Skip to main content

Attractivity for a k-dimensional system of fractional functional differential equations and global attractivity for a k-dimensional system of nonlinear fractional differential equations

Abstract

In this paper, we present some results for the attractivity of solutions for a k-dimensional system of fractional functional differential equations involving the Caputo fractional derivative by using the classical Schauder’s fixed-point theorem. Also, the global attractivity of solutions for a k-dimensional system of fractional differential equations involving Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative are obtained by using Krasnoselskii’s fixed-point theorem. We give two examples to illustrate our main results.

1 Introduction

In recent years, many researchers have been focused on investigation of fractional differential equations which has played an important role in different areas of science (see for example, [122] and the references therein). As you know, there are many practical applications of fractional differential equations in different fields of science such as economy, biology, and the study of forced van der Pol oscillators (see for example, [2325] and the references therein). On the other hand, there are a few papers on the attractivity of solutions for fractional differential equations and fractional functional differential equations (see for example, [15] and [16]). For the details of basic notions of this paper such the standard Caputo fractional derivative, the standard Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, and the fractional integral of order q for a function f see [18]. In 2011, Chen and Zhou reviewed the attractivity of solutions for the fractional functional differential equation D α c x(t)=f(t, x t ) for t( t 0 ,) via the boundary value condition x(t)=ϕ(t) for t 0 rt t 0 , where t 0 0, r>0, 0<α<1, cD is the standard Caputo fractional derivative, ϕC([ t 0 r, t 0 ],R) and f:( t 0 ,)×C([r,0],R)R a function with some properties [16]. In 2012, Chen et al. reviewed the global attractivity of solutions for the nonlinear fractional differential equation D α x(t)=g(t,x(t)) for t( t 0 ,) via the boundary value problem [ D α 1 x ( t ) ] t = t 0 = x 0 , where t 0 0, 0<α<1, x 0 is a constant, D is the standard Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, and g:( t 0 ,)×RR a function with some properties [15]. Also, they investigated the global attractivity of solutions for the nonlinear fractional differential equation D α c x(t)=g(t,x(t)) for t( t 0 ,) via the boundary value problem x( t 0 )= x 0 , where t 0 0, 0<α<1, x 0 is a constant, cD is the standard Caputo fractional derivative, and g:( t 0 ,)×RR a function with some properties [15].

In this paper, we investigate the attractivity of solutions for a k-dimensional system of fractional differential equations. Also, we investigate the global attractivity of solutions for another k-dimensional system of nonlinear fractional differential equations.

2 Preliminaries

In this paper, we investigate the attractivity of solutions for k-dimensional system of fractional functional differential equations

{ D α 1 c x 1 ( t ) = f 1 ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , , x k t ) , D α 2 c x 2 ( t ) = f 2 ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , , x k t ) , D α k c x k ( t ) = f k ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , , x k t ) ,
(2.1)

via the boundary value problems x 1 (t)= ϕ 1 (t), x 2 (t)= ϕ 2 (t),, x k (t)= ϕ k (t) for t 0 rt t 0 , where 0< α i <1 for i=1,2,,k, t 0 0, t( t 0 ,), cD is the standard Caputo fractional derivative, J=( t 0 ,), r>0, ϕ i C([ t 0 r, t 0 ], R n ) for i=1,2,,k and f i :J×C([r,0], R n )×C([r,0], R n )××C([r,0], R n ) R n is a function satisfying some assumptions that will be specified later for i=1,2,,k. If xC([ t 0 r,), R n ), then x t is defined by x t (θ)=x(t+θ) for rθ0 and t[ t 0 ,). Also, we investigate the global attractivity of solutions for the k-dimensional system of nonlinear fractional differential equations

{ D α 1 x 1 ( t ) = g 1 ( t , x 1 ( t ) , x 2 ( t ) , , x k ( t ) ) , D α 2 x 2 ( t ) = g 2 ( t , x 1 ( t ) , x 2 ( t ) , , x k ( t ) ) , D α k x k ( t ) = g k ( t , x 1 ( t ) , x 2 ( t ) , , x k ( t ) ) ,
(2.2)

via the boundary value problems [ D α 1 1 x 1 ( t ) ] t = t 0 = x 1 0 , [ D α 2 1 x 2 ( t ) ] t = t 0 = x 2 0 ,, [ D α k 1 x k ( t ) ] t = t 0 = x k 0 , where 0< α i <1 for i=1,2,,k, t 0 0, t( t 0 ,), D is the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative, J=( t 0 ,), x 1 0 ,, x k 0 are constants, and g i :J× R n × R n ×× R n R n is an integrable function satisfying some assumptions that will be specified later for i=1,2,,k. In fact, we say that the solution ( x 1 (t), x 2 (t),, x k (t)) of the problem (2.1) is attractive whenever if there exists a constant b i 0 ( t 0 )>0 such that | ϕ i (s)| b i 0 for all i=1,2,,k and s[ t 0 r, t 0 ], then lim t x i (t, t 0 , ϕ i )0. Also, the zero solution x(t) of the problem (2.2) is said to be globally attractive whenever each solution tends to zero as t. Let X=C(J, R n ) be the Banach space of all continuous functions from J into R n with the norm x= sup t J |x(t)|, where || denotes a suitable complete norm on R n . It is clear that the product space is also a Banach space, where ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) = x 1 + x 2 ++ x k . We need the following Schauder fixed-point theorem and improvement of a fixed-point theorem of Krasnoselskii due to Burton, which one can find in [14, 17] and [19].

Theorem 2.1 If U is a nonempty, closed, bounded, and convex subset of the Banach space X and T:UU is completely continuous, then T has a fixed point.

Theorem 2.2 Let S be a nonempty, closed, convex, and bounded subset of the Banach space X, A:XX a contraction with constant l<1, B:SX a continuous map which B(S) resides in a compact subset of X and x=Ax+By and yS implies xS. Then the operator equation Ax+Bx=x has a solution in S.

3 Main results

First, we investigate attractive solutions of the problem (2.1). In this way, suppose that x t = sup r θ 0 |x(t+θ)| for tJ. We assume that f i (t, x 1 t , x 2 t ,, x k t ) is Lebesgue measurable with respect to t on [ t 0 ,) and f i (t, φ 1 , φ 2 ,, φ k ) is continuous with respect to φ j on C([r,0], R n ) for i,j=1,2,,k. Note that the problem (2.1) is equivalent to the system of equations

x i (t)= { ϕ i ( t 0 ) + 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) d s , t > t 0 , ϕ i ( t ) , t [ t 0 r , t 0 ]

or

x i (t)= { 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 [ ϕ i ( t 0 ) Γ ( 1 α i ) ( s t 0 ) α i + f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) ] d s , t > t 0 , ϕ i ( t ) , t [ t 0 r , t 0 ]

for i=1,2,,k. Define the operator T: X k X k by

T( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )(t)= ( T 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) T 2 ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) T k ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) ) ,

where

T i ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )(t)= { ϕ i ( t 0 ) + 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) d s , t > t 0 , ϕ i ( t ) , t [ t 0 r , t 0 ]

for i=1,2,,k. It is easy to check that ( x 1 (t), x 2 (t),, x k (t)) is a solution of the problem (2.1) if and only if ( x 1 (t), x 2 (t),, x k (t)) is a fixed point of the operator T.

Theorem 3.1 Suppose that for each i{1,2,,k} there exist γ i 1 >0 and α i 1 (0, α i ) such that

| ϕ i ( t 0 ) + 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) d s | ( t t 0 ) γ i 1

for all tJ and f i L 1 α i 1 (J×C([r,0], R n )×C([r,0], R n )××C([r,0], R n ), R n ). Then the problem (2.1) has at least one attractive solution ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k ) such that x i C([ t 0 r,), R n ) for all i=1,2,,k.

Proof Consider the set

S 1 = { ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) : x i C ( [ t 0 r , ) , R n ) , | x i ( t ) | ( t t 0 ) γ i 1 for all  i = 1 , 2 , , k  and  t t ˜ > t 0 } ,

where t ˜ is a constant. It is easy to check that S 1 is a closed, bounded, and convex subset of . We show that the operator T has a fixed point in S 1 . This implies that the problem (2.1) has a solution. Note that | T i ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )(t)| ( t t 0 ) γ i 1 for all i=1,2,,k and so T( S 1 ) S 1 . Now, we show that T is continuous. Let ( x 1 m , x 2 m ,, x k m ),( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k ) S 1 for all m1 and lim m | x i m (t) x i (t)|=0 for all i=1,2,,k. Then, we have lim m f i (t, x 1 t m , x 2 t m ,, x k t m )= f i (t, x 1 t , x 2 t ,, x k t ) for all i=1,2,,k and t> t 0 . Let ϵ>0 be given. Choose T ˜ > t 0 such that t T ˜ implies that ( t t 0 ) γ i 1 < ϵ 2 . Let ν i 1 = α i 1 1 α i 1 and note that 1+ ν i 1 >0 for i=1,2,,k. Also, we have

| T i ( x 1 m , x 2 m , , x k m ) ( t ) T i ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) | 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 | f i ( s , x 1 s m , x 2 s m , , x k s m ) f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) | d s 1 Γ ( α i ) { t 0 t [ ( t s ) α i 1 ] 1 1 α i 1 d s } 1 α i 1 × [ t 0 t | f i ( s , x 1 s m , x 2 s m , , x k s m ) f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) | 1 α i 1 d s ] α i 1 1 Γ ( α i ) ( 1 1 + ν i 1 ( t t 0 ) 1 + ν i 1 ) 1 α i 1 × [ t 0 T ˜ | f i ( s , x 1 s m , x 2 s m , , x k s m ) f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) | 1 α i 1 d s ] α i 1 1 Γ ( α i ) ( 1 1 + ν i 1 ( T ˜ t 0 ) 1 + ν i 1 ) 1 α i 1 ( T ˜ t 0 ) α i 1 × sup t 0 s T ˜ | f i ( s , x 1 s m , x 2 s m , , x k s m ) f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) |

for t 0 <t T ˜ . Thus, lim m | T i ( x 1 m , x 2 m ,, x k m )(t) T i ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )(t)|=0 for all t 0 <t T ˜ . Also, we have

| T i ( x 1 m , x 2 m , , x k m ) ( t ) T i ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) | = | 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 f i ( s , x 1 s m , x 2 s m , , x k s m ) d s 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) d s | 2 ( t t 0 ) γ i 1 ϵ

for t> T ˜ . Hence, lim m | T i ( x 1 m , x 2 m ,, x k m )(t) T i ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )(t)|=0 for t> t 0 . This implies that T i is continuous for i=1,2,,k and so T is continuous. Now, we show that the set T( S 1 ) is equi-continuous. Let ϵ>0. Since lim t ( t t 0 ) γ i 1 =0 for i=1,2,,k, there is a T ˜ > t 0 such that ( t t 0 ) γ i 1 < ϵ 2 for all t> T ˜ and i=1,2,,k. Let t 1 , t 2 > t 0 and t 2 > t 1 . If t 1 , t 2 ( t 0 , T ˜ ], then

| T i ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t 2 ) T i ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t 1 ) | | 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t 2 ( t 2 s ) α i 1 f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) d s 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t 1 ( t 1 s ) α i 1 f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) d s | 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t 1 [ ( t 1 s ) α i 1 ( t 2 s ) α i 1 ] | f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) | d s + 1 Γ ( α i ) t 1 t 2 ( t 2 s ) α i 1 | f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) | d s 1 Γ ( α i ) { t 0 t 1 [ ( t 1 s ) α i 1 ( t 2 s ) α i 1 ] 1 1 α i 1 d s } 1 α i 1 × [ t 0 t 1 | f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) | 1 α i 1 d s ] α i 1 + 1 Γ ( α i ) [ t 1 t 2 ( t 2 s ) α i 1 1 α i 1 d s ] 1 α i 1 [ t 1 t 2 | f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) | 1 α i 1 d s ] α i 1 1 Γ ( α i ) ( 1 1 + ν i 1 ) 1 α i 1 [ ( t 1 t 0 ) α i 1 1 α i 1 + 1 + ( t 2 t 1 ) α i 1 1 α i 1 + 1 ( t 2 t 0 ) α i 1 1 α i 1 + 1 ] 1 α i 1 × [ t 0 T ˜ | f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) | 1 α i 1 d s ] α i 1 + 1 Γ ( α i ) ( 1 1 + ν i 1 ) 1 α i 1 [ ( t 2 t 1 ) α i 1 1 α i 1 + 1 ] 1 α i 1 [ t 0 T ˜ | f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) | 1 α i 1 d s ] α i 1 1 Γ ( α i ) ( 1 1 + ν i 1 ) 1 α i 1 [ t 0 T ˜ | f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) | 1 α i 1 d s ] α i 1 ( t 2 t 1 ) α i α i 1

and so lim t 2 t 1 | T i ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )( t 2 ) T i ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )( t 1 )|=0. If t 1 , t 2 > T ˜ , then

| T i ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t 2 ) T i ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t 1 ) | = | 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t 2 ( t 2 s ) α i 1 f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) d s 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t 1 ( t 1 s ) α i 1 f i ( s , x 1 s , x 2 s , , x k s ) d s | ( t 2 t 0 ) γ i 1 + ( t 1 t 0 ) γ i 1 ϵ .

Now, let t 0 < t 1 < T ˜ < t 2 . Since

| T i ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t 2 ) T i ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t 1 ) | | T i ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t 2 ) T i ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( T ˜ ) | + | T i ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( T ˜ ) T i ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t 1 ) | ,

we get lim t 2 t 1 | T i ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )( t 2 ) T i ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )( t 1 )|=0 in all cases. This implies that the set T( S 1 ) is equi-continuous. Since T( S 1 ) S 1 is uniformly bounded, T( S 1 ) is relatively compact. Now by using Theorem 2.1, T has a fixed point in S 1 which is a solution of the problem (2.1). Since x(t)=( x 1 (t), x 2 (t),, x k (t)) S 1 , lim t x(t)=0. Thus, x(t) is an attractive solution for the problem (2.1). □

Theorem 3.2 Suppose that for each i{1,2,,k} there exist γ i 2 >0, α i 2 (0, α i ) and l i L 1 α i 2 (J, R + ) such that 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t 1 s ) α i 1 l i (s) ( s t 0 ) γ i 2 ds ( t t 0 ) γ i 2 and

| ϕ i ( t 0 ) Γ ( 1 α i ) ( t t 0 ) α i + f i ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , , x k t ) | l i (t) x i t

for all i=1,2,,k, tJ and x i C([ t 0 r,), R n ). Then the problem (2.1) has at least one attractive solution ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k ) such that x i C([ t 0 r,), R n ) for all i=1,2,,k.

Proof It is sufficient we consider the set

S 2 = { ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) : x i C ( [ t 0 r , ) , R n ) , x i t ( t t 0 ) γ i 2 for all  i = 1 , 2 , , k  and  t t ˜ > t 0 } ,

where t ˜ is a constant. By using a similar techniques and proof in Theorem 3.1, one can show that T( S 2 ) S 2 , T is continuous and T( S 2 ) is relatively compact. Now by using Theorem 2.1, T has a fixed point in S 2 which is a solution of the problem (2.1). Since x(t)=( x 1 (t), x 2 (t),, x k (t)) S 2 , lim t x(t)=0. Thus, x(t) is an attractive solution for the problem (2.1). □

Theorem 3.3 Suppose that for each i{1,2,,k} there exists β i 1 ( α i ,1) such that

| ϕ i ( t 0 ) Γ ( 1 α i ) ( t t 0 ) α i + f i ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , , x k t ) | Γ ( 1 + α i β i 1 ) Γ ( 1 β i 1 ) ( t t 0 ) β i 1

for all tJ. Then the problem (2.1) has at least one attractive solution ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k ) such that x i C([ t 0 r,), R n ) for all i=1,2,,k.

Proof It is sufficient we consider the set

S 3 = { ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) : x i C ( [ t 0 r , ) , R n ) , | x i ( t ) | ( t t 0 ) β i 1 α i for all  i = 1 , 2 , , k  and  t t ˜ > t 0 } ,

where t ˜ is a constant. By using a similar techniques and proof in Theorem 3.1, one can show that T( S 3 ) S 3 , T is continuous and T( S 3 ) is relatively compact. Now, by using Theorem 2.1, T has a fixed point in S 3 which is a solution of the problem (2.1). Since x(t)=( x 1 (t), x 2 (t),, x k (t)) S 3 , lim t x(t)=0. Thus, x(t) is an attractive solution for the problem (2.1). □

Here, we are going to investigate global attractivity of solutions of the problem (2.2). We assume that g i (t, x 1 (t), x 2 (t),, x k (t)) is Lebesgue measurable with respect to t on [ t 0 ,) and there exists a constant α i 1 (0, α i ) such that g i L 1 α i 1 (J× R n × R n ×× R n , R n ) and g i (t, x 1 (t), x 2 (t),, x k (t)) is continuous with respect to x j on [ t 0 ,) for all i,j=1,2,,k. Note that the problem (2.2) is equivalent to the system of equations

x i (t)= x i 0 Γ ( α i ) ( t t 0 ) α i 1 + 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 g i ( s , x 1 ( s ) , x 2 ( s ) , , x k ( s ) ) ds

for all t> t 0 and i=1,2,,k. Define the operator T: X k X k by

T( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )(t)= ( T 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) T 2 ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) T k ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) ) ,

where

T i ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )(t)= x i 0 Γ ( α i ) ( t t 0 ) α i 1 + 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 g i ( s , x 1 ( s ) , x 2 ( s ) , , x k ( s ) ) ds

for all i=1,2,,k. Now, define

A( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )(t)= ( A 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) A 2 ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) A k ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) ) ,

where A i ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )(t)= x i 0 Γ ( α i ) ( t t 0 ) α i 1 for all i=1,2,,k. Finally, define

B( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )(t)= ( B 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) B 2 ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) B k ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) ) ,

where B i ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )(t)= 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 g i (s, x 1 (s), x 2 (s),, x k (s))ds for all i=1,2,,k. It is easy to check that ( x 1 (t), x 2 (t),, x k (t)) is a solution of the problem (2.2) if and only if it is a fixed point of the operator T. Note that A is a contraction with constant 0.

Theorem 3.4 Suppose that for each i{1,2,,k} there exist α i < β i 1 <1 and M i 0 such that | g i (t, x 1 (t), x 2 (t),, x k (t))| M i ( t t 0 ) β i 1 for all tJ and x 1 ,, x k C(( t 0 ,), R n ). Then the zero solution of the problem (2.2) is globally attractive.

Proof Consider the set

S 1 = { ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) : x i C ( ( t 0 , ) , R n ) , | x i ( t ) | ( t t 0 ) γ i 1 for all  i = 1 , 2 , , k  and  t t 0 + T ˜ 1 } ,

where γ i 1 = 1 2 ( β i 1 α i ) and T ˜ 1 is chosen such that | x i 0 | Γ ( α i ) T ˜ 1 1 2 ( α i 1 ) + M i Γ ( 1 β i 1 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 1 ) T ˜ 1 1 2 ( β i 1 α i ) 1 for all i=1,2,,k. First, we show that B maps S 1 into S 1 . It is easy to check that S 1 is a closed, bounded, and convex subset of R n × R n ×× R n . Note that

| B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( t ) | 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 | g i ( s , x 1 ( s ) , x 2 ( s ) , , x k ( s ) ) | d s 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 M i ( s t 0 ) β i 1 d s M i Γ ( 1 β i 1 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 1 ) ( t t 0 ) ( β i 1 α i )

and M i Γ ( 1 β i 1 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 1 ) ( t t 0 ) 1 2 ( β i 1 α i ) M i Γ ( 1 β i 1 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 1 ) T ˜ 1 1 2 ( β i 1 α i ) 1 for all i=1,2,,k and t t 0 + T ˜ 1 . Thus,

| B i ( y 1 , y 2 ,, y k )(t)| [ M i Γ ( 1 β i 1 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 1 ) ( t t 0 ) 1 2 ( β i 1 α i ) ] ( t t 0 ) 1 2 ( β i 1 α i ) ( t t 0 ) γ i 1

for all i=1,2,,k and t t 0 + T ˜ 1 . Hence, B( S 1 ) S 1 . Now, we show that B is continuous on [ t 0 + T ˜ 1 ,). Let ( y 1 m , y 2 m ,, y k m ),( y 1 , y 2 ,, y k ) S 1 for all m1 and lim m | y i m (t) y i (t)|=0. Then, one can get lim m g i (t, y 1 m (t), y 2 m (t),, y k m (t))= g i (t, y 1 (t), y 2 (t),, y k (t)) for all t t 0 + T ˜ 1 . Let ϵ>0 be given. Choose T ˜ > t 0 + T ˜ 1 such that M i Γ ( 1 β i 1 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 1 ) ( T ˜ t 0 ) ( β i 1 α i ) < ϵ 2 for all t> T ˜ . Let ν i 1 = α i 1 1 α i 1 for i=1,2,,k. Then, we have

| B i ( y 1 m , y 2 m , , y k m ) ( t ) B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( t ) | 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 | g i ( s , y 1 m ( s ) , y 2 m ( s ) , , y k m ( s ) ) g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | d s 1 Γ ( α i ) { t 0 t [ ( t s ) α i 1 ] 1 1 α i 1 d s } 1 α i 1 × [ t 0 t | g i ( s , y 1 m ( s ) , y 2 m ( s ) , , y k m ( s ) ) g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | 1 α i 1 d s ] α i 1 1 Γ ( α i ) ( 1 1 + ν i 1 ( t t 0 ) 1 + ν i 1 ) 1 α i 1 × [ t 0 T ˜ | g i ( s , y 1 m ( s ) , y 2 m ( s ) , , y k m ( s ) ) g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | 1 α i 1 d s ] α i 1 1 Γ ( α i ) ( 1 1 + ν i 1 ( T ˜ t 0 ) 1 + ν i 1 ) 1 α i 1 ( T ˜ t 0 ) α i 1 × sup t 0 s T ˜ | g i ( s , y 1 m ( s ) , y 2 m ( s ) , , y k m ( s ) ) g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) |

for all t 0 + T ˜ 1 t T ˜ . Hence, lim m | B i ( y 1 m , y 2 m ,, y k m )(t) B i ( y 1 , y 2 ,, y k )(t)|=0 for all t 0 + T ˜ 1 t T ˜ . Also,

| B i ( y 1 m , y 2 m , , y k m ) ( t ) B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( t ) | 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 | g i ( s , y 1 m ( s ) , y 2 m ( s ) , , y k m ( s ) ) g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | d s 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 [ | g i ( s , y 1 m ( s ) , y 2 m ( s ) , , y k m ( s ) ) | + | g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | ] d s 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 [ 2 M i ( s t 0 ) β i 1 ] d s 2 M i Γ ( 1 β i 1 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 1 ) ( t t 0 ) ( β i 1 α i ) 2 M i Γ ( 1 β i 1 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 1 ) ( T ˜ t 0 ) ( β i 1 α i ) ϵ

for all t> T ˜ . Thus, lim m | B i ( y 1 m , y 2 m ,, y k m )(t) B i ( y 1 , y 2 ,, y k )(t)|=0 for all t t 0 + T ˜ 1 . This implies that B i is continuous on [ t 0 + T ˜ 1 ,) for i=1,2,,k and so B is continuous on [ t 0 + T ˜ 1 ,). Now, we show that B( S 1 ) is equi-continuous. Let ϵ>0 be given. Since lim t ( t t 0 ) γ i 1 =0, there exists T ˜ > t 0 + T ˜ 1 such that ( t t 0 ) γ i 1 < ϵ 2 for t> T ˜ . Let t 1 , t 2 t 0 + T ˜ 1 and t 2 > t 1 . If t 1 , t 2 [ t 0 + T ˜ 1 , T ˜ ], then we have

| B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( t 2 ) B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( t 1 ) | = | 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t 2 ( t 2 s ) α i 1 g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) d s 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t 1 ( t 1 s ) α i 1 g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) d s | 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t 1 [ ( t 1 s ) α i 1 ( t 2 s ) α i 1 ] | g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | d s + 1 Γ ( α i ) t 1 t 2 ( t 2 s ) α i 1 | g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | d s 1 Γ ( α i ) [ t 0 t 1 [ ( t 1 s ) α i 1 ( t 2 s ) α i 1 ] 1 1 α i 1 d s ] 1 α i 1 × [ t 0 t 1 | g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | 1 α i 1 d s ] α i 1 + 1 Γ ( α i ) [ t 1 t 2 ( t 2 s ) α i 1 1 α i 1 d s ] 1 α i 1 [ t 0 t 1 | g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | 1 α i 1 d s ] α i 1 1 Γ ( α i ) ( 1 1 + ν i 1 ) 1 α i 1 ( ( t 1 t 0 ) 1 + ν i 1 ( t 2 t 0 ) 1 + ν i 1 + ( t 2 t 1 ) 1 + ν i 1 ) 1 α i 1 × [ t 0 T ˜ | g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | 1 α i 1 d s ] α i 1 + 1 Γ ( α i ) ( 1 1 + ν i 1 ) 1 α i 1 ( ( t 2 t 1 ) 1 + ν i 1 ) 1 α i 1 [ t 0 T ˜ | g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | 1 α i 1 d s ] α i 1 2 Γ ( α i ) ( 1 1 + ν i 1 ) 1 α i 1 [ t 0 T ˜ | g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | 1 α i 1 d s ] α i 1 ( t 2 t 1 ) α i α i 1

and so lim t 2 t 1 | B i ( y 1 , y 2 ,, y k )( t 2 ) B i ( y 1 , y 2 ,, y k )( t 1 )|=0. If t 1 , t 2 > T ˜ , then

| B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( t 2 ) B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( t 1 ) | 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t 2 ( t 2 s ) α i 1 | g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | d s + 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t 1 ( t 1 s ) α i 1 | g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | d s ( t 2 t 0 ) γ i 1 + ( t 1 t 0 ) γ i 1 ϵ .

If t 0 + T ˜ 1 t 1 < T ˜ < t 2 , then we have

| B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( t 2 ) B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( t 1 ) | | B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( t 2 ) B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( T ˜ ) | + | B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( T ˜ ) B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( t 1 ) |

and so lim t 2 t 1 | B i ( y 1 , y 2 ,, y k )( t 2 ) B i ( y 1 , y 2 ,, y k )( t 1 )|=0. Thus, B( S 1 ) is equi-continuous. Since B( S 1 ) S 1 is uniformly bounded, B( S 1 ) is relatively compact. Now, suppose that x=( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )C(( t 0 ,), R n )×C(( t 0 ,), R n )××C(( t 0 ,), R n ), y=( y 1 , y 2 ,, y k ) S 1 and x=Ax+By. Then,

| x i ( t ) | | A i ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) | + | B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( t ) | | x i 0 | Γ ( α i ) ( t t 0 ) α i 1 + 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 | g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | d s | x i 0 | Γ ( α i ) ( t t 0 ) α i 1 + M i Γ ( 1 β i 1 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 1 ) ( t t 0 ) ( β i 1 α i )

for all i=1,2,,k. Since 0< α i < β i 1 <1 for i=1,2,,k, we get

| x i 0 | Γ ( α i ) ( t t 0 ) 1 2 ( α i 1 ) + M i Γ ( 1 β i 1 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 1 ) ( t t 0 ) 1 2 ( β i 1 α i ) | x i 0 | Γ ( α i ) T ˜ 1 1 2 ( α i 1 ) + M i Γ ( 1 β i 1 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 1 ) T ˜ 1 1 2 ( β i 1 α i ) 1 .

Thus, | x i (t)|[ | x i 0 | Γ ( α i ) ( t t 0 ) 1 2 ( α i 1 ) + M i Γ ( 1 β i 1 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 1 ) ( t t 0 ) 1 2 ( β i 1 α i ) ] ( t t 0 ) γ i 1 ( t t 0 ) γ i 1 for all t t 0 + T ˜ 1 and i=1,2,,k. This implies that x(t)=( x 1 (t), x 2 (t),, x k (t)) S 1 for all t t 0 + T ˜ 1 . Therefore, by using Theorem 2.2 T has a fixed point in S 1 which is a solution of the problem (2.2). Since all elements of the set S 1 tend to 0 as t, the zero solution of the problem (2.2) is globally attractive. □

Theorem 3.5 Suppose that for each i{1,2,,k} there exist α i < β i 2 < 1 2 (1+ α i ) and l i 0 such that | g i (t, x 1 (t), x 2 (t),, x k (t))| l i ( t t 0 ) β i 2 | x i (t)| for all tJ and x 1 ,, x k C(( t 0 ,), R n ). Then the zero solution of the problem (2.2) is globally attractive.

Proof It is sufficient to consider the set

S 2 = { ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) : x i C ( ( t 0 , ) , R n ) , | x i ( t ) | ( t t 0 ) γ i 2 for all  i = 1 , 2 , , k  and  t t 0 + T ˜ 2 } ,

where γ i 2 = 1 2 (1 α i ) and T ˜ 2 is chosen such that | x i 0 | Γ ( α i ) T ˜ 2 1 2 ( α i 1 ) + l i Γ ( 1 β i 2 γ i 2 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 2 γ i 2 ) T ˜ 2 ( β i 2 α i ) 1 for all i=1,2,,k. Similar to the proof of Theorem 3.4, one can show that S 2 is a closed, bounded, and convex set, B maps S 2 into S 2 , B( S 2 ) is relatively compact, and B is continuous on [ t 0 + T ˜ 2 ,). Now, suppose that x=( x 1 , x 2 ,, x k )C(( t 0 ,), R n )×C(( t 0 ,), R n )××C(( t 0 ,), R n ), y=( y 1 , y 2 ,, y k ) S 2 and x=Ax+By. Then,

| x i ( t ) | | A i ( x 1 , x 2 , , x k ) ( t ) | + | B i ( y 1 , y 2 , , y k ) ( t ) | | x i 0 | Γ ( α i ) ( t t 0 ) α i 1 + 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 | g i ( s , y 1 ( s ) , y 2 ( s ) , , y k ( s ) ) | d s | x i 0 | Γ ( α i ) ( t t 0 ) α i 1 + 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 l i ( s t 0 ) β i 2 | y i ( s ) | d s | x i 0 | Γ ( α i ) ( t t 0 ) α i 1 + 1 Γ ( α i ) t 0 t ( t s ) α i 1 l i ( s t 0 ) β i 2 γ i 2 d s | x i 0 | Γ ( α i ) ( t t 0 ) α i 1 + l i Γ ( 1 β i 2 γ i 2 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 2 γ i 2 ) ( t t 0 ) ( β i 2 γ i 2 α i )

for all i=1,2,,k. Since 0< α i < β i 2 < 1 2 (1+ α i )<1 for i=1,2,,k, we get

| x i 0 | Γ ( α i ) ( t t 0 ) 1 2 ( α i 1 ) + l i Γ ( 1 β i 2 γ i 2 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 2 γ i 2 ) ( t t 0 ) ( β i 2 α i ) | x i 0 | Γ ( α i ) T ˜ 2 1 2 ( α i 1 ) + l i Γ ( 1 β i 2 γ i 2 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 2 γ i 2 ) T ˜ 2 ( β i 2 α i ) 1 .

Thus, | x i (t)|[ | x i 0 | Γ ( α i ) ( t t 0 ) 1 2 ( α i 1 ) + l i Γ ( 1 β i 2 γ i 2 ) Γ ( 1 + α i β i 2 γ i 2 ) ( t t 0 ) ( β i 2 α i ) ] ( t t 0 ) γ i 2 ( t t 0 ) γ i 2 for all t t 0 + T ˜ 2 and i=1,2,,k. This implies that x(t)=( x 1 (t), x 2 (t),, x k (t)) S 2 , for t t 0 + T ˜ 2 . Since all elements of the set S 2 tend to 0 as t, the zero solution of the problem (2.2) is globally attractive. □

4 Examples

Here, we give an example to illustrate our results.

Example 4.1 Consider the 3-dimensional system of fractional functional differential equations

{ D 1 2 c x 1 ( t ) = Γ ( 3 4 ) Γ ( 1 4 ) ( t + 3 ) 3 4 sin 2 ( x 1 ( t 1 ) ) 1 + ( x 2 ( t 1 ) ) 2 × x 3 ( t 1 ) 1 + | x 3 ( t 1 ) | , t > 0 , D 1 4 c x 2 ( t ) = Γ ( 3 8 ) Γ ( 1 8 ) ( t + 3 2 ) 7 8 cos 4 ( x 1 ( t 1 ) ) 1 + sin 2 ( x 3 ( t 1 ) ) + | x 2 ( t 1 ) | , t > 0 , D 1 3 c x 3 ( t ) = Γ ( 5 6 ) π ( t + 1 ) 1 2 ( x 1 ( t 1 ) ) 4 1 + ( x 1 ( t 1 ) ) 4 + 6 | x 2 ( t 1 ) | 3 , t > 0 , x i ( t ) = t , i = 1 , 2 , 3 , t [ 1 , 0 ] .

Define the maps

f 1 ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , x 3 t ) = Γ ( 3 4 ) Γ ( 1 4 ) ( t + 3 ) 3 4 sin 2 ( x 1 ( t 1 ) ) 1 + ( x 2 ( t 1 ) ) 2 × x 3 ( t 1 ) 1 + | x 3 ( t 1 ) | , f 2 ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , x 3 t ) = Γ ( 3 8 ) Γ ( 1 8 ) ( t + 3 2 ) 7 8 cos 4 ( x 1 ( t 1 ) ) 1 + sin 2 ( x 3 ( t 1 ) ) + | x 2 ( t 1 ) | , f 3 ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , x 3 t ) = Γ ( 5 6 ) π ( t + 1 ) 1 2 ( x 1 ( t 1 ) ) 4 1 + ( x 1 ( t 1 ) ) 4 + 6 | x 2 ( t 1 ) | 3

and put m 1 (t)= Γ ( 3 4 ) Γ ( 1 4 ) ( t + 3 ) 3 4 , m 2 (t)= Γ ( 3 8 ) Γ ( 1 8 ) ( t + 3 2 ) 7 8 and m 3 (t)= Γ ( 5 6 ) π ( t + 1 ) 1 2 . It is easy to check that | f 1 (t, x 1 t , x 2 t , x 3 t )| m 1 (t), | f 2 (t, x 1 t , x 2 t , x 3 t )| m 2 (t) and | f 3 (t, x 1 t , x 2 t , x 3 t )| m 3 (t). Since

1 Γ ( α 1 ) t 0 t ( t s ) α 1 1 m 1 ( s ) d s = 1 Γ ( 1 2 ) 0 t ( t s ) 1 2 × Γ ( 3 4 ) Γ ( 1 4 ) ( s + 3 ) 3 4 d s 1 Γ ( α 1 ) t 0 t ( t s ) α 1 1 m 1 ( s ) d s Γ ( 3 4 ) Γ ( 1 2 ) Γ ( 1 4 ) 0 t ( t s ) 1 2 s 3 4 d s = t 1 4 , 1 Γ ( α 2 ) t 0 t ( t s ) α 2 1 m 2 ( s ) d s = 1 Γ ( 1 4 ) 0 t ( t s ) 3 4 × Γ ( 3 8 ) Γ ( 1 8 ) ( s + 3 2 ) 7 8 d s 1 Γ ( α 2 ) t 0 t ( t s ) α 2 1 m 2 ( s ) d s Γ ( 3 8 ) Γ ( 1 4 ) Γ ( 1 8 ) 0 t ( t s ) 3 4 s 7 8 d s = t 5 8

and

1 Γ ( α 3 ) t 0 t ( t s ) α 3 1 m 3 ( s ) d s = 1 Γ ( 1 3 ) 0 t ( t s ) 2 3 × Γ ( 5 6 ) π ( s + 1 ) 1 2 d s Γ ( 5 6 ) Γ ( 1 3 ) π 0 t ( t s ) 2 3 s 1 2 d s = t 1 6 ,

we get | 1 Γ ( α 1 ) 0 t ( t s ) 1 2 f 1 (s, x 1 s , x 2 s , x 3 s )ds| t 1 4 , | 1 Γ ( α 2 ) 0 t ( t s ) 3 4 f 2 (s, x 1 s , x 2 s , x 3 s )ds| t 5 8 and | 1 Γ ( α 3 ) 0 t ( t s ) 2 3 f 1 (s, x 1 s , x 2 s , x 3 s )ds| t 1 6 . Now, let α 11 = 1 4 , α 21 = 1 8 and α 31 = 1 6 . Then,

t 0 | f 1 ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , x 3 t ) | 1 α 11 d t t 0 ( m 1 ( t ) ) 1 α 11 d t t 0 | f 1 ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , x 3 t ) | 1 α 11 d t = 0 [ Γ ( 3 4 ) Γ ( 1 4 ) ( t + 3 ) 3 4 ] 4 d t t 0 | f 1 ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , x 3 t ) | 1 α 11 d t = 1 18 ( Γ ( 3 4 ) Γ ( 1 4 ) ) 4 , t 0 | f 2 ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , x 3 t ) | 1 α 21 d t t 0 ( m 2 ( t ) ) 1 α 21 d t t 0 | f 2 ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , x 3 t ) | 1 α 21 d t = 0 [ Γ ( 3 8 ) Γ ( 1 8 ) ( t + 3 2 ) 7 8 ] 8 d t t 0 | f 2 ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , x 3 t ) | 1 α 21 d t = ( 2 5 3 7 ) ( Γ ( 3 8 ) Γ ( 1 8 ) ) 8

and

t 0 | f 3 ( t , x 1 t , x 2 t , x 3 t ) | 1 α 31 d t t 0 ( m 3 ( t ) ) 1 α 31 d t = 0 [ Γ ( 5 6 ) π ( t + 1 ) 1 2 ] 6 d t = 1 2 ( Γ ( 5 6 ) π ) 6 .

Thus, all conditions of Theorem 3.1 hold and so this system of fractional functional differential equations has an attractive solution.

Example 4.2 Let 0< α i <1, M i >0, α i < β i 1 <1 and x i 0 be a constant for i=1,2,3. Consider the 3-dimensional system of fractional differential equations

{ D α 1 x 1 ( t ) = M 1 x 2 ( t ) sin 2 ( x 3 ( t ) ) 3 2 + | x 2 ( t ) | + | x 3 ( t ) | ( t a ) β 11 , t > a , D α 2 x 2 ( t ) = M 2 t 2 ( x 1 ( t ) ) 2 ( 7 + 5 t 2 ) ( 1 + 2 ( x 1 ( t ) ) 2 + ( x 3 ( t ) ) 2 ) ( t a ) β 21 , t > a , D α 3 x 3 ( t ) = M 3 cos 3 ( x 2 ( t ) ) ( x 3 ( t ) ) 3 8 + 3 ( x 2 ( t ) ) 2 + | x 3 ( t ) | 3 ( t a ) β 31 , t > a , [ D α i 1 x i ( t ) ] t = a = x i 0 , i = 1 , 2 , 3 .

Define the maps

g 1 ( t , x 1 ( t ) , x 2 ( t ) , , x k ( t ) ) = M 1 x 2 ( t ) sin 2 ( x 3 ( t ) ) 3 2 + | x 2 ( t ) | + | x 3 ( t ) | ( t a ) β 11 , g 2 ( t , x 1 ( t ) , x 2 ( t ) , , x k ( t ) ) = M 2 t 2 ( x 1 ( t ) ) 2 ( 7 + 5 t 2 ) ( 1 + 2 ( x 1 ( t ) ) 2 + ( x 3 ( t ) ) 2 ) ( t a ) β 21

and

g 3 ( t , x 1 ( t ) , x 2 ( t ) , , x k ( t ) ) = M 3 cos 3 ( x 2 ( t ) ) ( x 3 ( t ) ) 3 8 + 3 ( x 2 ( t ) ) 2 + | x 3 ( t ) | 3 ( t a ) β 31 .

Thus, one can check that all conditions of Theorem 3.4 hold and so this system of fractional differential equations has a globally attractive solution.

5 Conclusions

Investigating the attractive solutions of the problems is an interesting topic within the fractional calculus. In this manuscript, we focus on the attractivity of solutions for two k-dimensional systems of fractional differential equations. Two illustrative examples show the applicability of the proposed methods. The techniques of the reported results can be applied for investigating the attractivity and global attractivity of solutions of different systems of (singular) fractional differential equations. Also, it is an interesting issue to investigate the attractivity and global attractivity of solutions of some systems of fractional differential inclusions.

References

  1. Ahmad B: Existence of solutions for irregular boundary value problems of nonlinear fractional differential equations. Appl. Math. Lett. 2010, 23: 390-394. 10.1016/j.aml.2009.11.004

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. Ahmad B, Nieto JJ: Existence results for a coupled system of nonlinear fractional differential equations with three-point boundary conditions. Comput. Math. Appl. 2009, 58: 1838-1843. 10.1016/j.camwa.2009.07.091

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  3. Ahmad B, Sivasundaram S: Existence results for nonlinear impulsive hybrid boundary value problems involving fractional differential equations. Nonlinear Anal. 2009, 3: 251-258.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  4. Ahmad B, Sivasundaram S: Existence of solutions for impulsive integral boundary value problems of fractional order. Nonlinear Anal. 2010, 4: 134-141.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. Agarwal RP, Andrade B, Cuevas C: Weighted pseudo-almost periodic solutions of a class of semilinear fractional differential equations. Nonlinear Anal. 2010, 11: 3532-3554. 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2010.01.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Agarwal RP, Benchohra M, Hamani S: A survey on existence results for boundary value problems of nonlinear fractional differential equations and inclusions. Acta Appl. Math. 2010, 109: 973-1033. 10.1007/s10440-008-9356-6

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  7. Agarwal RP, Lakshmikantham V, Nieto JJ: On the concept of solution for fractional differential equations with uncertainty. Nonlinear Anal. 2010, 72: 2859-2862. 10.1016/j.na.2009.11.029

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Balachandran K, Kiruthika S: Existence of solutions of abstract fractional impulsive semilinear evolution equations. Electron. J. Qual. Theory Differ. Equ. 2010., 2010: Article ID 4

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bai C: Existence of positive solutions for boundary value problems of fractional functional differential equations. Electron. J. Qual. Theory Differ. Equ. 2010., 2010: Article ID 30

    Google Scholar 

  10. Baleanu D, Agarwal RP, Mohammadi H, Rezapour S: Some existence results for a nonlinear fractional differential equation on partially ordered Banach spaces. Bound. Value Probl. 2013., 2013: Article ID 112

    Google Scholar 

  11. Baleanu D, Mohammadi H, Rezapour S: Positive solutions of an initial value problem for nonlinear fractional differential equations. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2012., 2012: Article ID 837437

    Google Scholar 

  12. Baleanu D, Mohammadi H, Rezapour S: Some existence results on nonlinear fractional differential equations. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 2013., 371: Article ID 20120144

    Google Scholar 

  13. Baleanu D, Mohammadi H, Rezapour S: On a nonlinear fractional differential equation on partially ordered metric spaces. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2013., 2013: Article ID 83

    Google Scholar 

  14. Burton TA: A fixed point theorem of Kranoselskii. Appl. Math. Lett. 1998, 11: 85-88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Chen F, Nieto JJ, Zhou Y: Global attractivity for nonlinear fractional differential equations. Nonlinear Anal. 2012, 13: 287-298. 10.1016/j.nonrwa.2011.07.034

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. Chen F, Zhou Y: Attractivity of fractional functional differential equations. Comput. Math. Appl. 2011, 62: 1359-1369. 10.1016/j.camwa.2011.03.062

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  17. Hale JK: Theory of Functional Differential Equations. Springer, Berlin; 1977.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  18. Kilbas AA, Srivastava HM, Trujillo JJ North-Holland Mathematics Studies 204. In Theory and Applications of Fractional Differential Equations. Elsevier, Amsterdam; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kranoselskii MA: Topological Method in the Theory of Nonlinear Integral Equations. Macmillan Co., New York; 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Tian Y, Bai Z: Existence results for the three-point impulsive boundary value problem involving fractional differential equations. Comput. Math. Appl. 2010, 59: 2601-2609. 10.1016/j.camwa.2010.01.028

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  21. Wang G, Ahmad B, Zhang L: Impulsive anti-periodic boundary value problem for nonlinear differential equations of fractional order. Nonlinear Anal. 2011, 74: 792-804. 10.1016/j.na.2010.09.030

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  22. Zhou Y, Jiao F, Li J: Existence and uniqueness for fractional neutral differential equations with infinite delay. Nonlinear Anal. 2009, 71: 3249-3256. 10.1016/j.na.2009.01.202

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  23. Pinto C, Machado JAT: Forced van der Pol oscillator of complex order. ENOC 2011 2011. Rome, Italy, 24-29 July

    Google Scholar 

  24. Rihan FA: Numerical modeling of fractional order biological systems. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2013., 2013: Article ID 816803

    Google Scholar 

  25. Suchorsky MK, Rand RH: A pair of van der Pol oscillators coupled by fractional derivatives. Nonlinear Dyn. 2012, 69: 313-324. 10.1007/s11071-011-0266-1

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Research of the second and third authors was supported by Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. Also, the authors express their gratitude to the referees for their helpful suggestions which improved the final version of this paper.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dumitru Baleanu.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests regarding the publication of this article.

Authors’ contributions

All authors read and approved the final version of this manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Baleanu, D., Nazemi, S.Z. & Rezapour, S. Attractivity for a k-dimensional system of fractional functional differential equations and global attractivity for a k-dimensional system of nonlinear fractional differential equations. J Inequal Appl 2014, 31 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-31

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-31

Keywords