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Study on the existence of solutions for a generalized functional integral equation in spaces
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2013, Article number: 235 (2013)
Abstract
Using a nonlinear alternative theorem of Krasnosel’skii type proved recently by Smaïl Djebali and Zahira Sahnoun, we investigate, in this paper, the existence of solutions for a generalized mixed-type functional integral equation in space. We also present some examples of the integral equation to confirm the efficiency of our results.
MSC:47H10, 45A05.
1 Introduction
The functional integral equations describe many physical phenomena in various areas of natural science, mathematical physics, mechanics and population dynamics [1–4]. The theory of integral equations is developing rapidly with the help of tools in functional analysis, topology and fixed-point theory (see, for instance, [5–8]) and it serves as a useful tool, in turn, for other branches of mathematics, for example, for differential equations (see [9, 10]). A fixed point theorem, frequently used to solve integral equations, is a theorem proved by Krasnosel’skii in 1958 (see, for instance, [11, 12]). The Krasnosel’skii theorem asserts that has a fixed point in a closed, convex nonempty subset M of X if A, B satisfy the following conditions:
-
A is compact and continuous;
-
B is a strict contraction;
-
.
However, the Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem sometimes turns out to be restrictive for some equations due to the weak topology of the problem. In order to use this result and its variant, one has to find a self-mapped closed convex set M so that maps M into itself or the weaker one: . From the application point of view, this condition is also generally strict and is hard to achieve. To relax these conditions, a new effort is made in [13] by establishing a new variant of nonlinear Krasnosel’skii type fixed point theorem for nonself maps.
Let us first recall the nonlinear alternative Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem established in [13], which plays a central role in our discussion.
Theorem 1 Let be an open subset of a Banach space X and let be the closure of S. Let and be two mappings satisfying:
-
A is continuous, is relatively weakly compact, and A verifies the condition H1.
-
B is a contraction and verifies the condition H2.
Then either the equation admits a solution in , or there exists an element (∂S denotes the boundary of S) such that for some , where conditions H1 and H2 are given in Section 2.
The advantage of Theorem 1 lies in that in applying Theorem 1, one does not need to verify that the involved operator maps a closed convex subset onto itself.
In this paper, we utilize the alternative Theorem 1 and employ the concept of measure of weak noncompactness defined in [14] to study the solvability of a nonlinear generalized mixed-type operator equation of the form
where , g is a function satisfying a contraction condition with respect to the second variable, y belongs to , the space of Lebesgue integrable functions on a measurable subset Ω of with values in a finite-dimensional Banach space X, while T and A are bounded linear operators on . Suppose that is the superposition operator generated by the function f given by , , and U is a nonlinear Urysohn integral operator defined by , , then Eq. (1) may be written in the form
The outline of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, we introduce some basic facts and use them to obtain our aims in Section 3. In the last section, we present some examples that verify the application of this kind of nonlinear integral equation.
2 Preliminaries
2.1 The weak MNC
We always use to denote a Banach space with the norm . Denote by the collection of all nonempty bounded subsets of X and by the subset of consisting of all weakly compact subsets of X. Let be the closed ball in X centered at origin with radius r. The measure of weak noncompactness introduced by De Blasi is a map defined by
for each .
The following Lemma 1 comes from [14].
Lemma 1 Let . Then we have:
-
(i)
implies .
-
(ii)
if and only if is relatively weakly compact.
-
(iii)
(where is the weak closure of ).
-
(iv)
.
-
(v)
for all .
-
(vi)
( refers to the convex hull of ).
-
(vii)
.
The map is called the De Blasi measure of weak noncompactness.
In [15], it is shown that in the space, is of the following simple form:
for all bounded , where represents the Lebesgue measure, X is a finite-dimensional Banach space.
Let J be a nonlinear operator from X into itself. In what follows, we need the following two conditions:
H1. If is a weakly convergent sequence in X, then has a strongly convergent subsequence in X;
H2. If is a weakly convergent sequence in X, then has a weakly convergent subsequence in X.
2.2 The superposition operator
In this subsection, we introduce the superposition (Nemytskii’s) operator. Let Ω be a bounded domain of and let X and Y be two separable Banach spaces. denotes the set of all measurable functions . Consider a function . We say that f satisfies Carathéodory conditions if
-
(i)
for any , the map is measurable from Ω to Y;
-
(ii)
for almost all , the map is continuous from X to Y.
Definition 1 (Nemytskii’s operator)
Let be a Carathéodory function, Nemytskii’s operator associated with f, is defined by , .
The superposition operator enjoys several nice properties. Specifically, we have the following results.
Lemma 2 [16]
Let X and Y be two separable Banach spaces. If f is a Carathéodory function, then Nemytskii’s operator maps continuously into if and only if there exist a constant and a function such that
where stands for the positive cone of the space .
Lemma 3 [17]
Let X, Y be two finite-dimensional Banach spaces and let Ω be a bounded domain of . If is a Carathéodory function and maps into , then satisfies the condition H2.
We give a fixed point lemma for bilinear forms.
Lemma 4 Let X be a Banach space and let be a bilinear map. Let denote the norm in X. If for all , . Then for all satisfying , the equation has a solution satisfying and uniquely defined by the condition .
Remark 1 The proof of this lemma also shows that , where the approximate solutions are defined by and . Moreover, for all k.
3 Main results
In this section, we investigate the solvability of the nonlinear functional integral Eq. (1) in the space by applying Theorem 1.
First notice that Eq. (1) may be written in the abstract form
where , and is the composition of the linear operator T and A with the nonlinear Urysohn integral operator U and the two superposition operators , generated by , , respectively, where , . Our aim is to prove that has a fixed point in . To do so, we assume that the following conditions are satisfied:
-
(a)
The function is a measurable function, and g is a contraction with respect to the second variable, i.e., there exists an such that for almost all and all .
-
(b)
, satisfy Carathéodory conditions and , , act from into itself continuously.
-
(c)
The operators T and A are linear and bounded on .
-
(d)
The Urysohn operator U defined as before maps continuously into .
-
(e)
for and , where ξ belongs to , μ is a nonnegative constant and is a measurable function such that its associated integral operator K defined by
(4)
is continuous and maps into itself.
-
(f)
There exists a constant independent of such that any solution of the integral equation
satisfies .
Remark 2 It is deserved to mention that though the Urysohn operator U maps into itself, it does not have to be continuous. Sufficient conditions showing that U maps into itself and is continuous can be found in [18].
Before going on, we give crucial Lemma 5.
Lemma 5 Let X be a finite-dimensional Banach space and let Ω be a compact subset of . If the conditions (b)-(e) are satisfied, then the operator satisfies the condition H2.
Proof For any nonempty subset D of Ω, let ε be an arbitrary positive real number. We have
Now using reference [[19], Corollary 11, p.294] together with (3), we have
Accordingly,
for any bounded subset S of .
Next, let be a weakly convergent sequence of . Owing to (6), we infer that . This shows that the set is relatively weakly compact in . This completes the proof. □
Remark 3 Due to the assumption (a), we get
where .
This shows that the operator ℬ is continuous and maps a bounded set of into a bounded set of . According to Lemma 3, we obtain ℬ satisfies the condition H2.
Now we are in a position to state our main result.
Theorem 2 Let X be a finite-dimensional Banach space and let Ω be a bounded domain of . Assume that the conditions (a)-(f) hold true. Then Eq. (1) admits at least one solution in .
Proof We apply Theorem 1 with
Claim 1. Let . It follows from the assumption (a) that
So, ℬ is a strict contraction mapping on , and from Remark 3, ℬ satisfies the condition H2.
Claim 2. Clearly, by the assumptions (b)-(d), is continuous on . Now we check that satisfies the condition H1. To do this, let be a weakly convergent sequence of . By Lemma 5, has a weakly convergent subsequence, say . Furthermore, the continuity of the linear operator T implies its weak continuity on for almost all . Thus, the sequence , i.e., converges pointwisely for almost all . By the Vitali convergence theorem [[19], p.150], we conclude that converges strongly in . Hence, satisfies the condition H1.
Claim 3. We show that is relatively weakly compact. For this, we need to prove that
for all , and . By Lemma 5, we have
Owing to (5), we deduce that , and hence is relatively weakly compact.
Finally, thanks to the assumption (f), the second situation of Theorem 1 does not occur. Now, applying Theorem 1, we get that has a fixed point in , that is to say, Eq. (1) has a solution in . This completes the proof. □
Remark 4 The requirement that X should be a finite-dimensional Banach space comes from the usage of the relation (3) proved in [15] for bounded subsets in the space of Lebesgue integrable functions with values in a finite-dimensional Banach space.
By Theorem 2, we can get a special existence criterion for Eq. (1).
Corollary 1 Let X be a finite-dimensional Banach space and let Ω be a bounded domain of . Besides the assumptions (a)-(e), we make the following additional assumptions:
-
(i)
There exists a continuous function such that whenever and
-
(ii)
where and L is the constant in the assumption (a). Then Eq. (1) has a solution in .
Proof Thanks to Theorem 2, we only need to show that (i) and (ii) imply (g). Let satisfy
The condition (ii) ensures the existence of such an N. Let be any solution of the operator equation
Then, for , we have the estimate
and so
Therefore
Assuming that . Equation (9) implies contradicting (7). So, each solution of (8) satisfies . Accordingly, by Theorem 2, Eq. (1) has a solution . This completes the proof. □
Corollary 2 Let X be a finite-dimensional Banach space and let Ω be a bounded domain of . Assume that hypotheses (a)-(f) hold true with the additional assumption that
-
(iii)
, where the constants , , μ are these in Lemma 2 and the hypothesis (f), denotes the norm of the operator K defined in (4).
Then Eq. (1) has a solution in .
Proof Let . By the formula of Lemma 5, we have
On the other hand, with the same arguments as in the proof of Corollary 1, we have the following estimate:
where . For the sake of simplicity, we can set . Hence
Let
If , then (10) implies that
which is a contradiction. So, the hypothesis (g) is satisfied and the result then follows from Theorem 2. This completes the proof. □
4 Examples
In this section, we provide some examples of a classical integral and functional equation considered in nonlinear analysis which are a particular case of Eq. (1).
Example 1 The existence of solutions of the equation
has been investigated in [13] by this method under proper assumptions. We denote that it is a special case of Eq. (1) with , where C is the Fredholm operator defined as
Example 2 The following equation proposed in [20]
is also a special case of Eq. (1) with and .
Example 3 The solvability of the nonlinear integral equation of a mixed type
is discussed in the space in [21]. If let , (defined in [21]) and with , then the above equation is a particular case of Eq. (1) and it is applied to solve fractional order integro-differential equations
Example 4 Consider the following integral equation of the form
with .
Let us take , , and defined by, respectively,
We can suppose T to be an arbitrary linear bounded operator on . It is easy to see that the function g satisfies the assumption (a) with , the function with and .
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Acknowledgements
The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10861014, No. 11161057).
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LY carried out the main work of this paper; JW and GY participated in work on the part content and modified work of this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Yang, L., Wang, J. & Yang, G. Study on the existence of solutions for a generalized functional integral equation in spaces. J Inequal Appl 2013, 235 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-235
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-235