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Lyapunov-type inequalities for a class of even-order differential equations
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2012, Article number: 5 (2012)
Abstract
We establish several sharper Lyapunov-type inequalities for the following even-order differential equation
These results improve some existing ones.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 34B15.
1. Introduction
In 1907, Lyapunov [1] first established the Lyapunov inequality for the Hill's equation
which was improved to the following classical form
by Wintner [2] in 1951, if (1.1) has a real solution x(t) such that
where a, b ∈ ℝ with a < b, and the constant 4 cannot be replaced by a larger number, where and in the sequel q+(t) = max{q(t), 0}. Since then, there are many improvements and generalizations of (1.2) in some literatures. Especially, Lyapunov inequality has been generalized extensively to the higher-order linear equations and the linear Hamiltonian systems. A thorough literature review of continuous and discrete Lyapunov-type inequalities and their applications can be found in the survey article by Cheng [3]. Some other recent related results can be found in the articles [4–14].
We consider the even-order equation
where n ∈ ℕ, q(t) is a locally Lebesgue integrable real-valued function defined on ℝ. While n = 1, the equation (1.4) reduces to the equation (1.2).
For (1.4), there are several literatures having established some Lyapunov-type inequalities. For example, Yang [15, 16] and Cakmak [17] have contributed to these interesting results. In the recent article [18], He and Tang improved and generalized the above results and obtained the following Lyapunov-type inequality.
Theorem 1.1. [18] Let n ∈ ℕ and n ≥ 2, q ∈ L1([a, b], ℝ). If (1.4) has a solution x(t) satisfying the boundary value conditions
then
In this article, motivated by the references [15–18], we attempt to establish some sharper Lyapunov-type inequalities for (1.4) under the same boundary value conditions of Theorem 1.1.
2. Main results
In the proof of our results, the following lemma is very important.
Lemma 2.1. [18] Assume that x(t) is a continuous real-valued function on [a, b], x(a) = x(b) = 0, for t ∈ [a, b], and x'' ∈ L2([a, b], ℝ). Then
In the meantime, in order to obtain Lemma 2.3 which also plays an important role in this article, we will apply the following inequality. See Lemma 2.2.
Lemma 2.2. [19] Assume that f(t) and f'(t) are continuous on [α, β], f(α) = f(β) and . Then
Lemma 2.3. Assume that x(t) is a continuous real-valued function on [a, b], x(a) = x(b) = 0, for t ∈ [a, b], and x', x'' ∈ L2([a, b], ℝ). Then
Proof. At first, we construct a function f(t) as follows
Let α = 2a - b, β = b. Since x(a) = x(b) = 0, for t ∈ [a, b], and taking into account of the definition of f(t), we can easily obtain that and f(α) = f(β). Moreover, it is obvious that f(t) and f'(t) are continuous on [α, β], since x(t) is a continuous real-valued function on [a, b]. Hence, it follows from Lemma 2.2 that
Since
and
it follows from (2.5), (2.6), and (2.7) that
which implies that the inequality (2.3) holds.
Next, we'll prove that the inequality (2.4) holds.
For convenience, we only consider the special case a = 0. At this moment, the interval [α, β] reduces to [-b, b]. It follows from the construction of f(t), that f(t) is an odd function on [-b, b], so we have f(-t) = -f(t). Then, according to the definition of derivation, we have
It follows from (2.9) that f'(α) = f'(β). Furthermore, we can easily obtain for the property that f(t) is an odd function on [α, β]. And the condition that f'(t) is continuous on [α, β] implies that f''(t) is continuous on [α, β], too. Then, by a similar method to the proof of (2.3) together with Lemma 2.2, we can obtain (2.4) immediately.
For the other ordinary cases, i.e., a ≠ 0, we only need to move the interval [α, β] evenly such that this interval symmetrizes about the origin. Then, similar to the proof of (2.9), we can verify the condition f'(α) = f'(β), and the other conditions in Lemma 2.2 are satisfied all the way. Hence, it also follows from Lemma 2.2 that (2.4) holds.
Theorem 2.4. Let n ∈ ℕ, q ∈ L1([a, b], ℝ). If (1.4) has a solution x(t) satisfying the boundary value conditions (1.5), then
Proof. Choose c ∈ (a, b) such that |x(c)| = maxt ∈ [a, b]|x(t)|. It follows from (1.5) that x(a) = x(b) = 0, for t ∈ [a, b], which implies that |x(c)| > 0. Since (1.5), together with (1.4), Lemmas 2.1 and 2.3, we have
Since |x(c)| > 0, divided the last inequality of (2.11) by |x(c)|, we can obtain (2.10).
By a similar method in the proof of Theorem 1.1, applying Lemmas 2.1 and 2.3, we can obtain the following result:
Theorem 2.5. Let n ∈ ℕ and n ≥ 2, q ∈ L1([a, b], ℝ). If (1.4) has a solution x(t) satisfying the boundary value conditions (1.5), then
Proof. From (1.5), multiplying (1.4) by x(t) and integrating by parts over [a, b], we have
Combining (1.4) and (2.13), we have
Case 1. If n = 2m is an even number, then
It follows from (1.5), (2.1), and (2.4) that
and
From (2.15), (2.16), and (2.17), we have
Now, we claim that
If (2.19) is not true, we have
From (2.15) and (2.20), we have
which implies that
Then, from (2.22), we can obtain x(2m)(t) = 0, for t ∈ [a, b], which contradicts (1.5). So, (2.19) holds, and divided the last inequality of (2.18) by , we can obtain
That is
Case 2. If n = 2m + 1 is an odd number, then
In one hand, it follows from (1.5), (2.1), and (2.4) that (2.16) and (2.17) hold. In the other hand, since x(2m)(a) = x(2m)(b) = 0, it follows from (2.3) that
Hence, combining (2.16), (2.17), (2.25) with (2.26), we have
Since (2.19), divided the last inequality of (2.27) by , we can obtain
That is
It follows from (2.24) and (2.29) that (2.12) holds.
Remark 2.6. In view of the forms of the two inequalities (1.6) and (2.12), we can easily find that inequality (2.12) is simpler than (1.6). Moreover, by using the method of induction, we can verify that inequality (2.12) is sharper than inequality (1.6).
Corollary 2.7. Let n ∈ ℕ and n ≥ 2, q ∈ L1([a, b], ℝ). If (1.4) has a solution x(t) satisfying the boundary value conditions (1.5), then
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QZ carried out the theoretical proof and drafted the manuscript. XH participated in the design and coordination. Both of the two authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Zhang, QM., He, X. Lyapunov-type inequalities for a class of even-order differential equations. J Inequal Appl 2012, 5 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2012-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2012-5