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Study on the existence of solutions for a generalized functional integral equation in L 1 spaces

Abstract

Using a nonlinear alternative theorem of Krasnosel’skii type proved recently by Smaïl Djebali and Zahira Sahnoun, we investigate, in this paper, the existence of solutions for a generalized mixed-type functional integral equation in L 1 space. We also present some examples of the integral equation to confirm the efficiency of our results.

MSC:47H10, 45A05.

1 Introduction

The functional integral equations describe many physical phenomena in various areas of natural science, mathematical physics, mechanics and population dynamics [14]. The theory of integral equations is developing rapidly with the help of tools in functional analysis, topology and fixed-point theory (see, for instance, [58]) and it serves as a useful tool, in turn, for other branches of mathematics, for example, for differential equations (see [9, 10]). A fixed point theorem, frequently used to solve integral equations, is a theorem proved by Krasnosel’skii in 1958 (see, for instance, [11, 12]). The Krasnosel’skii theorem asserts that A+B has a fixed point in a closed, convex nonempty subset M of X if A, B satisfy the following conditions:

  • A is compact and continuous;

  • B is a strict contraction;

  • AM+BMM.

However, the Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem sometimes turns out to be restrictive for some equations due to the weak topology of the problem. In order to use this result and its variant, one has to find a self-mapped closed convex set M so that A+B maps M into itself or the weaker one: x=Ax+By(yM)xM. From the application point of view, this condition is also generally strict and is hard to achieve. To relax these conditions, a new effort is made in [13] by establishing a new variant of nonlinear Krasnosel’skii type fixed point theorem for nonself maps.

Let us first recall the nonlinear alternative Krasnosel’skii fixed point theorem established in [13], which plays a central role in our discussion.

Theorem 1 Let S0 be an open subset of a Banach space X and let S ¯ be the closure of S. Let A:SX and B:XX be two mappings satisfying:

  • A is continuous, A( S ¯ )is relatively weakly compact, and A verifies the condition H1.

  • B is a contraction and verifies the condition H2.

Then either the equation Ax+Bx=x admits a solution in S ¯ , or there exists an element xS (∂S denotes the boundary of S) such that x=λAx+λB( x λ ) for some λ(0,1), where conditions H1 and H2 are given in Section  2.

The advantage of Theorem 1 lies in that in applying Theorem 1, one does not need to verify that the involved operator maps a closed convex subset onto itself.

In this paper, we utilize the alternative Theorem 1 and employ the concept of measure of weak noncompactness defined in [14] to study the solvability of a nonlinear generalized mixed-type operator equation of the form

y(t)=g ( t , y ( t ) ) +T f 1 ( t , Ω u ( t , s , f 2 ( s , A y ( s ) ) ) d s ) ,
(1)

where tΩ, g is a function satisfying a contraction condition with respect to the second variable, y belongs to L 1 (Ω,X), the space of Lebesgue integrable functions on a measurable subset Ω of R n with values in a finite-dimensional Banach space X, while T and A are bounded linear operators on L 1 (Ω,X). Suppose that N f is the superposition operator generated by the function f given by ( N f x)(t)=f(t,x(t)), tΩ, and U is a nonlinear Urysohn integral operator defined by (Ux)(t)= Ω u(t,s,x(s))ds, s,tΩ, then Eq. (1) may be written in the form

y(t)=g ( t , y ( t ) ) +(T N f 1 U N f 2 Ay)(t).
(2)

The outline of this paper is as follows. In Section 2, we introduce some basic facts and use them to obtain our aims in Section 3. In the last section, we present some examples that verify the application of this kind of nonlinear integral equation.

2 Preliminaries

2.1 The weak MNC

We always use (X,) to denote a Banach space with the norm . Denote by B(X) the collection of all nonempty bounded subsets of X and by W(X) the subset of B(X) consisting of all weakly compact subsets of X. Let B r be the closed ball in X centered at origin with radius r. The measure of weak noncompactness introduced by De Blasi is a map ω:B(X)[0,) defined by

ω(M)=inf { r > 0 there exists a  W W ( X )  with  M W + B r }

for each MB(X).

The following Lemma 1 comes from [14].

Lemma 1 Let M 1 , M 2 B(X). Then we have:

  1. (i)

    M 1 M 2 implies ω( M 1 )ω( M 2 ).

  2. (ii)

    ω( M 1 )=0 if and only if M 1 is relatively weakly compact.

  3. (iii)

    ω( M 1 w ¯ )=ω( M 1 ) (where M 1 w ¯ is the weak closure of M 1 ).

  4. (iv)

    ω( M 1 M 2 )=max{ω( M 1 ),ω( M 2 )}.

  5. (v)

    ω(λ M 1 )=|λ|ω( M 1 ) for all λR.

  6. (vi)

    ω(co( M 1 ))=ω( M 1 ) (co( M 1 ) refers to the convex hull of M 1 ).

  7. (vii)

    ω( M 1 + M 2 )ω( M 1 )+ω( M 2 ).

The map ω() is called the De Blasi measure of weak noncompactness.

In [15], it is shown that in the L 1 space, ω() is of the following simple form:

ω(M)= lim sup ε 0 { sup ψ M [ D ψ ( t ) X d t | D Ω , meas ( D ) ε ] }
(3)

for all bounded M L 1 (Ω,X), where meas() represents the Lebesgue measure, X is a finite-dimensional Banach space.

Let J be a nonlinear operator from X into itself. In what follows, we need the following two conditions:

H1. If ( x n ) n N is a weakly convergent sequence in X, then ( J x n ) n N has a strongly convergent subsequence in X;

H2. If ( x n ) n N is a weakly convergent sequence in X, then ( J x n ) n N has a weakly convergent subsequence in X.

2.2 The superposition operator

In this subsection, we introduce the superposition (Nemytskii’s) operator. Let Ω be a bounded domain of R n and let X and Y be two separable Banach spaces. m(Ω,X) denotes the set of all measurable functions ψ:ΩX. Consider a function f:Ω×XY. We say that f satisfies Carathéodory conditions if

  1. (i)

    for any xX, the map tf(t,x) is measurable from Ω to Y;

  2. (ii)

    for almost all tΩ, the map xf(t,x) is continuous from X to Y.

Definition 1 (Nemytskii’s operator)

Let f:Ω×XY be a Carathéodory function, Nemytskii’s operator associated with f, N f :m(Ω,X)m(Ω,Y) is defined by N f x(t)=f(t,x(t)), tΩ.

The superposition operator enjoys several nice properties. Specifically, we have the following results.

Lemma 2 [16]

Let X and Y be two separable Banach spaces. If f is a Carathéodory function, then Nemytskii’s operator N f maps continuously L 1 (Ω,X) into L 1 (Ω,Y) if and only if there exist a constant b>0 and a function a() L + 1 (Ω) such that

f ( t , x ) Y a(t)+b x X ,

where L + 1 (Ω) stands for the positive cone of the space L 1 (Ω).

Lemma 3 [17]

Let X, Y be two finite-dimensional Banach spaces and let Ω be a bounded domain of R n . If f:Ω×XY is a Carathéodory function and N f maps L 1 (Ω,X) into L 1 (Ω,Y), then N f satisfies the condition H2.

We give a fixed point lemma for bilinear forms.

Lemma 4 Let X be a Banach space and let B:X×XX be a bilinear map. Let X denote the norm in X. If for all x 1 , x 2 X, B ( x 1 , x 2 ) X η x 1 X x 2 X . Then for all yX satisfying 4η y X <1, the equation x=y+B(x,x) has a solution xX satisfying and uniquely defined by the condition x X y X .

Remark 1 The proof of this lemma also shows that x= lim k x k , where the approximate solutions x k are defined by x 0 =y and x k =y+B( x k 1 , x k 1 ). Moreover, x k X 2 y X for all k.

3 Main results

In this section, we investigate the solvability of the nonlinear functional integral Eq. (1) in the space L 1 (Ω,X) by applying Theorem 1.

First notice that Eq. (1) may be written in the abstract form

y=Ay+By,

where (By)(t)=g(t,y(t)), and A=T N f 1 U N f 2 A is the composition of the linear operator T and A with the nonlinear Urysohn integral operator U and the two superposition operators N f 1 , N f 2 generated by f 1 , f 2 , respectively, where N f i y(t)= f i (t,y(t)), i=1,2. Our aim is to prove that A+B has a fixed point in L 1 (Ω,X). To do so, we assume that the following conditions are satisfied:

  1. (a)

    The function g:Ω×XX is a measurable function, g(,0) L 1 (Ω,X) and g is a contraction with respect to the second variable, i.e., there exists an L[0,1) such that g(t,x)g(t,y)Lxy for almost all tΩ and all x,yX.

  2. (b)

    f i :Ω×XX, i=1,2 satisfy Carathéodory conditions and N f i , i=1,2, act from L 1 (Ω,X) into itself continuously.

  3. (c)

    The operators T and A are linear and bounded on L 1 (Ω,X).

  4. (d)

    The Urysohn operator U defined as before maps continuously L 1 (Ω,X) into L 1 (Ω,X).

  5. (e)

    u(t,s,x)κ(t,s){ξ(s)+μx} for (t,s) Ω 2 and xX, where ξ belongs to L + 1 (Ω), μ is a nonnegative constant and κ:Ω×Ω R + is a measurable function such that its associated integral operator K defined by

    (Kρ)(t)= Ω κ(t,s)ρ(s)ds,ρ L 1 (Ω),tΩ,
    (4)

is continuous and maps L 1 (Ω) into itself.

  1. (f)

    There exists a constant N>0 independent of λ (0,1) such that any solution of the integral equation

    y(t)= λ g ( t , 1 λ y ( t ) ) + λ T N f 1 U N f 2 Ay(t),tΩ,

satisfies y L 1 ( Ω , X ) N.

Remark 2 It is deserved to mention that though the Urysohn operator U maps L 1 (Ω,X) into itself, it does not have to be continuous. Sufficient conditions showing that U maps L 1 (Ω,X) into itself and is continuous can be found in [18].

Before going on, we give crucial Lemma 5.

Lemma 5 Let X be a finite-dimensional Banach space and let Ω be a compact subset of R n . If the conditions (b)-(e) are satisfied, then the operator N f 1 U N f 2 A satisfies the condition  H2.

Proof For any nonempty subset D of Ω, let ε be an arbitrary positive real number. We have

D N f 1 U N f 2 A y ( t ) d t = D f 1 ( t , Ω u ( t , s , f 2 ( s , A y ( s ) ) ) d s ) d t D ( | a 1 ( t ) | + b 1 Ω u ( t , s , f ( s , A y ( s ) ) ) d s ) d t a 1 L 1 ( D ) + b 1 D ( Ω κ ( t , s ) ( ξ ( s ) + μ f 2 ( s , A y ( s ) ) ) d s ) d t a 1 L 1 ( D ) + b 1 K ( D ( ξ ( s ) + μ f 2 ( s , A y ( s ) ) ) d s ) a 1 L 1 ( D ) + b 1 K ( ξ L + 1 ( D ) + μ D ( | a 2 ( s ) | + b 2 A y ( s ) ) d s ) a 1 L 1 ( D ) + b 1 K ( ξ L + 1 ( D ) + μ ( a 2 L 1 ( D ) + b 2 A D y ( s ) d s ) ) = a 1 L 1 ( D ) + b 1 K ( ξ L + 1 ( D ) + μ a 2 L 1 ( D ) ) + μ b 1 b 2 K A D y ( s ) d s .

Now using reference [[19], Corollary 11, p.294] together with (3), we have

lim sup ε 0 { D ( | a 1 ( t ) | + | ξ ( t ) | + μ | a 2 ( t ) | ) d t | meas ( D ) ε } =0.
(5)

Accordingly,

ω( N f 1 U N f 2 AS)μ b 1 b 2 KAω(S)
(6)

for any bounded subset S of L 1 (Ω,X).

Next, let ( y n ) n N be a weakly convergent sequence of L 1 (Ω,X). Owing to (6), we infer that ω{ N f 1 U N f 2 A( y n ):nN}=0. This shows that the set { N f 1 U N f 2 A( y n ):nN} is relatively weakly compact in L 1 (Ω,X). This completes the proof. □

Remark 3 Due to the assumption (a), we get

B y = Ω B y ( t ) d t Ω ( g ( t , y ( t ) ) g ( t , 0 ) ) d t + Ω g ( t , 0 ) d t L Ω y ( t ) d t + Ω l ( t ) d t = l L 1 ( Ω ) + L Ω y ( t ) d t ,

where l(t)=g(t,0) L + 1 (Ω).

This shows that the operator is continuous and maps a bounded set of L 1 (Ω,X) into a bounded set of L 1 (Ω,X). According to Lemma 3, we obtain satisfies the condition H2.

Now we are in a position to state our main result.

Theorem 2 Let X be a finite-dimensional Banach space and let Ω be a bounded domain of  R n . Assume that the conditions (a)-(f) hold true. Then Eq. (1) admits at least one solution in L 1 (Ω,X).

Proof We apply Theorem 1 with

S= { y L 1 ( Ω , X ) : y L 1 ( Ω , X ) < N } .

Claim 1. Let x,y L 1 (Ω,X). It follows from the assumption (a) that

B ( x ) B ( y ) L 1 ( Ω , X ) = Ω g ( t , x ( t ) ) g ( t , y ( t ) ) X d t L Ω x ( t ) y ( t ) X d t = L x y L 1 ( Ω , X ) .

So, is a strict contraction mapping on L 1 (Ω,X), and from Remark 3, satisfies the condition H2.

Claim 2. Clearly, by the assumptions (b)-(d), A=T N f 1 U N f 2 A is continuous on L 1 (Ω,X). Now we check that A satisfies the condition H1. To do this, let ( y n ) n N be a weakly convergent sequence of L 1 (Ω,X). By Lemma 5, ( N f 1 U N f 2 A ( y n ) ) n N has a weakly convergent subsequence, say ( N f 1 U N f 2 A ( y n k ) ) k N . Furthermore, the continuity of the linear operator T implies its weak continuity on L 1 (Ω,X) for almost all tΩ. Thus, the sequence ( T N f 1 U N f 2 A ( y n k ) ) k N , i.e., ( A ( y n k ) ) k N converges pointwisely for almost all tΩ. By the Vitali convergence theorem [[19], p.150], we conclude that ( A ( y n k ) ) k N converges strongly in L 1 (Ω,X). Hence, A satisfies the condition H1.

Claim 3. We show that A( S ¯ ) is relatively weakly compact. For this, we need to prove that

ω ( A ( S ¯ ) ) = lim sup ε 0 { sup y S ¯ [ D A y ( t ) X d t | meas ( D ) ε ] } =0

for all DΩ, and yS. By Lemma 5, we have

D A y ( t ) X d t = D T N f 1 U N f 2 A y ( t ) d t T D N f 1 U N f 2 A y ( t ) d t T ( a 1 L 1 ( D ) + b 1 K ( ξ L + 1 ( D ) + μ a 2 L 1 ( D ) ) + μ b 1 b 2 K A D y ( s ) d s ) T ( a 1 L 1 ( D ) + b 1 K ( ξ L + 1 ( D ) + μ a 2 L 1 ( D ) ) + μ b 1 b 2 K A N ) .

Owing to (5), we deduce that ω(A( S ¯ ))=0, and hence A( S ¯ ) is relatively weakly compact.

Finally, thanks to the assumption (f), the second situation of Theorem 1 does not occur. Now, applying Theorem 1, we get that A+B has a fixed point in S ¯ , that is to say, Eq. (1) has a solution in S ¯ . This completes the proof. □

Remark 4 The requirement that X should be a finite-dimensional Banach space comes from the usage of the relation (3) proved in [15] for bounded subsets in the space of Lebesgue integrable functions with values in a finite-dimensional Banach space.

By Theorem 2, we can get a special existence criterion for Eq. (1).

Corollary 1 Let X be a finite-dimensional Banach space and let Ω be a bounded domain of R n . Besides the assumptions (a)-(e), we make the following additional assumptions:

  1. (i)

    There exists a continuous function h:[0,)[0,) such that h(u)>0 whenever u>0 and

    Ω N f 1 U N f 2 A y ( t ) X dth ( y L 1 ( Ω , X ) ) for every y L 1 (Ω,X).
  2. (ii)
    sup θ [ 0 , ) ( ( 1 L ) θ l L + 1 + T h ( θ ) ) >1,

where l(t):=g(t,0) and L is the constant in the assumption (a). Then Eq. (1) has a solution in L 1 (Ω,X).

Proof Thanks to Theorem 2, we only need to show that (i) and (ii) imply (g). Let N>0 satisfy

( 1 L ) N l L + 1 + T h ( N ) >1.
(7)

The condition (ii) ensures the existence of such an N. Let y L 1 (Ω,X) be any solution of the operator equation

y= λ Ay+ λ B ( y λ ) , λ (0,1).
(8)

Then, for tΩ, we have the estimate

y ( t ) λ g ( t , y ( t ) λ ) g ( t , 0 ) + λ g ( t , 0 ) + λ T N f 1 U N f 2 A y ( t ) L y ( t ) + l ( t ) + T N f 1 U N f 2 A y ( t ) ,

and so

Ω y ( t ) dtL Ω y ( t ) dt+ Ω l(t)dt+Th ( y ) .

Therefore

( 1 L ) y L 1 ( Ω , X ) l L + 1 + T h ( y L 1 ( Ω , X ) ) 1.
(9)

Assuming that y L 1 ( Ω , X ) =N. Equation (9) implies ( 1 L ) N l L + 1 + T h ( N ) 1 contradicting (7). So, each solution of (8) satisfies y L + 1 N. Accordingly, by Theorem 2, Eq. (1) has a solution y L 1 (Ω,X). This completes the proof. □

Corollary 2 Let X be a finite-dimensional Banach space and let Ω be a bounded domain of R n . Assume that hypotheses (a)-(f) hold true with the additional assumption that

  1. (iii)

    L+μ b 1 b 2 KA<1, where the constants b 1 , b 2 , μ are these in Lemma  2 and the hypothesis (f), K denotes the norm of the operator K defined in (4).

Then Eq. (1) has a solution in L 1 (Ω,X).

Proof Let y L 1 (Ω,X). By the formula of Lemma 5, we have

Ω A y ( t ) d t T Ω N f 1 U N f 2 A y ( t ) d t T ( a 1 L 1 ( D ) + b 1 K ( ξ L + 1 ( D ) + μ a 2 L 1 ( D ) ) + μ b 1 b 2 K A y L 1 ( Ω , X ) ) .

On the other hand, with the same arguments as in the proof of Corollary 1, we have the following estimate:

y L 1 ( Ω , X ) L y L 1 ( Ω , X ) + l L + 1 + λ A y L y L 1 ( Ω , X ) + l L + 1 + λ T δ ( y L 1 ( Ω , X ) ) ,

where δ(γ)= a 1 L 1 ( D ) + b 1 K( ξ L + 1 ( D ) +μ a 2 L 1 ( D ) )+μ b 1 b 2 KAγ. For the sake of simplicity, we can set a 1 L 1 ( D ) + b 1 K( ξ L + 1 ( D ) +μ a 2 L 1 ( D ) )=ν. Hence

{ 1 L μ b 1 b 2 T K A } y L 1 ( Ω , X ) l L + 1 +Tν.
(10)

Let

N> l L + 1 + T ν 1 L μ b 1 b 2 T K A .

If y L 1 ( Ω , X ) =N, then (10) implies that

N l L + 1 + T ν 1 L μ b 1 b 2 T K A ,

which is a contradiction. So, the hypothesis (g) is satisfied and the result then follows from Theorem 2. This completes the proof. □

4 Examples

In this section, we provide some examples of a classical integral and functional equation considered in nonlinear analysis which are a particular case of Eq. (1).

Example 1 The existence of solutions of the equation

x(t)=g ( t , x ( t ) ) +λ Ω k(t,s)f ( s , x ( s ) ) ds

has been investigated in [13] by this method under proper assumptions. We denote that it is a special case of Eq. (1) with T=C, where C is the Fredholm operator defined as

C : L 1 ( Ω , Y ) L 1 ( Ω , X ) , ψ C ψ : Ω X ; C ψ ( t ) = Ω k ( t , s ) ψ ( s ) d s .

Example 2 The following equation proposed in [20]

ψ(t)=g ( t , ψ ( t ) ) +(B N f UAψ)(t)

is also a special case of Eq. (1) with T=B and f 2 (t,y)=y.

Example 3 The solvability of the nonlinear integral equation of a mixed type

x(t)=g(t)+ 0 1 k 1 (t,s) f 1 ( s , 0 s k 2 ( s , τ ) f 2 ( τ , x ( τ ) ) d τ ) ds,t(0,1)

is discussed in the space L 1 (0,1) in [21]. If let X=R, T= K 1 (defined in [21]) and u(t,s,x)= k 2 (t,s)x with Ω=[0,1], then the above equation is a particular case of Eq. (1) and it is applied to solve fractional order integro-differential equations

y(t)=g(t)+ 0 1 k 1 (t,s) f 1 ( s , 0 s ( s τ ) β Γ ( 1 β ) y ( τ ) d τ ) ds,t(0,1).

Example 4 Consider the following integral equation of the form

x(t)= 1 6 [ t exp ( t ) + t 2 x ( t ) ] +T ( ln ( 1 + t ) 1 + t + 0 t exp ( 2 s ) exp ( t ) + 1 ( exp ( s ) + sin s + 2 x ( s ) ) d s )

with 0st1.

Let us take g:[0,1]×RR, f i :[0,1]×RR, i=1,2 and u:[0,1]×[0,1]×RR defined by, respectively,

g ( t , x ) = 1 6 ( t exp ( t ) + t 2 x ) , f 1 ( t , x ) = ln ( 1 + t ) 1 + t + x , f 2 ( t , y ) = sin t + 2 y , u ( t , s , x ) = exp ( 2 s ) exp ( t ) + 1 ( exp ( s ) + x ) .

We can suppose T to be an arbitrary linear bounded operator on L[0,1]. It is easy to see that the function g satisfies the assumption (a) with L= 1 6 , the function |u(t,s,x)| exp ( 2 s ) exp ( t ) (exp(s)+x) with k(t,s)= exp ( 2 s ) exp ( t ) and μ=1.

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Acknowledgements

The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10861014, No. 11161057).

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LY carried out the main work of this paper; JW and GY participated in work on the part content and modified work of this paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Yang, L., Wang, J. & Yang, G. Study on the existence of solutions for a generalized functional integral equation in L 1 spaces. J Inequal Appl 2013, 235 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-235

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