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The riesz convergence and riesz core of double sequences
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2012, Article number: 56 (2012)
Abstract
In this article, we have introduced the Riesz convergence and Riesz core of double sequences and determined the necessary and sufficient conditions on a four-dimensional matrix A to yield P R - core{Ax} ⊆ P - core{x} and P R - core{Ax} ⊆ st2 - core{x} for all .
Mathematics Subject Classification 2000: 40C05; 40J05; 46A45.
1. Introduction
A double sequence is said to be convergent in the Pringsheim sense or P-convergent if for every ε > 0 there exists an N ∈ ℕ such that | x jk - ℓ | < ε whenever j, k > N, [1]. In this case, we write P-lim x = ℓ. By c2, we mean the space of all P-convergent sequences.
A double sequence x is bounded if
By we denote the space of all bounded double sequences.
Note that, in contrast to the case for single sequences, a convergent double sequence need not be bounded. So, we denote by the space of double sequences which are bounded and convergent.
Let E ⊆ ℕ × ℕ and E(m, n) = {(j, k):j ≤ m,k ≤ n}. Then, the double natural density of E is defined by
if the limit on the right hand side exists; where the vertical bars denotes the cardinality of the set E(m,n).
A real double sequence x = [x jk ] is said to be statistical (or briefly st-) convergent [2] to the number L if for every ε > 0, the set {(j,k): |x jk - L| > ε} has double natural density zero. In this case, we write st2 - lim x = L. Let st2 be the space of all st-convergent double sequences. Clearly, a convergent double sequence is also st-convergent but the converse it is not true, in general. Also, note that a st-convergent double sequence need not be bounded. For example, consider the sequence x = [x jk ] defined by
Then, clearly st2-lim x = 1. Nevertheless x neither convergent nor bounded. The st2-lim sup and st2 - lim inf of a double sequence were introduced in [3] and also the statistical core of a double sequence was defined by the closed interval [st2 - lim sup, st2 - lim inf].
Let be a four-dimensional infinite matrix of real numbers for all m,n = 0,1,.... The sums
are called the A- transforms of the double sequence x = [x jk ]. We say that a sequence x = [x jk ] is A-summable to the limit ℓ if the A- transform of x = [x jk ] exists for all m, n = 0,1,... and is convergent to ℓ in the Pringsheim sense, i.e.,
and
We say that a matrix A is bounded-regular if every bounded-convergent sequence x is A-summable to the same limit and the A-means are also bounded. The necessary and sufficient conditions for A to be bounded-regular or RH- regular are known (see [4, 5]).
A double sequence x = [x jk ] of real numbers is said to be Cesáro convergent to a number L if and only if there exists an L ∈ ℝ such that
and is denoted by C1 - lim x = L. We denote the space of all Cesáro convergent double sequences by C1. That is,
The concept core of single sequences (see [6]) was extended by Patterson [7] to the double sequences by defining the Pringsheim core (or P-core) of a real bounded double sequence x = [x jk ] as the closed interval [P - lim inf x,P - lim sup x]. Later this concept has been studied by many authors. For example we refer [2, 8–10].
Let
The Cesáro core (or P C -core) of a real-valued bounded double sequence x = [x jk ] has been defined by the closed interval in [11]. Also; where an inequality related to the P C and P-cores has been investigated.
In this article we have introduced the Riesz convergence and Riesz core of a double sequence and also we have investigated some inequalities related to the P-, statistical and Riesz cores.
2. Main results
Definition 2.1. Let (q i ), (p j ) be sequences of non-negative numbers which are not all zero and Q m = q1 + q2 + · · · + q m , q1 > 0, P n = p1 + p2 + · · · + p n , p1 > 0. Then, the transformation given by
is called the Riesz mean of double sequence x = [x jk ].
Definition 2.2. If , s ∈ ℝ, then the sequence x = [x jk ] is said to be Riesz convergent to s.
If x = [x jk ] is Riesz convergent to s, then we write P R - lim x = s. In what follows will denote the set of all Riesz convergent sequences. Since a Riesz convergent double sequence need not be bounded, by we will denote the set of all bounded and Riesz convergent double sequences. will denote the set of all double sequences which bounded and Riesz convergent to zero.
Note that in the case q i = 1 for all i and p j = 1 for all j, the Riesz mean reduced to the Cesáro mean and the Riesz convergence is said to be Cesáro convergence.
Now, we will give some lemmas characterized some classes of matrices related to the .
Lemma 2.3. A matrix if and only if
where
Proof. Let . This means that Ax exists for all and which implies (2.1). Let us define a sequence y = [y rs ] by
Then, the necessity of (2.5) follows from .
It is known by the assumption that
So; if we define the sequences as follows
er= Σ s ers(s ∈ ℕ) and es= Σ r ers(r ∈ ℕ), then the necessity of (2.2), (2.3), and (2.4) follows from and , respectively.
Since the proof of the sufficiency part is routine, we omit the details.
Lemma 2.4. A matrix if and only if (2.1)-(2.4) hold and
Proof. The necessity of the conditions can be shown by the same way used in the proof of Lemma 2.3.
For the sufficiency let the conditions hold and x = with P - lim x jk = L, (say). Then, there exists an N > 0 such that |x jk | <|L| + ε for every whenever j, k > N. Now; let us write
which implies that
So, by letting m,n → ∞ under the light of the assumption, we get that .
This completes the proof.
Lemma 2.5. A matrix if and only if
for every E ⊂ ℕ × ℕ with δ2(E) = 0.
Proof. If , the necessity of (2.7) follows from the fact that . For the necessity of the condition (2.8), let us choose a sequence z = [z rs ] by
where and E ⊂ ℕ × ℕ with δ2 (E) = 0. Then; it is easy to see that st2 - lim z = 0 and
So; a matrix defined by
for every q,p is in the class . Therefore, the necessity of (2.8) follows from the condition (2.5) of Lemma 2.3.
For the converse take a sequence with st2 - lim x = l. Then; it is known that δ2 = δ2({(r, s): |x rs - l| ≥ ε}) = 0 and |x rs - l| < ε whenever r,s ∉ E. Now, write
The inequality
and condition (2.8) implies that
So; by letting m, n → ∞ in (2.9) we have and this completes the proof.
Definition 2.6. The Riesz core (or P R -core) of a double sequence x = [x jk ] is the closed interval .
Note that in the case q i = 1 for all i and p j = 1 for all j, Riesz core is reduced to the Cesáro core, [11].
Now; we are ready to give some inequalities related to the P-, P R - and st2-core of double sequences.
Theorem 2.7. Let ║ A ║ < ∞. Then,
for all if and only if and
Proof. Let (2.10) holds for all . Then, it is easy to get that
Since - P - lim sup(-x) = P - lim inf(x) and , by choosing , we reach that . Since x is arbitrary, this means that .
By Lemma 3.1 of Patterson [7], there exists a with || y || ≤ 1 such that
So; we have from assumption that
By the same way, one can see that
Therefore, by combining the inequalities (2.12) and (2.13), we obtain the necessity of (2.11).
Conversely; suppose that and (2.11) holds. For any arbitrary bounded sequence x = [x rs ], there exists M, N > 0 such that x rs ≤ P - lim sup x + ε whenever r > M, s > N. Now, we can write the following inequality,
Using the conditions characterized the class and (2.11), we reach that and this completes the proof of the theorem.
Theorem 2.8. Let ║ A ║ < ∞. Then,
for all x ∈ if and only if and (2.11) holds.
Proof. Let (2.14) holds for all . Then, by the same argument used in Theorem 2.7, one can see that . On the other since st2 - lim sup(x) ≤ P - lim sup(x) for all , the necessity of (2.11) follows from Theorem 2.7.
For the converse suppose that and (2.11) holds. If , it is known that for every ε > 0,
and x rs ≤ st2 - lim sup(x) + ε whenever r, s ∉ E. Taking this knowledge in the mind, let us write
So, the conditions characterized the class and (2.11) imply that . Since ε was arbitrary, this completes the proof.
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Authors' contributions
AMA designed the problems and carried out the proof of the Lemmas. CÇ defined the Riesz core and gave the proof of the theorems. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Alotaibi, A.M., Çakan, C. The riesz convergence and riesz core of double sequences. J Inequal Appl 2012, 56 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2012-56
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2012-56