4}-p^{2} \biggr)\geq0, $$
which implies that \(p\leq\sqrt{3}/2\).
If there exists \(q_{0}\in(\sqrt{3}/2, 1)\) such that the second inequality of (3.42) holds for all \(t>0\), then we have
$$ \lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}\frac{I_{0}(t)- (1-\frac {1}{2q_{0}^{2}}+\frac{1}{2q_{0}^{2}}\cosh(q_{0}t) )}{ e^{q_{0}t}}\leq0. $$
(3.49)
But the first inequality of (3.1) leads to
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{I_{0}(t)- (1-\frac{1}{2q_{0}^{2}}+\frac{1}{2q_{0}^{2}}\cosh (q_{0}t) )}{e^{q_{0}t}} \\& \quad >\frac{e^{(1-q_{0})t}}{1+2t}- \biggl(1-\frac{1}{2q_{0}^{2}} \biggr)e^{-q_{0}t}- \frac{1+e^{-2q_{0}t}}{4q_{0}^{2}}\rightarrow\infty \quad (t\rightarrow\infty), \end{aligned}$$
which contradicts inequality (3.49).
(ii) If \(p\in(\sqrt{3}/2, 1)\), then from (3.46) we know that there exists \(n_{0}\in\mathbb{N}\) such that the sequence \(\{u_{n}/v_{n}\} _{n=1}^{\infty}\) is strictly decreasing for \(n\leq n_{0}\) and strictly increasing for \(n\geq n_{0}\). Then (3.45) and Lemma 2.7 lead to the conclusion that there exists \(t_{0}\in(0, \infty)\) such that the function \(R_{2}(t)\) is strictly decreasing on \((0, t_{0}]\) and strictly increasing on \([t_{0}, \infty)\). We clearly see that \(t_{0}\) satisfies equation (3.40). It follows from (3.41) and (3.44) together with the piecewise monotonicity of \(R_{2}(t)\) that
$$ R_{2}(t)\geq R_{2}(t_{0})= \mu_{0}. $$
(3.50)
Therefore, inequality (3.43) holds for all \(t>0\) follows from (3.44) and (3.50). □
It is not difficult to verify that the function
$$ 1-\frac{1}{2p^{2}}+\frac{1}{2p^{2}}\cosh(pt) $$
is strictly increasing with respect to p on the interval \((0, \infty )\) and
$$ 2\cosh \biggl(\frac{t}{2} \biggr)-1>\cosh^{1/2} t $$
for \(t>0\).
Letting \(p=\sqrt{3}/2, 3/4, \sqrt{2}/2, 2/3, 1/2\) and \(q=1\) in Theorem 3.5(i), then we get Corollary 3.1 immediately.
Corollary 3.1
The inequalities
$$\begin{aligned} \cosh^{1/2}(t) < &2\cosh \biggl(\frac{t}{2} \biggr)-1< \frac{9}{8}\cosh \biggl(\frac{2t}{3} \biggr)-\frac{1}{8}< \cosh \biggl(\frac{\sqrt{2}t}{2} \biggr) \\ < &\frac{8}{9}\cosh \biggl(\frac{3t}{4} \biggr)+ \frac{1}{9}< \frac{2}{3}\cosh \biggl(\frac{\sqrt{3}t}{2} \biggr)+ \frac{1}{3}< I_{0}(t)< \frac{1+\cosh t}{2} \end{aligned}$$
or
$$\begin{aligned} G^{1/2}(a,b)A^{1/2}(a,b) < &2A^{1/2}_{1/2}(a,b)G^{1/2}(a,b)-G(a,b) \\ < & \frac {9}{8}A^{2/3}_{2/3}(a,b)G^{1/3}(a,b)- \frac{1}{8}G(a,b) \\ < &A^{\sqrt{2}/2}_{\sqrt{2}/2}(a,b)G^{1-\sqrt{2}/2}(a,b) \\ < & \frac {8}{9}A^{3/4}_{3/4}(a,b)G^{1/4}(a,b)+ \frac{1}{9}G(a,b) \\ < &\frac{2}{3}A^{\sqrt{3}/2}_{\sqrt{3}/2}(a,b)G^{1-\sqrt{3}/2}(a, b)+ \frac {1}{3}G(a,b) \\ < &TQ(a,b)< \frac{A(a,b)+G(a,b)}{2} \end{aligned}$$
hold for all
\(t>0\)
or all
\(a, b>0\)
with
\(a\neq b\).
Theorem 3.6
Let
\(p>0\). Then the following statements are true:
-
(i)
The inequality
$$ I_{0}(t)>\bigl[\cosh(pt)\bigr]^{\frac{1}{2p^{2}}} $$
(3.51)
or
$$ TQ(a,b)>G^{1-\frac{1}{2p}}(a,b)A_{p}^{\frac{1}{2p}}(a,b) $$
(3.52)
holds for all
\(t>0\)
or
\(a, b>0\)
with
\(a\neq b\)
if and only if
\(p\geq \sqrt{6}/4\).
-
(ii)
The inequality (3.51) or (3.52) is reversed if and only if
\(p\leq1/2\).
-
(iii)
The inequalities
$$ \cosh^{1/2} t< \cosh \biggl(\frac{\sqrt{2}t}{2} \biggr)< \biggl[\cosh \biggl(\frac{\sqrt{6}t}{4} \biggr) \biggr]^{4/3}< I_{0}(t)< \cosh^{2} \biggl(\frac {t}{2} \biggr)< e^{t^{2}/4} $$
(3.53)
or
$$\begin{aligned} G^{1/2}(a,b)A^{1/2}(a,b) < &A^{\sqrt{2}/2}_{\sqrt{2}/2}(a,b)G^{1-\sqrt {2}/2}(a,b) \\ < &A^{\sqrt{6}/3}_{\sqrt{6}/4}(a,b)G^{1-\sqrt{6}/3}(a,b) \\ < &TQ(a,b)< \frac{A(a,b)+G(a,b)}{2} \\ < &G(a,b)e^{ (A^{2}(a,b)-G^{2}(a,b) )/ (4L^{2}(a,b) )} \end{aligned}$$
hold for all
\(t>0\)
or all
\(a, b>0\)
with
\(a\neq b\).
Proof
(i) If inequality (3.51) holds for all \(t>0\), then we have
$$ \lim_{t\rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{I_{0}(t)-[\cosh(pt)]^{\frac {1}{2p^{2}}}}{t^{4}}=\frac{1}{24} \biggl(p^{2}-\frac{3}{8} \biggr)\geq0, $$
which implies that \(p\geq\sqrt{6}/4\).
It follows from Lemma 2 of [29] that the function \([\cosh (pt)]^{1/(2p^{2})}\) is strictly decreasing with respect to \(p\in(0, \infty)\) for any fixed \(t>0\), hence we only need to prove that inequality (3.51) holds for all \(t>0\) and \(p=\sqrt{6}/4\). From the sixth inequality of Corollary 3.1 we clearly see that it suffices to prove that
$$ \frac{2}{3}\cosh \biggl(\frac{\sqrt{3}t}{2} \biggr)+\frac{1}{3}> \biggl[\cosh \biggl(\frac{\sqrt{6}t}{4} \biggr) \biggr]^{4/3} $$
for all \(t>0\), which is equivalent to
$$ \log \biggl[\frac{2}{3}\cosh(\sqrt{2}x)+\frac{1}{3} \biggr]>\frac{4}{3}\log (\cosh x) $$
(3.54)
for all \(x>0\), where \(x=\sqrt{6}t/4\).
Let
$$\begin{aligned}& f_{1}(x)=\log \biggl[\frac{2}{3}\cosh( \sqrt{2}x)+\frac{1}{3} \biggr]-\frac {4}{3}\log(\cosh x), \\& f_{2}(x)=6\sqrt{2}\sinh(\sqrt{2}x)\cosh x-8\cosh(\sqrt{2}x)\sinh x -4 \sinh x, \\& \xi_{n}=(3\sqrt{2}-4) (\sqrt{2}+1)^{2n-1}+(3\sqrt{2}+4) ( \sqrt{2}-1)^{2n-1}-4, \\& \eta_{n}=(\sqrt{2}+1)^{2n-1}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.55)
Then simple computations lead to
$$\begin{aligned}& f_{1}(0)=0, \end{aligned}$$
(3.56)
$$\begin{aligned}& f^{\prime}_{1}(x)=\frac{f_{2}(x)}{3\cosh x[2\cosh(\sqrt{2}x)+1]}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.57)
$$\begin{aligned}& f_{2}(x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\xi_{n}}{(2n-1)!}x^{2n-1}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.58)
$$\begin{aligned}& \xi_{1}=\xi_{2}=0, \end{aligned}$$
(3.59)
$$\begin{aligned}& \eta_{n}\xi_{n}=(3\sqrt{2}-4) (\eta_{n}- \eta_{1}) (\eta_{n}-\eta_{2}). \end{aligned}$$
(3.60)
From (3.58)-(3.60) and \(\eta_{n}>\eta_{2}>\eta_{1}>0\) for \(n\geq3\) we know that
for all \(x>0\).
Therefore, inequality (3.54) follows easily from (3.55)-(3.57) and (3.61).
(ii) The sufficiency follows easily from the monotonicity of the function \(p\rightarrow [\cosh(pt)]^{1/(2p^{2})}\) and the last inequality in Corollary 3.1 together with the identity \((1+\cosh t)/2=\cosh^{2}(t/2)\).
Next, we prove the necessity. If there exists \(p_{0}\in(1/2, \sqrt {6}/4)\) such that \(I_{0}(t)< [\cosh(p_{0}t)]^{1/(2p_{0}^{2})}\) for all \(t>0\), then we have
$$ \lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}\frac{I_{0}(t)-[\cosh (p_{0}t)]^{1/(2p_{0}^{2})}}{e^{t/(2p_{0})}}\leq0. $$
(3.62)
But the first inequality of (3.1) leads to
$$ \frac{I_{0}(t)-[\cosh(p_{0}t)]^{1/(2p_{0}^{2})}}{e^{t/(2p_{0})}}>\frac {1}{1+2t}\frac{e^{t}}{e^{t/(2p_{0})}} - \biggl( \frac{1+e^{-2p_{0}t}}{2} \biggr)^{1/(2p_{0}^{2})}\rightarrow \infty \quad (t\rightarrow \infty), $$
which contradicts (3.62).
(iii) Let \(p=1, \sqrt{2}/2, \sqrt{6}/4, 1/2, 0^{+}\). Then parts (i) and (ii) together with the monotonicity of the function \(p\rightarrow[\cosh(pt)]^{1/(2p^{2})}\) lead to (3.53). □
Theorem 3.7
Let
\(\theta\in[0, \pi/2]\). Then the inequality
$$ I_{0}(t)>\frac{\cosh(t\cos\theta)+\cosh(t\sin\theta)}{2} $$
(3.63)
or
$$ TQ(a,b)>\frac{A^{\cos\theta}_{\cos\theta}(a,b)G^{1-\cos\theta }(a,b)+A^{\sin\theta}_{\sin\theta}(a,b)G^{1-\sin\theta}(a,b)}{2} $$
holds for all
\(t>0\)
or all
\(a, b>0\)
with
\(a\neq b\)
if and only if
\(\theta\in[\pi/8, 3\pi/8]\). In particular, the inequalities
$$\begin{aligned} I_{0}(t) >&\frac{1}{2} \biggl[\cosh \biggl( \frac{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}}}{2}t \biggr)+\cosh \biggl(\frac{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}}}{2}t \biggr) \biggr] \\ >&\frac{1}{2} \biggl[\cosh \biggl(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}t \biggr)+\cosh \biggl(\frac {1}{2}t \biggr) \biggr]>\cosh \biggl(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}t \biggr) \end{aligned}$$
(3.64)
or
$$\begin{aligned} TQ(a,b) >&\frac{A^{\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}}/2}_{\sqrt{2-\sqrt {2}}/2}(a,b)G^{1-\sqrt{2-\sqrt{2}}/2}(a,b) +A^{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}}/2}_{\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}}/2}(a,b)G^{1-\sqrt{2+\sqrt {2}}/2}(a,b)}{2} \\ >&\frac{A^{\sqrt{3}/2}_{\sqrt{3}/2}(a,b)G^{1-\sqrt {3}/2}+A^{1/2}_{1/2}(a,b)G^{1/2}(a,b)}{2}>A^{\sqrt{2}/2}_{\sqrt {2}/2}(a,b)G^{1-\sqrt{2}/2}(a,b) \end{aligned}$$
hold for all
\(t>0\)
or all
\(a, b>0\)
with
\(a\neq b\).
Proof
If inequality (3.63) holds for all \(t>0\), then we have
$$ \lim_{t\rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{I_{0}(t)-\frac{\cosh(t\cos\theta)+\cosh (t\sin\theta)}{2}}{t^{4}}=-\frac{1}{192}\cos(4 \theta)\geq0, $$
which implies that \(\theta\in[\pi/8, 3\pi/8]\).
Next, we prove the sufficiency of inequality (3.63). Simple computations lead to
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{\partial[\cosh(t\cos\theta)+\cosh(t\sin\theta)]}{\partial\theta }=\frac{t^{2}\sin(2\theta)}{2} \biggl[ \frac{\sinh(t\sin\theta)}{t\sin \theta}-\frac{\sinh(t\cos\theta)}{t\cos\theta} \biggr], \end{aligned}$$
(3.65)
$$\begin{aligned}& \biggl(\frac{\sinh x}{x} \biggr)^{\prime}=\frac{1}{x} \biggl( \cosh x-\frac {\sinh x}{x} \biggr)>0 \end{aligned}$$
(3.66)
for \(x>0\).
Equation (3.65) and inequality (3.66) imply that the function \(\theta \rightarrow[\cosh(t\cos\theta)+\cosh(t\sin\theta)]\) is decreasing on \([0, \pi/4]\) and increasing on \([\pi/4, \pi/2]\) for any fixed \(t>0\). Hence, it suffices to prove that inequality (3.63) holds for all \(t>0\) and \(\theta=\theta_{0}=\pi/8\).
Let
$$\begin{aligned}& \rho_{n}=\frac{ (\frac{2-\sqrt{2}}{4} )^{n}+ (\frac{2+\sqrt {2}}{4} )^{n}}{(2n)!}, \qquad \sigma_{n}= \frac{2}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}, \\& R_{3}(t)=\frac{\cosh(t\cos\theta_{0})+\cosh(t\sin\theta_{0})}{2I_{0}(t)}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.67)
Then simple computations lead to
$$\begin{aligned}& R_{3}(t)=\frac{\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\rho_{n}t^{2n}}{\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }\sigma_{n}t^{2n}}, \end{aligned}$$
(3.68)
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{\rho_{0}}{\sigma_{0}}=\frac{\rho_{1}}{\sigma_{1}}=\frac{\rho _{2}}{\sigma_{2}}= \frac{\rho_{3}}{\sigma_{3}}=1, \end{aligned}$$
(3.69)
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{\frac{\rho_{n+1}}{\sigma_{n+1}}}{\frac{\rho_{n}}{\sigma_{n}}}-1 =-\frac{\sqrt{2} [(n+\sqrt{2}-1)(\sqrt{2}-1)^{n-1}+ (n-\sqrt{2}-1)(\sqrt{2}+1)^{n-1} ]}{2(2n+1) [(\sqrt {2}-1)^{n}+(\sqrt{2}+1)^{n} ]}< 0 \end{aligned}$$
(3.70)
for \(n\geq3\).
It follows from Lemma 2.6 and (3.68)-(3.70) that \(R_{3}(t)\) is strictly decreasing on \((0, \infty)\). Therefore,
$$ I_{0}(t)>\frac{\cosh(t\cos\theta_{0})+\cosh(t\sin\theta_{0})}{2} $$
(3.71)
follows from (3.67) and the monotonicity of \(R_{3}(t)\) together with \(R_{3}(0^{+})=\rho_{0}/\sigma_{0}=1\).
Let \(\theta=\pi/8, \pi/6, \pi/4\). Then inequality (3.64) follows easily from (3.63) and the monotonicity of the function \(\theta\rightarrow [\cosh(t\cos\theta)+\cosh(t\sin\theta)]\). □
Theorem 3.8
The inequality
$$ I_{0}(t)>\frac{\sinh t}{t}+\frac{3(4-\pi)(t\sinh t-2\cosh t+2)}{\pi t^{2}} $$
(3.72)
holds for all
\(t>0\).
Proof
It is easy to verify that
$$ \frac{d^{2}}{dx^{2}} \biggl(\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \biggr)=\frac {1+2x^{2}}{ (1-x^{2} )^{5/2}}>0,\qquad \frac{\partial^{2}\cosh(tx)}{\partial x^{2}}=t^{2}\cosh(tx)>0 $$
for all \(t>0\) and \(x\in(0, 1)\), which implies that the two functions \(1/\sqrt{1-x^{2}}\) and \(\cosh(tx)\) are convex with respect to x on the interval \((0, 1)\). Then from Lemma 2.10 and (3.3) we have
$$\begin{aligned}& \frac{\pi}{2}I_{0}(t)-\frac{\pi}{2} \frac{\sinh t}{t} \\& \quad = \int_{0}^{1}\frac{\cosh(tx)}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\,dx- \int_{0}^{1}\frac {dx}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \int_{0}^{1}\cosh(tx)\,dx \\& \quad >12 \int_{0}^{1}\frac{x-\frac{1}{2}}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\,dx \int_{0}^{1} \biggl(x-\frac{1}{2} \biggr) \cosh(tx)\,dx \\& \quad =\frac{3(4-\pi)(t\sinh t-2\cosh t+2)}{2t^{2}}. \end{aligned}$$
(3.73)
Therefore, inequality (3.72) follows from (3.73). □
Remark 3.3
The inequality \(I_{0}(t)>\sinh(t)/t\) in (3.5) is equivalent to the first inequality \(TQ(a,b)>L(a,b)\) in (1.6). Therefore, Theorem 3.8 is an improvement of the first inequality in (1.6).
Let \(p\in\mathbb{R}\) and \(M(a,b)\) be a bivariate mean of two positive a and b. Then the pth power-type mean \(M_{p}(a,b)\) is defined by
$$ M_{p}(a,b)=M^{1/p} \bigl(a^{p}, b^{p} \bigr) \quad (p\neq0),\qquad M_{0}(a,b)=\sqrt{ab}. $$
We clearly see that
$$ M_{\lambda p}(a,b)=M_{p}^{1/\lambda} \bigl(a^{\lambda}, b^{\lambda} \bigr) $$
for all \(\lambda, p\in\mathbb{R}\) and \(a, b>0\) if M is a bivariate mean.
Theorem 3.9
The inequality
$$ TQ(a,b)< I_{p}(a,b) $$
holds for all
\(a, b>0\)
with
\(a\neq b\)
if and only if
\(p\geq3/4\).
Proof
The second inequality (1.6) can be rewritten as
$$ TQ(a,b)< A_{1/2}(a,b). $$
(3.74)
In [30, 31], the authors proved that the inequality
$$ I(a,b)>A_{2/3}(a,b) $$
(3.75)
holds for all distinct positive real numbers a and b with the best possible constant \(2/3\).
Inequalities (3.74) and (3.75) lead to
$$ TQ(a,b)< A_{1/2}(a,b)=A_{2/3}^{4/3} \bigl(a^{3/4}, b^{3/4} \bigr) < I^{4/3} \bigl(a^{3/4}, b^{3/4} \bigr)=I_{3/4}(a,b) $$
(3.76)
for all \(a, b>0\) with \(a\neq b\).
If \(p\geq3/4\), then \(TQ(a,b)< I_{3/4}(a,b)\leq I_{p}(a,b)\) follows from (3.76) and the function \(p\rightarrow I_{p}(a,b)\) is strictly increasing [32].
If \(TQ(a,b)< I_{p}(a,b)\) for all \(a, b>0\) with \(a\neq b\). Then
$$ I_{0}(t)-e^{t/\tanh(pt)-1/p}< 0 $$
(3.77)
for all \(t>0\).
Inequality (3.77) leads to
$$ \lim_{t\rightarrow0^{+}}\frac{I_{0}(t)-e^{t/\tanh (pt)-1/p}}{t^{2}}=\frac{1}{3} \biggl( \frac{3}{4}-p \biggr)\leq0, $$
which implies that \(p\geq3/4\). □
Remark 3.4
For all \(a, b>0\) with \(a\neq b\), the Toader mean \(T(a,b)\) satisfies the double inequality [5, 7]
$$ A_{3/2}(a,b)< T(a,b)< A_{\log2/(\log\pi-\log2)}(a,b) $$
(3.78)
with the best possible constants \(3/2\) and \(\log2/(\log\pi-\log2)\), and the one-sided inequality [33]
$$ T(a,b)< I_{9/4}(a,b). $$
(3.79)
It follows from (3.78) and (3.79) that
$$\begin{aligned} A_{1/2}^{1/3}(a,b) =&A_{3/2} \bigl(a^{1/3}, b^{1/3} \bigr)< T \bigl(a^{1/3}, b^{1/3} \bigr) \\ =&T^{1/3}_{1/3}(a,b)< I_{9/4} \bigl(a^{1/3}, b^{1/3} \bigr)=I_{3/4}^{1/3}(a,b), \end{aligned}$$
which can be rewritten as
$$ A_{1/2}(a,b)< T_{1/3}(a,b)< I_{3/4}(a,b). $$
(3.80)
Inequalities (3.74) and (3.80) lead to the inequalities
$$ TQ(a,b)< A_{1/2}(a,b)< T_{1/3}(a,b)< I_{3/4}(a,b) $$
(3.81)
for all \(a, b>0\) with \(a\neq b\).
Remark 3.5
For all \(a, b>0\) with \(a\neq b\), Theorem 3.4 shows that
$$ L^{3/4}(a,b)A^{1/4}(a,b)< TQ(a,b)< \frac{3L(a,b)+A(a,b)}{4}. $$
(3.82)
It follows from \(L(a,b)< A(a,b)/3+2G(a,b)/3\), given by Carlson in [34], and \(A(a,b)>L(a,b)\) that
$$ L(a,b)< L^{3/4}(a,b)A^{1/4}(a,b), \qquad \frac{A(a,b)+G(a,b)}{2}> \frac {3L(a,b)+A(a,b)}{4}. $$
Therefore, inequality (3.82) is an improvement of the first and second inequalities of (1.6).
Remark 3.6
In [2, 20, 35], the authors proved that the inequalities
$$ L(a,b)< \operatorname{AGM}(a,b)< L^{3/4}(a,b)A^{1/4}(a,b)< L_{3/2}(a,b) $$
(3.83)
hold for all \(a, b>0\) with \(a\neq b\).
Inequalities (3.81)-(3.83) lead to the chain of inequalities
$$\begin{aligned} L(a,b) < &\operatorname{AGM}(a,b)< L^{3/4}(a,b)A^{1/4}(a,b) \\ < &TQ(a,b)< A_{1/2}(a,b)< T_{1/3}(a,b)< I_{3/4}(a,b) \end{aligned}$$
(3.84)
for all \(a, b>0\) with \(a\neq b\).
Motivated by the first inequality in (3.82) and the third inequality in (3.83), we propose Conjecture 3.1.
Conjecture 3.1
The inequality
$$ TQ(a,b)>L_{3/2}(a,b) $$
holds for all
\(a, b>0\)
with
\(a\neq b\).
For all \(a, b>0\) with \(a\neq b\), inspired by the double inequality
$$ \sqrt{A(a,b)G(a,b)}< TQ(a,b)< \frac{A(a,b)+G(a,b)}{2} $$
given in Corollary 3.1 and the inequalities
$$ \sqrt{A(a,b)G(a,b)}< \sqrt{I(a,b)L(a,b)}< \frac{I(a,b)+L(a,b)}{2}< \frac {A(a,b)+G(a,b)}{2} $$
proved by Alzer in [36] we propose Conjecture 3.2.
Conjecture 3.2
The inequality
$$ TQ(a,b)< \sqrt{I(a,b)L(a,b)} $$
holds for all
\(a, b>0\)
with
\(a\neq b\).
Remark 3.7
Let \(W_{n}\) be the Wallis ratio defined by (2.1), and \(c_{n}\), \(d_{n}\), and \(s_{n}\) be defined by (3.20). Then it follows from Lemma 2.5 and the proof of Theorem 3.3 that the sequence \(\{s_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\) is strictly decreasing and \(\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}s_{n}=2/\pi\), and the sequence \(\{ c_{n}/d_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\) is strictly increasing for \(n=1, 2\) and strictly decreasing for \(n\geq2\). Hence, we have
$$ \frac{2}{\pi}< s_{n}=(2n+1)W_{n}^{2} \leq s_{1}=\frac{3}{4} $$
(3.85)
and
$$ \frac{2}{\pi}=\min \biggl\{ \frac{c_{1}}{d_{1}}, \lim _{n\rightarrow\infty }\frac{c_{n}}{d_{n}} \biggr\} < \frac{c_{n}}{d_{n}}= \frac{2^{2n}s_{n}-1}{2^{2n}-1}\leq\frac {c_{2}}{d_{2}}=\frac{41}{60} $$
(3.86)
for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\).
Inequalities (3.85) and (3.86) lead to the Wallis ratio inequalities
$$ \frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi (n+\frac{1}{2} )}}< W_{n}\leq\frac{\sqrt {6}}{4\sqrt{n+\frac{1}{2}}} $$
and
$$ \sqrt{\frac{2^{-2n}(\pi-2)+2}{\pi(2n+1)}}< W_{n}\leq\sqrt{\frac {41+19\times2^{-2n}}{60(2n+1)}} $$
for all \(n\in\mathbb{N}\).