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A fuzzy characterization of QF rings

Abstract

Let R be a ring. R is called a quasi-Frobenius (QF) ring if R is right artinian and R R is an injective right R-module. In this article, we introduce (weak) fuzzy homomorphisms of modules to obtain a fuzzy characterization of QF rings. We also obtain some fuzzy characterizations of right artinian rings and right CF rings. These results throw new light on the research of QF rings and the related CF conjecture.

MSC:03E72, 16L60.

1 Introduction

Recall that a fuzzy subset of a nonempty set X is a map f from X into the closed interval [0,1]. The notion of fuzzy subset of a set was firstly introduced by Zadeh [1]. Then this important ideal has been applied to various algebraic structures such as groups and rings and so on (see [29] etc.). In this article, we introduce some special fuzzy subsets of modules to characterize quasi-Frobenius (QF) rings.

QF rings were introduced by Nakayama [10] as generalizations of group algebras of a finite group over a field. A ring R is called quasi-Frobenius (QF) if the right R-module R R is both artinian and injective. QF rings became an important algebraic structure because of their beautiful characterizations and nice applications (see [1116] etc.). For example, a ring R is QF if and only if every right R-module can be embedded into a free right R-module. Many results of QF rings have been applied into coding theory. During the progress of research on QF rings, many important conjectures arose. One of them is the CF conjecture (see [17, 18] etc.). It says that every right CF ring is right artinian. Recall that a ring R is called right CF if every cyclic right R-module can be embedded into a free right R-module.

Firstly, we introduce the fuzzy homomorphism and weak fuzzy homomorphism of R-modules in Section 2. Then in Section 3, we use weak fuzzy homomorphisms to give a characterization of injective right R-modules. We also obtain some new fuzzy characterizations of right artinian rings. In Section 4, we give a fuzzy characterization of right CF rings. We also give an approach to the CF conjecture through fuzzy viewpoints. Then based on the results we have obtained, we finally get a fuzzy characterization of QF rings.

2 Definitions and examples

Throughout the paper, R is an associative ring with identity and all modules are unitary. For a subset X of a ring R, the right annihilator of X in R is r(X)={rR:xr=0 for all xX}. We write M R to indicate that M is a right R-module. Let M R and N R be two right R-modules. Hom R (M,N) denotes the set of all right R-module homomorphisms from M R to N R . A×B means the Cartesian cross product of two sets A and B. We use Im(f) to denote the image of a map f. For much more notations one is referred to [19].

We now consider the following conditions of a fuzzy subset f of M R × N R .

  1. (1)

    xM, yN such that f(x,y)>0;

(1′) xM, yN such that f(x,y)>0;

  1. (2)

    xM, y 1 , y 2 N, f(x, y 1 )>0 and f(x, y 2 )>0 implies y 1 = y 2 ;

  2. (3)

    x 1 , x 2 M, yN,

    f( x 1 + x 2 ,y)sup { min { f ( x 1 , y 1 ) , f ( x 2 , y 2 ) } : y 1 + y 2 = y , y 1 , y 2 N } ;
  3. (4)

    xM, yN, rR, f(xr,y)sup{f(x, y 1 ):y= y 1 r, y 1 N}.

Definition 2.1 If f satisfies (1), (2), (3), and (4) of the above conditions, f is called a fuzzy homomorphism from M R to N R . If f satisfies (1′), (2), (3), and (4) of the above conditions, f is called a weak fuzzy homomorphism from M R to N R . We will use FHom R (M,N) (resp., WFHom R (M,N)) to denote the set of all fuzzy homomorphisms (resp., weak fuzzy homomorphisms) from M R to N R . It is clear that FHom R (M,N) WFHom R (M,N).

Example 2.2 Let u Hom R (M,N). f u is a fuzzy subset of M×N constructed by

f u (x,y)= { 1 , x M ,  and  y = u ( x ) , 0 , others .

Then f u FHom R (M,N).

Proof The conditions (1) and (2) of f u are satisfied obviously. Let x 1 , x 2 M and yN. If y=u( x 1 + x 2 ), it is clear that

1= f u ( x 1 + x 2 ,y)sup { min { f u ( x 1 , y 1 ) , f u ( x 2 , y 2 ) } : y 1 + y 2 = y , y 1 , y 2 N } .

If yu( x 1 + x 2 ) and y 1 + y 2 =y, then either u( x 1 ) y 1 or u( x 2 ) y 2 . Thus, min{ f u ( x 1 , y 1 ), f u ( x 2 , y 2 )}=0. So

0= f u ( x 1 + x 2 ,y)0=sup { min { f u ( x 1 , y 1 ) , f u ( x 2 , y 2 ) } : y 1 + y 2 = y } .

Hence f u satisfies the condition (3). For the condition (4), let xM, yN, rR. If y=u(xr), it is clear that 1= f u (xr,y)sup{ f u (x, y 1 ):y= y 1 r, y 1 N}. If yu(xr) and y= y 1 r, then y 1 u(x). So f u (x, y 1 )=0. Hence 0= f u (xr,y)0=sup{ f u (x, y 1 ):y= y 1 r, y 1 N}. Thus, f u FHom R (M,N). □

Remark 2.3 Let f WFHom R (M,N).

  1. (i)

    According to the condition (3), x 1 , x 2 M, y 1 , y 2 N, f( x 1 + x 2 , y 1 + y 2 )min{f( x 1 , y 1 ),f( x 2 , y 2 )}. According to the conditions (3) and (4), xM, yN, f(0,0)min{f(x,y),f(x,y)}=f(x,y)=f(x,y).

  2. (ii)

    Set t(0,1] and M t ={x M R :yN,f(x,y)t}. If M t is not empty, according to the conditions (3) and (4), M t is a right R-submodule of M R .

  3. (iii)

    Let K R be a submodule of M R such that f | K × N FHom R (K,N). Then by the conditions (1) and (2), for each xK, there exists a unique y x N such that f(x, y x )>0. Now define a map u:KN with u(x)= y x . Again by the conditions (2), (3), and (4), it is not difficult to see that u Hom R (K,N).

Definition 2.4 Let f 1 , f 2 WFHom R (M,N), we say f 1 f 2 if f 1 (x,y) f 2 (x,y) for all xM, yN. f 1 f 2 is defined by ( f 1 f 2 )(x,y)=min{ f 1 (x,y), f 2 (x,y)}, xM, yN. It is easy to prove that if f 1 , f 2 WFHom R (M,N), then f 1 f 2 WFHom R (M,N). It is also clear that f 1 f 2 f 1 and f 1 f 2 f 2 .

Definition 2.5 A weak fuzzy homomorphism f WFHom R (M,N) is said to be extendable if there exists g FHom R (M,N) such that fg.

Example 2.6 Let M R be a non-artinian right R-module. Then M has an infinite descending chain of submodules M= M 1 M 2 M 3  . Set N= i M i . Now we define a fuzzy subset f of M×M by

f(x,y)= { 1 , x = y N , 1 1 n + 1 , x = y M n , x M n + 1 , 0 , others .

Then f FHom R (M,M).

Proof It is obvious that f satisfies the conditions (1) and (2).

For the condition (3), let x 1 , x 2 ,yR with y= y 1 + y 2 , where y 1 , y 2 R. We only need to consider the following three cases.

Case 1: min{f( x 1 , y 1 ),f( x 2 , y 2 )}=0. It is clear that f( x 1 + x 2 ,y)min{f( x 1 , y 1 ),f( x 2 , y 2 )}.

Case 2: 0<min{f( x 1 , y 1 ),f( x 2 , y 2 )}<1. We can suppose that f( x 1 , y 1 )=1 1 j + 1 or 1, f( x 2 , y 2 )=1 1 k + 1 and jk. Then I I j I k and x 1 = y 1 M j or N, x 2 = y 2 I k . So x 1 + x 2 = y 1 + y 2 I k . Hence f( x 1 + x 2 ,y)1 1 k + 1 =min{f( x 1 , y 1 ),f( x 2 , y 2 )}.

Case 3: min{f( x 1 , y 1 ),f( x 2 , y 2 )}=1. Then x 1 = y 1 N and x 2 = y 2 N. So f( x 1 + x 2 ,y)=1min{f( x 1 , y 1 ),f( x 2 , y 2 )}.

From the above three cases, it is clear that f satisfies the condition (3).

Finally, let x,r,yR with y= y 1 r, where y 1 R. If f(x, y 1 )=0, then f(xr,y)f(x, y 1 ). If f(x, y 1 )=1 1 k + 1 for a positive integer k, then x= y 1 M k . So xr= y 1 r M k . Hence f(xr,y)1 1 k + 1 =f(x, y 1 ). If f(x, y 1 )=1, then x= y 1 N. So xr=yN. Thus f(xr,y)f(x, y 1 ). Therefore, f(xr,y)sup{f(x, y 1 ):y= y 1 r, y 1 R} for all xR, yR and rR. Then f satisfies the condition (4). □

Definition 2.7 A weak fuzzy homomorphism f WFHom R (M,N) is said to be bounded if there exists t(0,1] such that, mM and nN, f(m,n)t or f(m,n)=0.

Example 2.8 Let M R be a non-noetherian right R-module. Then M has an infinite ascending chain of submodules M 1 ⊆̷ M 2 ⊆̷ M 3  . Now we define a fuzzy subset f of M×M by

f(x,y)= { 1 , x M 1 , y = 0 , 1 k , x M k , x M k 1 , k 2 , y = 0 , 0 , others .

Then f WFHom R (M,M). In particular, f is extendable and not bounded.

Proof By a similar discussion as that in Example 2.6, we have f WFHom R (M,M). It is obvious that f is not bounded. Now set

g(x,y)= { 1 , x M , y = 0 , 0 , others .

It is clear that g FHom R (M,M) and fg. So f is extendable. □

3 Fuzzy characterizations of injective modules and artinian rings

According to Baer’s Criterion, a right R-module M R is said to be injective if every homomorphism from a right ideal I of R to M R can be extended to a homomorphism from R R to M R .

Theorem 3.1 Let R be a ring and M R a right R-module. Then M is injective if and only if every f WFHom R (R,M) is extendable.

Proof () Let I be a right ideal of R. Suppose u Hom R (I,M), we will show that u can be extended to a homomorphism v Hom R (R,M). Firstly we construct a fuzzy subset of R×M by

f(x,y)= { 1 , x I ,  and  y = u ( x ) , 0 , others .

By a similar proof of Example 2.2, f WFHom R (R,M). Since f is extendable, there exists some g FHom R (R,M) such that fg. Now define v:RM via v(x)=y, where g(x,y)>0. According to Remark 2.3(iii), v Hom R (R,M). It is easy to see that v | I =u. This shows that M is an injective right R-module.

() Assume that M is an injective right R-module and f WFHom R (R,M). Set I= 0 t Im f R t . By Remark 2.3(ii), I is a right ideal of R. Now define u:IM via u(x)=y, where f(x,y)>0. According to Remark 2.3(iii), u Hom R (I,M). Since M is injective as a right R-module, u can be extended to a homomorphism v from R R to M R . By Example 2.2, we have f v FHom R (R,M). It is clear that f f v . So f is extendable. □

Next we will give some new fuzzy characterizations of right artinian rings. Recall that a fuzzy subset μ of a ring R is called a fuzzy left (right) ideal of R if μ satisfies: (i) μ(xy)min{μ(x),μ(y)}; (ii) μ(xy)μ(y)(μ(xy)μ(x)) for all x,yR. A fuzzy subset f is called finite valued if Imf is a finite set. If Imf is an infinite set, f is called infinite valued.

Theorem 3.2 The following conditions are equivalent for a ring R.

  1. (a)

    R is right artinian.

  2. (b)

    Every fuzzy right ideal of R is finite valued.

  3. (c)

    For every f WFHom R ( R R , R R ), f is finite valued.

  4. (d)

    For every f FHom R ( R R , R R ), f is finite valued.

Proof (a) (b) See [[6], Theorem 3.2].

  1. (b)

    (c) Suppose f WFHom R ( R R , R R ). We can define a fuzzy subset μ of R by

    μ(x)= { t , f ( x , y ) = t > 0  for some  y R , 0 , others .

Since f WFHom R ( R R , R R ), according to the condition (4), f(xr,yr)f(x,y), x,y,rR. We have μ(xr)μ(x). For any x 1 , x 2 R, if μ( x 1 )=0 or μ( x 2 )=0, it is clear that μ( x 1 x 2 )min{μ( x 1 ),μ( x 2 )}. If μ( x 1 )>0 and μ( x 2 )>0, then there exist y 1 , y 2 R such that μ( x 1 )=f( x 1 , y 1 ) and μ( x 2 )=f( x 2 , y 2 ). Again since f WFHom R ( R R , R R ), according to the condition (3) and Remark 2.3(i), we have

f( x 1 x 2 , y 1 y 2 )min { f ( x 1 , y 1 ) , f ( x 2 , y 2 ) } =min { f ( x 1 , y 1 ) , f ( x 2 , y 2 ) } .

Therefore μ( x 1 x 2 )min{μ( x 1 ),μ( x 2 )}. So μ is a fuzzy right ideal of R. Since ImfImμ{0} and μ is finite valued, f is finite valued.

  1. (c)

    (d) is obvious.

  2. (d)

    (a) Assume that R is not right artinian. Let R= I 1 I 2 I 3 be a descending chain of right ideals of R and I= i I i . Define a fuzzy subset f of R×R by

    f(x,y)= { 1 , x = y I , 1 1 n + 1 , x = y I n , x I n + 1 , 0 , others .

By Example 2.6, f FHom R ( R R , R R ). But f is infinite valued. This is a contradiction. So R is right artinian. □

4 Fuzzy characterizations of right CF rings and QF rings

In this section, we will firstly give a fuzzy characterization of right CF ring. It is well known that a ring R is right CF if and only if for every right ideal I of R, there exist x 1 ,, x n R such that I=r( x 1 ,, x n ) (see [[14], Lemma 7.2]).

Theorem 4.1 A ring R is a right CF ring if and only if for every bounded and extendable fWFHom( R R , R R ), there exist F 1 ,, F n FHom R ( R R , R R ) such that f= F 1 F 2 F n .

Proof () Suppose R is a right CF ring and fWFHom(R,R) is bounded and extendable. Then there exist F FHom R ( R R , R R ) and s(0,1] such that fF and f(x,y)s for all x,yR with f(x,y)>0. Set I= 0 t Im f R t . By Remark 2.3(ii), I is a right ideal of R. Since R is a right CF ring, there exist c 1 ,, c n R such that I=r( c 1 ,, c n ). To be convenient, we assume that c 1 =0. Since F FHom R ( R R , R R ), for the identity 1R, there exists cR such that F(1,c)>0. We now can construct fuzzy subsets F 1 , F 2 ,, F n of R×R by

F i (x,y)= { f ( x , y ) , x I , y = c x , s , x I , y = ( c c i ) x , 0 , others . i = 1 , 2 , , n ,

At first, we show that F i FHom R ( R R , R R ), i=1,2,,n.

  1. (a)

    If xI, according to Remark 2.3(i), there exists yR, such that f(x,y)>0. As F FHom R ( R R , R R ), by the condition (4), F(x,cx)F(1,c)>0. Then by the condition (2), we have F(x,y)=0 for all ycx. Since fF, f(x,y)=0 for all ycx. This implies that f(x,cx)=f(x,y)>0. Therefore, F i (x,cx)=f(x,cx)>0. If xI, let y=(c c i )x, then F i (x,y)=s>0. So F i satisfies the condition (1).

  2. (b)

    If xI and y 1 , y 2 R with F i (x, y 1 )>0 and F i (x, y 2 )>0, then y 1 = y 2 =cx. If xI and y 1 , y 2 R with F i (x, y 1 )>0 and F i (x, y 2 )>0, then y 1 = y 2 =(c c i )x. So F i satisfies the condition (2).

  3. (c)

    Let x 1 , x 2 ,yR with y= y 1 + y 2 , where y 1 , y 2 R.

If min{ F i ( x 1 , y 1 ), F i ( x 2 , y 2 )}=0, then F i ( x 1 + x 2 ,y)min{ F i ( x 1 , y 1 ), F i ( x 2 , y 2 )}. If min{ F i ( x 1 , y 1 ), F i ( x 2 , y 2 )}>0, we only need to discuss the following three cases.

Case 1: x 1 , x 2 I. Then y 1 =c x 1 and y 2 =c x 2 .

So y=c( x 1 + x 2 ), and

F i ( x 1 + x 2 , y ) = f ( x 1 + x 2 , y ) min { f ( x 1 , y 1 ) , f ( x 2 , y 2 ) } = min { F i ( x 1 , y 1 ) , F i ( x 2 , y 2 ) } .

Case 2: x 1 I and x 2 I. Then y 1 =c x 1 , y 2 =(c c i ) x 2 and x 1 + x 2 I.

So min{ F i ( x 1 , y 1 ), F i ( x 2 , y 2 )}=s. Since I=r( c 1 ,, c n ), c i x 1 =0. Then y 1 + y 2 =c x 1 +(c c i ) x 2 =(c c i )( x 1 + x 2 ). Thus, F i ( x 1 + x 2 ,y)=s=min{ F i ( x 1 , y 1 ), F i ( x 2 , y 2 )}.

Case 3: x 1 I and x 2 I. Then y 1 =(c c i ) x 1 and y 2 =(c c i ) x 2 .

So min{ F i ( x 1 , y 1 ), F i ( x 2 , y 2 )}=s and y 1 + y 2 =(c c i )( x 1 + x 2 ). If ( x 1 + x 2 )I, then y 1 + y 2 =(c c i )( x 1 + x 2 )=c( x 1 + x 2 ) because c i x 1 = c i x 2 =0. Thus, F i ( x 1 + x 2 ,y)=f( x 1 + x 2 ,y)s=min{ F i ( x 1 , y 1 ), F i ( x 2 , y 2 )}. If ( x 1 + x 2 )I, then y 1 + y 2 =(c c i )( x 1 + x 2 ). So F i ( x 1 + x 2 ,y)=smin{ F i ( x 1 , y 1 ), F i ( x 2 , y 2 )}.

Therefore, F i satisfies the condition (3).

  1. (d)

    For all x, y 1 rR with y= y 1 r, where y 1 R. If F i (x, y 1 )=0, F i (xr,y) F i (x, y 1 ). If F i (x, y 1 )>0, we consider the following two cases.

Case 1: xI. Then y 1 =cx and F i (x, y 1 )=f(x, y 1 ). Thus, xrI and y= y 1 r=cxr. So F i (xr,y)=f(xr,y)f(x, y 1 )= F i (x, y 1 ).

Case 2: xI. Then y 1 =(c c i )x and F i (x, y 1 )=s. Since xrI, c i xr=0. Then y= y 1 r=(c c i )xr=cxr. Thus, F i (xr,y)=f(xr,y)s= F i (x, y 1 ). If xrI then y= y 1 r=(c c i )xr. So F i (xr,y)=s F i (x, y 1 ).

Hence F i satisfies the condition (4).

From the above, F i FHom R ( R R , R R ) for i=1,2,,n.

Next we show that f= F 1 F 2 F n .

Case 1: xI. If y=cx, then F i (x,y)=f(x,y), i=1,2,,n. So f(x,y)=min{ F 1 (x,y), F 2 (x,y),, F n (x,y)}. By (a) in the above proof, f(x,cx)>0. If ycx, then f(x,y)=0. So F i (x,y)=0, i=1,,n. Hence f(x,y)=min{ F 1 (x,y), F 2 (x,y),, F n (x,y)} for every xI.

Case 2: xI. By the definition of I, yR, f(x,y)=0. If y(c c j )x for some j{1,2,,n}, then F j (x,y)=0. Thus, f(x,y)=min{ F 1 (x,y), F 2 (x,y),, F n (x,y)}. If y=(c c i )x for any i{1,2,,n}, since c 1 =0, cx=(c c 1 )x=(c c 2 )x==(c c n )x. So c i x=0, i=1,2,,n. Hence xr( c 1 ,, c n )=I. This is a contradiction.

So f= F 1 F 2 F n .

() Let I be a right ideal of R. We can construct a fuzzy subset f of R×R by

f(x,y)= { 1 , x I ,  and  y = 0 , 0 , others .

It is easy to see that f WFHom R ( R R , R R ) and it is bounded and extendable. So there exist F 1 ,, F n FHom R ( R R , R R ) such that f= F 1 F 2 F n . Then there exists c i R such that F i (1, c i )>0, i=1,,n. By the condition (4), for each xR, F i (x, c i x) F i (1, c i )>0, i=1,2,,n. But for every xI, F i (x,0)f(x,0)=1. By the condition (2), c i x=0, i=1,2,,n. Hence xr( c 1 ,, c n ). This shows that Ir( c 1 ,, c n ). On the contrary, if xr( c 1 ,, c n ), then F i (x,0)= F i (x, c i x)>0. So f(x,0)=min{ F 1 (x,0),, F n (x,0)}>0. Hence xI. This shows that r( c 1 ,, c n )I. Therefore, I= r R ( c 1 ,, c n ). So R is a right CF ring. □

The following proposition can be looked on as an approach to the CF conjecture.

Proposition 4.2 Let R be a ring. If for every extendable f WFHom R ( R R , R R ), there exist F 1 ,, F n FHom R ( R R , R R ) such that f= F 1 F 2 F n . Then R is right artinian.

Proof By Theorem 4.1, R is a right CF ring. It is well known that a right CF and right noetherian ring is right artinian. So we only need to prove that R is right noetherian.

Assume R is not right noetherian, then there is a strictly ascending chain I 1 ⊆̷ I 2 ⊆̷ I 3 of right ideals of R. Let f be a fuzzy subset of R×R constructed by

f(x,y)= { 1 , x I 1  and  y = 0 , 1 k , k 2 , x I k , x I k 1  and  y = 0 , 0 , others .

By Example 2.8, f WFHom R ( R R , R R ). f is extendable and not bounded. So there exist some F 1 ,, F n FHom R ( R R , R R ) such that f= F 1 F 2 F n . According to the condition (1), there exist c i R such that F i (1, c i )>0, i=1,2, . Then by the condition (4), F i (x, c i x) F i (1, c i )>0. So F i (x,y)=0 or F i (x,y) F i (1, c i ) for all i=1,2,,n. Thus, f= F 1 F 2 F n is bounded. This is a contradiction. So R is right noetherian. Thus, R is right artinian. □

Remark 4.3 According to Theorem 3.2, Theorem 4.1 and Proposition 4.2, the CF conjecture is equivalent to saying that every extendable f WFHom R ( R R , R R ) of a right CF ring R is bounded.

At last, we obtain a fuzzy characterization of QF rings.

Theorem 4.4 R is a QF ring if and only if, for every f WFHom R ( R R , R R ), there exist F 1 ,, F n FHom R ( R R , R R ) such that f= F 1 F 2 F n .

Proof Suppose R is a QF ring. Then R is right artinian and the right R-module R R is injective. By Theorem 3.2, every f WFHom R ( R R , R R ) is finite valued. So f is bounded. Since R R is injective, by Theorem 3.1, f is extendable. As QF rings are right CF rings, by Theorem 4.1, there exist F 1 ,, F n FHom R ( R R , R R ) such that f= F 1 F 2 F n .

Conversely, if for every f WFHom R ( R R , R R ), there exist F 1 ,, F n FHom R ( R R , R R ), such that f= F 1 F 2 F n . By Proposition 4.2, R is right artinian. According to Definition 2.4, f F 1 . Then by Theorem 3.1, R R is injective. So R is a QF ring. □

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the referees for their nice suggestions and comments. It is supported by NSFC (No. 11371089), NSF of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20130599), NSF of Anhui Province (No. 1408085MA04), the Project-sponsored by SRF for ROCS, SEM and Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (No. 20120092110020).

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Li, W., Chen, J. & Shen, L. A fuzzy characterization of QF rings. J Inequal Appl 2014, 184 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-184

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