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Normal families of meromorphic functions sharing one function
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2013, Article number: 288 (2013)
Abstract
Suppose is a holomorphic function, the multiplicity of its zeros is at most d, is a nonconstant polynomial. Let ℱ be a family of meromorphic functions in a domain D, all of whose zeros and poles have multiplicity at least . If for each pair of functions f and g in ℱ, and share a holomorphic function , then ℱ is normal in D. It generalizes and extends the results of Jiang, Gao and Wu, Xu.
MSC:30D35, 30D45.
1 Introduction and results
Let D be a domain in ℂ, let ℱ be a family of meromorphic functions in D. ℱ is said to be normal in D, in the sense of Montel, if for any sequence contains a subsequence such that converges spherically locally uniformly in D to a meromorphic function or ∞ [1–3].
Let , let f and g be two nonconstant meromorphic functions in D. If and have the same zeros (ignoring multiplicity), we say f and g share the value a in D.
In 1959, Hayman [1] proved that if f is a transcendental meromorphic function, then assumes every finite nonzero complex number infinitely often for any positive integer . He [4] conjectured that this remains valid for and . Further, the case of was confirmed by Mues [5] in 1979. The case was considered and settled by Clunie [6].
In 1994, Yang and Yang [7] proposed a conjecture: If f is an entire function and , then () has infinitely many zeros.
Zhang and Song [8] proved the following theorem.
Theorem A Suppose that f is a transcendental meromorphic function, n, k are two positive integers, then when , has infinitely many zeros, where is a small function of f.
In 2005, Wang [9] proved the following theorem.
Theorem B Let f be a transcendental meromorphic function, let be a small function of f, and let n, k be two positive integers. If , then has infinitely many zeros.
In the case of , Yang and Yang [7] proposed a conjecture: If f is transcendental, then assumes every finite nonzero complex number infinitely often. In 2006, Wang [10] proved that this conjecture holds when f has only zeros of multiplicity at least ().
In 2011, Meng and Hu [11] obtained the following theorem.
Theorem C Take a positive integer k and a nonzero complex number a. Let ℱ be a family of meromorphic functions in a domain such that each has only zeros of multiplicity at least . For each pair , if and share a, then ℱ is normal in D.
In 2011, Jiang and Gao [12] obtained the following theorem.
Theorem D Suppose that d (≥0) is an integer, is an analytic function in D, and the multiplicity of its all zeros is at most d. Let ℱ be a family of meromorphic functions in D, let n be a positive integer. If and for each pair of functions f and g in ℱ, and share in D, then ℱ is normal in D.
In 2012, Wu and Xu [13] got the following theorem.
Theorem E Let k be a positive integer, let be a finite complex number, let P be a polynomial with either or and P having only one distinct zero, and let ℱ be a family of meromorphic functions in D, all of whose zeros have multiplicity at least k. If for each pair of functions f and g in ℱ, and share b in D, then ℱ is normal in D.
It is natural to ask whether Theorem E can be improved by the idea of sharing a holomorphic function. In this paper, we study the problem and obtain the following theorems.
Theorem 1.1 Suppose that is an integer, is a holomorphic function in D, and the multiplicity of its all zeros is at most d. Let ℱ be a family of meromorphic functions in D, the multiplicity of all zeros and poles of is at least . If for each pair of functions f and g in ℱ, and share in D, then ℱ is normal in D.
Remark 1.1 Theorem 1.1 still holds when is a nonzero finite constant.
Theorem 1.2 Suppose that is an integer, is a holomorphic function in D, and the multiplicity of its all zeros is at most d. Let P be a nonconstant polynomial, ℱ be a family of meromorphic functions in D, the multiplicity of all zeros and poles of is at least . If for each pair of functions f and g in ℱ, and share in D, then ℱ is normal in D.
2 Some lemmas
Lemma 2.1 (see [14])
Let k be a positive integer, let ℱ be a family of meromorphic functions in D such that each function has only zeros with multiplicities at least k, and suppose that there exists such that whenever , . If ℱ is not normal at , then for each α, , there exists a sequence of complex numbers , , a sequence of positive numbers , and a sequence of functions such that
locally uniformly with respect to the spherical metric, where g is a nonconstant meromorphic function on ℂ, all of whose zeros have multiplicity at least k, such that . Moreover, has order at most 2.
Lemma 2.2 (see [15])
Let be a meromorphic function and k be a positive integer. If , then
Lemma 2.3 (see [1])
Let , be two meromorphic functions defined in , then
Lemma 2.4 (see [16])
Let f be a transcendental meromorphic function, let , be two differential polynomials of f. If holds and the degree of is at most n, then .
Lemma 2.5 Let d (≥0) be an integer, let k be a positive integer, and let be a polynomial, where , are constants. Suppose that f is a transcendental meromorphic function, all of whose zeros and poles have multiplicity at least 2, is a small function of , then has infinitely many zeros.
Proof Let
Suppose has only finitely many zeros, then . By (2.1), then
Let
Since the multiplicity of zeros of is at least 2, we can get from (2.2) that
By Lemma 2.2, we know that
We can get from (2.2) that
i.e.,
Let
where . By Lemma 2.4, we get .
From (2.5) and Lemma 2.3, we obtain that
We can get from (2.6) that
Let
where . By Lemma 2.4, then .
By (2.9), we have that
Since has only simple poles, and by (2.9) we know that the poles of f are impossible G’s. Hence the poles of G are only possible from the zeros and poles of or the zeros of , f and .
Hence by (2.8) and (2.9), we obtain that
Since has only simple poles, so by (2.9) we know that
Combining (2.7) and (2.10)-(2.12), we have
Hence
Since the multiplicity of the zeros and poles of is at least 2, by an elementary calculation and combing with Lemma 2.2, (2.3) and (2.4), the above inequality yields
Since the multiplicity of the poles of is at least 2, we can get from (2.13) that
This implies , then is a rational function, thus f is a rational function which contradicts with f is transcendental. Hence has infinitely many zeros. □
Remark 2.1 When is a nonzero finite constant or a small function of , similarly we can get the same conclusion.
Lemma 2.6 Let d (≥0) be an integer, let k be a positive integer, and let be a polynomial, where , are constants. If is a nonconstant polynomial, all of whose zeros and poles have multiplicity at least , then has at least two distinct zeros, and .
Proof We discuss the following two cases.
Case 1. If , then , where C is a nonzero constant. So . Since the multiplicity of all the zeros of f is at least , thus , which contradicts with .
Case 2. If has only one zero , we assume , where A is a nonzero constant, l is a positive integer.
We discuss the following two cases.
-
(i)
If , then . Since , the degree of the right of the equation is at most , which is smaller than the degree of the left of the equation. We get a contradiction.
-
(ii)
If , then . So . Since , so has only simple zeros, which contradicts with the multiplicity of all the zeros of f is at least .
By Case 1 and Case 2, has at least two distinct zeros.
If , then similar to the proof of Case 1, we get a contradiction. Hence . □
Lemma 2.7 Let d (≥0) be an integer, let k be a positive integer, and let be a polynomial, where , are constants. If is a nonconstant rational function and not a polynomial, and the multiplicity of whose zeros and poles is at least , then has at least two distinct zeros, and .
Proof Since is a nonconstant rational function and not a polynomial, then obviously . Let
where B is a nonzero constant. Since the multiplicity of the zeros and poles of f is at least , we have (), (). For simplicity, we denote
By (2.19), we get
where is a polynomial, () are constants and . Thus (2.14) together with (2.15) implies
By (2.16), we obtain
where .
Next, we discuss the following two cases.
Case 1. If has only one zero , then let
Subcase 1.1. When .
Combining (2.16) and (2.18), we get . That is, , and then .
Differentiating both sides of (2.18), we have
where .
By (2.17) and (2.19), we know . Thus . Since , then , which contradicts with .
Subcase 1.2. When .
Differentiating both sides of (2.18), we have
where , where () are constants and .
Differentiating both sides of (2.18) step by step for d times, we have is a zero of , as and the multiplicity of all the zeros of is at least , thus (). When is a constant, from (2.18) we can also get ().
Here, we discuss three subcases as follows.
Subcase 1.2.1. When .
Combining (2.16) and (2.18), we get . That is, , and then .
Since (), by (2.17) and (2.20), we have . Thus , which is impossible.
Subcase 1.2.2. When .
If , by a similar discussion to Subcase 1.2.1, we can get a contradiction. Thus . Since (), by (2.17) and (2.20), we have , since , thus . Then , which is impossible.
Subcase 1.2.3. When .
By (2.16) and (2.18), we get . If , by a similar discussion to Subcase 1.2.1, we get a contradiction. Thus .
Case 2. If has no zero. Then in (2.18), by a similar discussion to Subcase 1.1, we get a contradiction.
By Case 1 and Case 2, we get has at least two distinct zeros. □
3 Proof of Theorem 1.1
For any point in D, either or .
Case 1. When . We may assume . Then , where are constants, , , without loss of generality, let , where is a holomorphic function.
Let . If is not normal at 0, then by Lemma 2.1, there exists a sequence of complex numbers , a sequence of positive numbers and a sequence of functions such that spherically locally uniformly in ℂ, where is a nonconstant meromorphic function in ℂ, and the multiplicity of the zeros and poles of is at least . Here, we discuss two cases as follows.
Case 1.1. There exists a subsequence of , we may denote it as such that , c is a finite complex number. Then
spherically locally uniformly in ℂ, so
spherically locally uniformly in ℂ.
Since , the multiplicity of whose zeros and poles is at least , then the multiplicity of all zeros and poles of H is at least , by Lemmas 2.5-2.7, we get , and has at least two distinct zeros.
Suppose , are two distinct zeros of . We may choose a proper such that , where , .
By Hurwitz’s theorem, there exists a subsequence of , we may still denote it as , then there exist points and points such that for sufficiently large j, , .
Since and share in D, it follows that for any positive integer m, , .
Fix m, let and note , , we obtain .
Since the zeros of have no accumulation points, in fact when j is large enough, we have . Thus, when j is large enough, , which contradicts with . Thus, is normal at 0.
Case 1.2. There exists a subsequence of , we may denote it as such that . Then
where when , and when .
Thus, we have
spherically locally uniformly in .
Since the multiplicity of all zeros and poles of G is at least and by Lemmas 2.5-2.7, we have , and has at least two distinct zeros.
Suppose , are two distinct zeros of . We may choose a proper such that , where , .
By Hurwitz’s theorem, there exists a subsequence of , we may still denote it as , then there exist points and points such that for sufficiently large j, , .
Similar to the proof of Case 1.1, we get a contradiction. Then is normal at 0.
By Case 1.1 and Case 1.2, we know is normal at 0. Hence there exists and a subsequence of of such that converges spherically locally uniformly to a meromorphic function or ∞ () in .
Here, we discuss the following two cases.
Case i. When k is large enough, . Then . Thus, for ∀ constant , , we have when . Thus, for sufficiently large k, , is a holomorphic function in . Hence when ,
By the maximum principle and Montel’s theorem, ℱ is normal at .
Case ii. There exists a subsequence of , we may still denote it as , such that . Since , the multiplicity of whose zeros is at least , then . Thus, there exists such that is holomorphic in and has a unique zero in . Then converges spherically locally uniformly to a holomorphic function in , converges spherically locally uniformly to a holomorphic function in . Hence ℱ is normal at .
By Case i and Case ii, we obtain ℱ is normal at .
Case 2. When .
Suppose that ℱ is not normal at . Then by Lemma 2.1, there exists a sequence of complex numbers , a sequence of positive numbers and a sequence of functions such that spherically locally uniformly in ℂ, where is a nonconstant meromorphic function in ℂ, and the multiplicity of the zeros and poles of is at least .
Hence by Lemmas 2.5-2.7, we have , and has at least two distinct zeros. Similar to the proof of Case 1.1, we get a contradiction. Thus, ℱ is normal at .
Hence, ℱ is normal in D as is arbitrary. The proof is complete.
4 Proof of Theorem 1.2
Because has at least one zero, we may assume, with no loss of generality, that , where is a positive integer and . Suppose that ℱ is not normal in D. Then similar to the proof of Theorem 1.1, we can get a contradiction. Hence ℱ is normal in D. The proof is complete.
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The authors wish to thank the referees and editors for their very helpful comments and useful suggestions.
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LQ and FH performed and drafted manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Qiu, L., Hu, F. Normal families of meromorphic functions sharing one function. J Inequal Appl 2013, 288 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-288
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-288
Keywords
- meromorphic function
- normal family
- shared holomorphic function