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Approximation of Schurer type q-Bernstein-Kantorovich operators
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2015, Article number: 82 (2015)
Abstract
In this paper, a kind of Schurer type q-Bernstein-Kantorovich operators is introduced. The Korovkin type approximation theorem of these operators is investigated. The rates of convergence of these operators are also studied by means of the modulus of continuity and the help of functions of the Lipschitz class. Then, the global approximation property is given for these operators.
1 Introduction
In 1997, Phillips [1] introduced and studied q analogue of Bernstein polynomials. During the last decade, the applications of q-calculus in the approximation theory have become one of the main areas of research, q-calculus has been extensively used for constructing various generalizations of many classical approximation processes. It is well known that many q-extensions of the classical objects arising in the approximation theory have been introduced and studied (e.g., see [2–7]). Very recently, the book Convergence Estimates in Approximation Theory written by Gupta and Agarwal (see [8]) introduced some approximation properties of certain complex q-operators in compact disks. Also, the Stancu variants of some q-operators have been recently discussed (e.g., see [9–14]).
The goal of this paper is to introduce a kind of Schurer type q-Bernstein-Kantorovich operators and to study the approximation properties of these operators with the help of the Korovkin type approximation theorem. We also estimate the rate of convergence of these operators by using the modulus of continuity and the help of functions of the Lipschitz class. Then, we give the global approximation property for these operators.
Throughout the paper, we use some basic definitions and notations of q-calculus which can be found in Aral et al. [3].
In the paper, C is a positive constant. In different places, the value of C may be different. For \(f\in C[a,b]\), we denote \(\| f\|=\max\{|f(x)|: x\in[a,b]\}\).
2 Construction of the operators
Let \(p\in\mathbf{N}\cup\{0\}\) be fixed. In 1962, Schurer [15] introduced and studied the linear positive operators \(B_{n,p}:C[0,1+p]\rightarrow C[0,1]\) defined for any \(n\in\mathbf{N}\) and any \(f\in C[0,1+p]\) as follows:
In 2011, Muraru [16] introduced and studied the following q-Bernstein-Schurer operators for any fixed \(p\in\mathbf{N}\cup\{0\}\):
where \(P_{n+p,k}(q;x):=\bigl [ {\scriptsize\begin{matrix} n+p\cr k\end{matrix}} \bigr ]_{q}x^{k}(1-x)_{q}^{n+p-k}\) and \(f\in C[0,1+p]\), \(x\in[0,1]\), \(n\in\mathbf{N}\), \(0< q<1\).
The moments of these operators \(B_{n,p}(f;q;x)\) were obtained as follows (see [16]).
Remark 1
For \(B_{n,p}(t^{j};q;x)\), \(j=0,1,2\), we have
In 2013, Mahmudov and Sabancigil [17] defined q-Bernstein-Kantorovich operators as follows:
where \(P_{n,k}(q;x):=\bigl [ {\scriptsize\begin{matrix} n\cr k\end{matrix}} \bigr ]_{q}x^{k}(1-x)_{q}^{n-k}\) and \(f\in C[0,1]\), \(x\in[0,1]\), \(n\in\mathbf{N}\), \(0< q<1\).
Inspired by the operators above, we introduce a kind of Schurer type q-Bernstein-Kantorovich operators as follows.
Let \(f\in C[0,1+p]\) and \(p\in\mathbf{N}\cup\{0\}\) be fixed. For \(x\in[0,1]\), \(n\in\mathbf{N}\), \(0< q<1\), we define the Schurer type q-Bernstein-Kantorovich operators by
where
In 2013, Özarslan and Vedi [18] introduced the q-Bernstein-Schurer-Kantorovich operators \(K_{n}^{p}\). Comparing the results of our present paper with [18], we find that the literature [18] only estimated the rate of convergence in the pointwise sense for these operators \(K_{n}^{p}\). In the present paper, we not only estimate the rate of convergence in the pointwise sense, but also give the global approximation for these operators \(S_{n,p}\) defined by (1), and about the estimate of the rate of convergence in the pointwise sense for these operators \(S_{n,p}\), we get some new results, which are different from those in [18]. As regards [19], the q-Bernstein-Schurer-Stancu-Kantorovich operators \(K_{n,q}^{(\alpha,\beta)}\) were introduced. When \(\alpha=\beta=0\), these operators \(K_{n,q}^{(\alpha,\beta)}\) defined by [19] are reduced to \(K_{n,q}^{(0,0)}\), which are q-Bernstein-Schurer-Kantorovich type operators, but these operators \(K_{n,q}^{(0,0)}\) are quite different from operators \(S_{n,p}\) defined by (1), and our research work is different from that in [19], where statistical approximation properties were studied for \(K_{n,q}^{(\alpha,\beta)}\).
Now, we give some lemmas, which are necessary to prove our results.
Lemma 1
Let \(p\in\mathbf{N}\cup\{0\}\) be fixed. For any \(m\in\mathbf{N}\cup\{0\}\), \(n\in\mathbf{N}\), \(x\in[0,1]\), \(0< q<1\), we have
Proof
When \(0< q<1\), we have \(q^{k}-1=[k]_{q}(q-1)\), so
 □
Lemma 2
For \(S_{n,p}(t^{i};q;x)\), \(i=0,1,2\), we have
Proof
(i) For \(i=0\), since \(\sum_{k=0}^{n}P_{n,k}(q;x)=1\), \(\int_{0}^{1}\,d_{q}t=(1-q)\sum_{j=0}^{\infty}q^{j}=1\), by (1) we can get \(S_{n,p}(1;q;x)=1\).
In view of Lemma 1 and Remark 1, by direct computation, we obtain explicit formulas for \(S_{n,p}(t^{i};q;x)\), \(i=1,2\) as follows.
 □
Lemma 3
Let \(p\in\mathbf{N}\cup\{0\}\) be fixed. For \(x\in[0,1]\), \(n\in\mathbf{N}\), \(0< q<1\), we have
Proof
For \(x\in[0,1]\), \(n\in\mathbf{N}\), \(0< q<1\), by Remark 1, we have
 □
Lemma 4
Let \(p\in\mathbf{N}\cup\{0\}\) be fixed. For any \(n\in\mathbf{N}\), \(x \in[0,1]\) and \(0< q<1\), we have
Proof
(i) In view of \([n+p]_{q}=[n]_{q}+q^{n}[p]_{q}\), \([n+1]_{q}=[n]_{q}+q^{n}\), by Lemma 2, we can easily obtain
(ii) For \(p\in\mathbf{N}\cup\{0\}\) and any \(n\in \mathbf{N}\), using Remark 1, Lemma 3 and \([n+p]_{q}=[n]_{q}+q^{n}[p]_{q}\), we have
 □
Lemma 5
For \(f\in C[0,1+p]\), \(x\in[0,1]\) and \(n\in\mathrm{N}\), we have
Proof
In view of the definition given by (1) and Lemma 2, we have
 □
Let \(W^{2}=\{g\in C[0,1+p]:g', g''\in C[0,1+p]\}\). For \(\delta>0\), \(f\in C[0,1+p]\), the Peetre’s K-functional is defined as
Let \(\delta>0\), \(f\in C[0,1+p]\), the second order modulus of smoothness for f is defined as
the usual modulus of continuity for f is defined as
For \(f\in C[0,1+p]\), following [20], p.177, Theorem 2.4, there exists a constant \(C>0\) such that
3 Main results
Firstly we give the following convergence theorem for the sequence \(\{S_{n,p}(f;q)\}\).
Theorem 1
Let \(q_{n}\in(0,1)\). Then the sequence \(\{S_{n,p}(f;q_{n})\}\) converges to f uniformly on \([0,1]\) for any \(f\in C[0,1+p]\) if and only if \(\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}q_{n}=1\).
Proof
Let \(q_{n}\in(0,1)\) and \(\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}q_{n}=1\), we have \([n]_{q_{n}}\rightarrow\infty\) as \(n\rightarrow\infty\) (see [21]). Thus, by Lemma 2, we have \(\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\| \widetilde{S}_{n,p}(e_{j};q_{n};\cdot)-e_{j}\|_{C[0,1]}=0\) for \(e_{j}(x)=x^{j}\), \(j=0,1,2\). According to the well-known Bohman-Korovkin theorem [22], p.40, Theorem 1.9, we get that the sequence \(\{\widetilde{S}_{n,p}(f;q_{n})\}\) converges to f uniformly on \([0,1]\) for any \(f\in C[0,1+p]\).
We prove the converse result by contradiction. If \(\{q_{n}\}\) does not tend to 1 as \(n\rightarrow\infty\), then it must contain a subsequence \(\{q_{n_{k}}\}\subset(0,1)\) such that \(\lim_{k\rightarrow\infty}q_{n_{k}}=q_{0}\in[0,1)\). Thus
Taking \(n=n_{k}\), \(q=q_{n_{k}}\) in \(S_{n,p}(t;q;x)\), by Lemma 2 we get
This leads to a contradiction, hence \(\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}q_{n}=1\). The theorem is proved. □
Next we estimate the rate of convergence.
Theorem 2
Let \(f\in C[0,1+p]\), \(x\in[0,1]\), \(q\in(0,1)\), we have \(|S_{n,p}(f;q;x)-f(x)|\leq 2\omega(f,\delta_{n}(x))\), where
Proof
By Lemma 2 we have
Since for \(t\in[0,1+p]\), \(x\in[0,1]\) and any \(\delta>0\) we have
we get
By Lemma 2 and Lemma 3, for \(x\in[0,1]\), we have
Taking \(\delta=\delta_{n}(x)\), from the above inequality we obtain the desired result. □
Corollary 1
Let \(M>0\), \(0<\alpha\leq1\), \(f\in \operatorname{Lip}_{M}^{\alpha}\) on \([0,1+p]\), \(q\in(0,1)\), we have
where
Proof
Let \(M>0\), \(0<\alpha\leq1\), \(f\in \operatorname{Lip}_{M}^{\alpha}\) on \([0,1+p]\), we have \(f\in C[0, 1+p]\). For any \(\delta>0\), since \(f\in \operatorname{Lip}_{M}^{\alpha}\) is equivalent to \(\omega(f,\delta)\leq M\delta^{\alpha}\), thus, by Theorem 2, for \(x\in[0,1]\), we have \(|S_{n,p}(f;q;x)-f(x)|\leq2\omega(f,\delta_{n}(x))\leq 2M\delta^{\alpha}_{n}(x)\leq2M\eta^{\alpha}_{n}\), where \(\delta_{n}(x)\) and \(\eta_{n}\) are given in (4) and (5), respectively, which implies the proof is complete. □
Theorem 3
Let \(f\in C[0,1+p]\), \(x\in[0,1]\), \(q\in (0,1)\), we have
where C is a positive constant, \(\delta_{n}(x)\) is given by (4).
Proof
For \(f\in C[0,1+p]\), \(x\in[0,1]\), we define
where \(a_{n}=\frac{2q[n+p]_{q}}{[2]_{q}[n + 1]_{q}}\), \(b_{n}=\frac{1}{[2]_{q}[n + 1]_{q}}\). By Lemma 2 we get \(\widehat{S}_{n,p}(1;q;x)=1\), \(\widehat{S}_{n,p}(t;q;x)=x\). Let \(g\in W^{2}\), \(t\in[0,1+p]\), \(x\in[0,1]\), by Taylor’s formula, we obtain
Using the inequality \((a-b)^{2}\leq2(a^{2}+b^{2})\), we have
so, by the definition given by (6) and Lemma 4, for \(x\in[0,1]\), we have
On the other hand, by the definition given by (6) and Lemma 5, we have
Thus, for \(x\in[0,1]\), using Lemma 4(i), we have
Hence, taking infimum on the right-hand side over all \(g\in W^{2}\), we can get
By inequality (3), for every \(q\in(0,1)\), we have
 □
Theorem 4
Let \(f\in C^{1}[0,1+p]\), \(x\in[0,1]\), \(q\in(0,1)\), we have
where \(\|f'\|=\max\{|f'(x)|; x\in[0,1+p]\}\), \(\delta_{n}(x)\) is given by (4).
Proof
Let \(f\in C^{1}[0,1+p]\), for any \(t\in[0,1+p]\), \(x\in[0,1]\) and \(\delta>0\), we get
hence
By using the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we have
Thus, by Lemma 2 and Lemma 4, for \(x\in[0,1]\), we can get
Taking \(\delta=\delta_{n}(x)\), then from the above inequality we obtain the desired result.
Finally we give the global approximation for the sequence \(\{S_{n,p}(f;q)\}\). For the next theorem we shall use some notations.
For \(f\in C[0,1+p]\) and \(\varphi(x)=\sqrt{x(1-x)}\), \(x\in [0,1]\), let
be the second order Ditzian-Totik modulus of smoothness, and let
be the corresponding K-functional, where \(W^{2}(\varphi)=\{g\in C[0,1+p]:g'\in AC_{\mathrm{loc}}[0,1+p], \varphi^{2}g''\in C[0,1+p]\}\) and \(g'\in AC_{\mathrm{loc}}[0,1+p]\) means that g is differentiable and \(g'\) is absolutely continuous on every closed interval \([a,b]\subseteq[0,1+p]\). It is well known (see [5], p.24, Theorem 1.3.1) that
for some absolute constant \(C>0\).
Furthermore, the Ditzian-Totik modulus of first order is given by
where ψ is an admissible step-weight function on \([0,1]\). □
Now we state our next main result.
Theorem 5
Let \(\{S_{n,p}(f;q)\}\) be defined by (1). Then there exists an absolute constant \(C>0\) such that
where \(f\in C[0,1+p]\), \(0< q<1\), \(\varphi(x)=\sqrt{x(1-x)}\) and \(\psi(x)=(1+|2[p]_{q}-1|)x+1\), \(x\in[0,1]\).
Proof
Let
where \(f\in C[0,1+p]\), \(a_{n}=\frac{2q[n+p]_{q}}{[2]_{q}[n + 1]_{q}}\), \(b_{n}=\frac{1}{[2]_{q}[n + 1]_{q}}\). Let \(g\in W^{2}(\varphi)\), \(t\in[0,1+p]\), \(x\in[0,1]\), by using Taylor’s formula, we have
Hence
Let \(\lambda_{n}^{2}(x)=\varphi^{2}(x)+\frac{([p]_{q}+1)^{2}}{[n]_{q}}\), because the function \(\lambda_{n}\) is concave on \([0,1]\), we have for \(u=t+\tau(x-t)\), \(\tau\in[0,1]\), the estimate
Hence, by (11) we have
In view of (7) and \(\|\lambda_{n}^{2}g''\|\leq\|\varphi^{2}g''\|+\frac {([p]_{q}+1)^{2}}{[n]_{q}}\|g''\|\), for \(x\in[0,1]\), we have
Using (8), for \(f\in C[0,1+p]\), we find
Taking the infimum on the right-hand side over all \(g\in W^{2}(\varphi)\), we obtain
On the other hand, by (10) we have
so, using (9) we obtain
 □
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Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 61170324), the Class A Science and Technology Project of Education Department of Fujian Province of China (Grant no. JA12324), and the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (Grant nos. 2014J01021 and 2013J01017).
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Ren, MY., Zeng, XM. Approximation of Schurer type q-Bernstein-Kantorovich operators. J Inequal Appl 2015, 82 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-015-0601-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-015-0601-z