Research
Open Access
Generalizations of Cauchy-Schwarz inequality in unitary spaces
- Leng Tuo1Email author
Journal of Inequalities and Applications20152015:201
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-015-0719-z
© Tuo 2015
Received: 10 December 2014
Accepted: 28 May 2015
Published: 17 June 2015
Abstract
In this paper, we give a generalization of Cauchy-Schwarz inequality in unitary spaces and obtain its integral analogs. As an application, we establish an inequality for covariances.
Keywords
Cauchy-Schwarz inequalityunitary spacepositive measure
MSC
26D1562J10
1 Introduction
Let u and v be two vectors in a unitary space \(\mathbb{H}\). The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality is well known, where \(\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle\) and \(\|\cdot\|\) denote the inner product and norm in \(\mathbb{H}\), respectively. Its integral form in the space of real-valued functions \(L^{2}[a,b]\) is
$$ \bigl\vert \langle u,v\rangle\bigr\vert \leq\|u\|\cdot\|v\|, $$
(1.1)
$$ \biggl(\int_{a}^{b}f\cdot g \, d\mu \biggr)^{2}\leq \biggl(\int_{a}^{b}f^{2} \, d\mu \biggr) \biggl(\int_{a}^{b}g^{2} \, d\mu \biggr). $$
(1.2)
The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality is one of the most important inequalities in mathematics. To date, a large number of generalizations and refinements of the inequalities (1.1) and (1.2) have been investigated in the literature (see [1] and references therein, also see [2–9]).
In this note, we will present some new generalizations of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality (1.1).
Suppose that \(\mathbb{H}\) is a unitary space (complex inner product space) with standard inner product \(\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle\) and norm \(\|\cdot\|\), namely \(\langle x,y\rangle=x^{T}\overline{y}\) and \(\|x\| =\sqrt{\langle x,x\rangle}\) (see [10]). Let \(X=( x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{n})\) denote the n-tuple of vectors \(x_{i} \in \mathbb{H}\), \(i=1,\ldots,n\). For two n-tuples \(X=(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n})\) and \(Y=(y_{1},\ldots,y_{n})\) of \(\mathbb{H}\), we define this A-product of vector \(x_{i}\) and \(y_{i}\) for X and Y by where \(a=\frac{x_{1}+\cdots+x_{n}}{n}\) and \(b=\frac{y_{1}+\cdots+y_{n}}{n}\).
$$x_{i}\otimes_{A} y_{i}=\langle x_{i},y_{i}\rangle-\langle x_{i},b\rangle- \langle a,y_{i}\rangle, $$
Our main results are the following theorems.
Theorem 1
Let
\(X=( x_{1},\ldots,x_{n})\)
and
\(Y=(y_{1},\ldots ,y_{n})\)
be two
n-tuples of the unitary space
\(\mathbb{H}\), then
Equality holds if
\(y_{i}=(x_{i}-2a)\lambda\) (\(i=1,\ldots,n\)) for any
\(\{ x_{1},\ldots, x_{n}\}\), where
λ
is a non-negative constant.
$$ \sum_{i=1}^{n}| x_{i} \otimes_{A}y_{i}|\leq \Biggl(\sum ^{n}_{i=1}\|x_{i}\|^{2} \Biggr)^{1/2} \Biggl(\sum^{n}_{i=1} \|y_{i}\|^{2} \Biggr)^{1/2}. $$
(1.3)
In particular, if \(n=1\), then (1.3) is the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality (1.1).
For complex numbers \(\mathbb{C}\), by Theorem 1, we have the following.
Corollary 1
Suppose that
\(x_{1},\ldots,x_{n}\)
and
\(y_{1},\ldots ,y_{n}\)
are complex numbers. Set
then
Equality holds if
\(y_{i}=(x_{i}-2a)\lambda\) (\(i=1,\ldots,n\)) for any
\(\{x_{1},\ldots, x_{n}\}\), where
λ
is a non-negative constant.
$$a=\frac{x_{1}+\cdots+x_{n}}{n}, \qquad b=\frac{y_{1}+\cdots+y_{n}}{n}, $$
$$\Biggl(\sum_{i=1}^{n}|x_{i}y_{i}-a y_{i} -b x_{i} | \Biggr)^{2}\leq \Biggl(\sum _{i=1}^{n}|x_{i}|^{2} \Biggr) \Biggl(\sum_{i=}^{n}|y_{i}|^{2} \Biggr) . $$
Let \(H\oplus H\oplus\cdots\oplus H \) denote the direct sum of n unitary space \(\mathbb{H}\) with norm \(\|X\|= (\sum_{i=1}^{n}\|x_{i}\|^{2} )^{\frac{1}{2}}\). Set \(f(X,Y)=\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}\otimes_{A}y_{i}\). Since \(f(X,X)\) is not always non-negative, \(f(X,Y)\) is not an inner product in the above direct sum. Hence, (1.3) is different from the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality in the above direct sum.
If we set \(|X\otimes_{A} Y|=\sum_{i=1}^{n}| x_{i}\otimes_{A}y_{i}|\), then (1.3) can be restated as
$$|X\otimes_{A} Y|\leq\|X\|\cdot\|Y\|. $$
Furthermore, we obtain the following integral form of (1.3) (only consider real-valued functions).
Theorem 2
Let
μ
be a positive measure such that
\(\mu(\Omega)=1\), f
and
g
be real-valued functions in
\(L^{2}(\mu)\), and let
then
Equality holds if
\(g(x)=(f(x)-2 \int_{\Omega}f \, d\mu)\lambda \), where
λ
is a non-negative constant.
$$f\otimes_{A}g(x)=f(x)\cdot g(x)-f(x)\cdot\int_{\Omega}g\, d\mu-g(x)\cdot\int_{\Omega}f\, d\mu, $$
$$ \biggl(\int_{\Omega}|f\otimes_{A}g|\, d\mu \biggr)^{2}\leq \biggl(\int_{\Omega}f^{2}\, d \mu \biggr) \biggl(\int_{\Omega}g^{2}\, d\mu \biggr). $$
(1.4)
2 The proofs of the theorems
Proof of Theorem 1
Using the basic properties of the norm of a unitary space, we get By (2.1), using the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality (1.1) and the discrete form of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, it follows that
$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\|y_{i}-2b \|^{2}&=\sum_{i=1}^{n} \langle y_{i}-2b,{y_{i}}-2{b}\rangle \\ &=\sum_{i=1}^{n} \bigl(4\|b \|^{2}-2\langle y_{i},{b}\rangle-2\langle b,{y_{i}}\rangle+\|y_{i}\|^{2} \bigr) \\ &=4n\|b\|^{2}-2\Biggl\langle \sum_{i=1}^{n}y_{i},{b} \Biggr\rangle -2\Biggl\langle b,{\sum_{i=1}^{n}y_{i}} \Biggr\rangle +\sum_{i=1}^{n} \|y_{i}\|^{2} \\ &=4n\|b\|^{2}-2n\|b\|^{2}-2n\|b\|^{2}+\sum _{i=1}^{n}\|y_{i}\|^{2} \\ &=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\|y_{i} \|^{2}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.1)
$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\bigl\vert \langle x_{i},y_{i}-2b\rangle\bigr\vert &\leq\sum _{i=1}^{n}\|x_{i}\|\cdot\| y_{i}-2b\| \\ &\leq \Biggl(\sum_{i=1}^{n} \|x_{i}\|^{2} \Biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \Biggl(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\| y_{i}-2b\|^{2} \Biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \\ &= \Biggl(\sum_{i=1}^{n}\|x_{i} \|^{2} \Biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \Biggl(\sum_{i=1}^{n} \|y_{i}\| ^{2} \Biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}}. \end{aligned}$$
(2.2)
Similarly to (2.2), we have Combining (2.2) and (2.3), we infer that This is the inequality (1.3), as desired. □
$$ \sum_{i=1}^{n}\bigl\vert \langle x_{i}-2a,y_{i}\rangle\bigr\vert \leq \Biggl(\sum ^{n}_{i=1}\|x_{i}\| ^{2} \Biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \Biggl(\sum^{n}_{i=1} \|y_{i}\|^{2} \Biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}}. $$
(2.3)
$$\begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \vert x_{i} \otimes_{A}y_{i}\vert &=\frac{1}{2}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\bigl\vert 2\langle x_{i},y_{i} \rangle-\langle x_{i},2b\rangle-\langle2a,y_{i}\rangle\bigr\vert \\ &=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\bigl\vert \langle x_{i},y_{i}-2b\rangle+\langle x_{i}-2a,y_{i}\rangle\bigr\vert \\ &\leq\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\bigl\vert \langle x_{i},y_{i}-2b\rangle\bigr\vert + \frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\bigl\vert \langle x_{i}-2a,y_{i}\rangle\bigr\vert \\ &\leq \Biggl(\sum_{i=1}^{n} \|x_{i}\|^{2} \Biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \Biggl(\sum _{i=1}^{n}\| y_{i}\|^{2} \Biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}}. \end{aligned}$$
Proof of Theorem 2
We first prove the following inequality: In fact, by the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality (1.2), we obtain This is the inequality (2.4).
$$ \int_{\Omega}\biggl\vert f \biggl(g-2\int_{\Omega}g\, d\mu \biggr)\biggr\vert \, d\mu\leq \biggl(\int_{\Omega}f^{2} \, d\mu \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \biggl(\int_{\Omega}g^{2}\, d\mu \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}}. $$
(2.4)
$$\begin{aligned}& \int_{\Omega}\biggl\vert f \biggl(g-2\int_{\Omega}g\, d\mu \biggr)\biggr\vert \,d\mu \\& \quad \leq \biggl(\int_{\Omega}f^{2} \,d\mu \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \biggl(\int_{\Omega}\biggl(g-2\int_{\Omega}g\, d\mu \biggr)^{2}\,d\mu \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \\& \quad = \biggl(\int_{\Omega}f^{2} \,d\mu \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}}\cdot \biggl(\int_{\Omega}\biggl(4 \biggl( \int_{\Omega}g \,d\mu \biggr)^{2}-4 \biggl(\int _{\Omega}g \,d\mu \biggr)\cdot g+g^{2} \biggr)\,d\mu \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \\& \quad = \biggl(\int_{\Omega}f^{2} \,d\mu \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}}\cdot \biggl(4 \biggl(\int_{\Omega}g \,d\mu \biggr)^{2}\mu(\Omega)-4 \biggl(\int_{\Omega}g \,d\mu \biggr)^{2}+\int_{\Omega}g^{2} \,d\mu \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \\& \quad = \biggl(\int_{\Omega}f^{2} \,d\mu \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \biggl(\int_{\Omega}g^{2} \,d\mu \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}}. \end{aligned}$$
Similarly, we have From (2.4) and (2.5), we find that The inequality (1.4) follows. □
$$ \int_{\Omega}\biggl\vert g \biggl(f-2\int_{\Omega}f\, d\mu \biggr)\biggr\vert \, d\mu\leq \biggl(\int_{\Omega}f^{2}\, d\mu \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \biggl(\int_{\Omega}g^{2}\, d\mu \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}}. $$
(2.5)
$$\begin{aligned}& \int_{\Omega}|f\otimes_{A}g| \, d\mu \\& \quad = \frac{1}{2}\int_{\Omega}\biggl\vert \biggl(g-2\int _{\Omega}g\, d\mu \biggr)f+ \biggl(f-2\int_{\Omega}f\, d\mu \biggr)g\biggr\vert \, d\mu \\& \quad \leq\frac{1}{2} \biggl(\int_{\Omega}\biggl\vert f \biggl(g-2\int_{\Omega}g\, d\mu \biggr)\biggr\vert \, d\mu + \int_{\Omega}\biggl\vert g \biggl(f-2\int_{\Omega}f\, d\mu \biggr)\biggr\vert \, d\mu \biggr) \\& \quad \leq \biggl(\int_{\Omega}f^{2} \, d\mu \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}} \biggl(\int_{\Omega}g^{2} \, d\mu \biggr)^{\frac{1}{2}}. \end{aligned}$$
3 An application
Let \((a_{1},b_{1}),\ldots,(a_{n},b_{n}) \) be n items of bivariate real data, \(x=\{a_{1},\ldots,a_{n}\}\) and \(y=\{b_{1},\ldots,b_{n}\}\), then their covariance \(\operatorname{Cov}(x,y)\) is defined as [11] where \(a=\frac{a_{1}+\cdots+a_{n}}{n}\) and \(b=\frac{b_{1}+\cdots+b_{n}}{n}\).
$$\operatorname{Cov}(x,y)=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}(a_{i}-a) (b_{i}-b), $$
For the covariance \(\operatorname{Cov}(x,y)\), it is well known that Pearson’s product moment inequality is where \(\operatorname{SD}(x)=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}(a_{i}-a)^{2}}\) and \(\operatorname{SD}(y)=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}(b_{i}-b)^{2}}\).
$$\bigl\vert \operatorname{Cov}(x,y)\bigr\vert \leq \operatorname{SD}(x)\cdot \operatorname{SD}(y), $$
Similarly, now we define this covariance of two n-tuples \(X=( x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n})\) and \(Y=(y_{1},y_{2},\ldots,y_{n})\) of the unitary space \(\mathbb{H}\) as where \(a=\frac{x_{1}+\cdots+x_{n}}{n}\) and \(b=\frac{y_{1}+\cdots+y_{n}}{n}\).
$$\operatorname{Cov}(X,Y)=\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \langle x_{i}-a,y_{i}-b\rangle, $$
Set \(\alpha_{i}=x_{i}-a\) and \(\beta_{i}=y_{i}-b\), \(i=1,\ldots,n\). Note that Hence, (1.3) can be written in the following form: where \(\|X\|= (\sum^{n}_{i=1}\|x_{i}\|^{2} )^{1/2}\) and \(\|Y\|= (\sum^{n}_{i=1}\|y_{i}\|^{2} )^{1/2}\).
$$\begin{aligned} x_{i}\otimes_{A}y_{i}&=\langle \alpha_{i}+a,\beta_{i}+b\rangle-\langle\alpha _{i}+a,b\rangle-\langle a,\beta_{i}+b\rangle \\ &=\langle\alpha_{i},\beta_{i}\rangle-\langle a,b\rangle \\ &=\langle x_{i}-a,y_{i}-b\rangle-\langle a,b\rangle. \end{aligned}$$
$$ \sum_{i=1}^{n}\bigl\vert \langle x_{i}-a,y_{i}-b\rangle-\langle a,b\rangle\bigr\vert \leq \|X\| \cdot\|Y\|, $$
(3.1)
Using the triangle inequality on the left side of (3.1), we obtain Finally, we can simply state the above result, as follows.
$$\bigl\vert n \operatorname{Cov}(X,Y)-n\langle a,b\rangle\bigr\vert \leq\|X\| \cdot\|Y\|. $$
Theorem 3
Let
\(X=( x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{n})\)
and
\(Y=(y_{1},y_{2},\ldots,y_{n})\)
be two
n-tuples of the unitary space
\(\mathbb {H}\), then
$$ \bigl\vert \operatorname{Cov}(X,Y)-\langle a,b\rangle\bigr\vert \leq \frac{1}{n} \|X\|\cdot\|Y\|. $$
(3.2)
Declarations
Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11171053).
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
References
- Dragomir, SS: A survey on the Cauchy-Buniakowsky-Schwarz type discrete inequalities. J. Inequal. Pure Appl. Math. 4, Article 63 (2003) Google Scholar
- Ackermann, N: A Cauchy-Schwarz type inequality for bilinear integrals on positive measures. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 133, 2647-2656 (2005) MATHMathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Alzer, H: A refinement of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 168, 596-604 (1992) MATHMathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Alzer, H: On the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 234, 6-14 (1999) MATHMathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Carbery, A: A multilinear generalization of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 132, 3141-3152 (2004) MATHMathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Dragomir, SS: On the Cauchy-Buniakowsky-Schwarz inequality for sequences in inner product space. Math. Inequal. Appl. 3, 385-398 (2000) MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- Masjed-Jamei, M: A functional generalization of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and some subclasses. Appl. Math. Lett. 22, 1335-1339 (2009) MATHMathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Mitrinović, DS, Pećarić, JE, Fink, AM: Classical and New Inequalities in Analysis. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (1993) MATHView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Wada, S: On some refinement of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. Linear Algebra Appl. 420(2-3), 433-440 (2007) MATHMathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
- Rudin, W: Real and Complex Analysis. McGraw-Hill, New York (1987) MATHGoogle Scholar
- Fisher, RA: Statistical Methods, Experimental Design, and Scientific Inference. Oxford University Press, New York (1990) MATHGoogle Scholar
Copyright
© Tuo 2015
