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Estimates for the composition of the carathéodory and homotopy operators

Abstract

In the present paper, we deal with the composition of carathéodory and homotopy operators for differential forms satisfying the A-harmonic equation in the bounded and convex domain. We obtain estimates for the composition and the form of inequalities with weights. Moreover, we also obtain the composition for the gradient, carathéodory, and homotopy operators. Then we obtain the W 1 , p norm estimates for the composition operators.

1 Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to establish the inequalities for the composition of the homotopy operator T and the carathéodory operator G applied to differential forms in R n , n2. The homotopy operator T is widely used in the decomposition and the L p -theory of differential forms. And in [3], we have extended the homotopy operator to the domain that is deformed to every point. In the meanwhile, the carathéodory operator G form classic examples to discuss boundedness and continuity of nonlinear operators and play an important part in advanced functional analysis, and in [4] we have extended it to differential forms. In many situations, we need to estimate the various norms of the operators and their compositions.

Throughout this paper, we always assume that Ω is a bounded and convex domain and B is a ball in R n , n2. Let σB be the ball with the same center as B and with diam(σB)=σdiam(B), σ>0. We do not distinguish the balls from cubes in this paper. For any subset E R n , we use |E| to denote the Lebesgue measure of E. In [2], we have the estimate for T(u):

T ( u ) p , F 2 n σ n 1 μ(Ω)(diamΩ) u p , F
(1.1)

for all u L l o c p (Ω, l ), where FΩ is bounded and convex. And for carathéodory operator, we obtain

| f ( s , ω ) | a(s)+b | ω | p 1 / p 2 ,sΩ,ω L p 1 ( Ω , l ) .

With these estimates, we can obtain the estimates for the composition of them. Finally, we obtain the W 1 , p norm estimates for the composition operator.

The main theorems are proved by reference to Chap. 7 of [1].

2 Some preliminaries about differential forms

The majority of notations and preliminaries used throughout this paper can be found in [1]. For the sake of convenience, we list briefly them in this section.

Let e 1 , e 2 ,, e n denote the standard orthogonal basis of R n . Suppose that Λ l = Λ l ( R n ) is the linear space of l-covectors, generated by the exterior products e I = e i 1 e i 2 e i l , corresponding to all ordered l-tuples I=( i 1 , i 2 ,, i l ), 1 i 1 < i 2 << i l n, l=0,1,,n. The Grassmann algebra Λ= l = 0 n Λ l is a graded algebra with respect to the exterior products. For α=Σ α I e I Λ and β=Σ β I e I Λ, the inner product in Λ is given by α,β=Σ α I β I with summation over all l-tuples I=( i 1 , i 2 ,, i l ) and all integrals l=0,1,,n. We define the Hodge star operator :ΛΛ by

ω=sign(π) α i 1 , i 2 , , i k ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x n )d x j 1 d x j n k ,

where ω= α i 1 , i 2 , , i k ( x 1 , x 2 ,, x n )d x i 1 d x i 2 d x i k is a k-form, π=( i 1 ,, i k , j 1 ,, j n k ) is a permutation of (1,2,,n) and sign(π) is the signature of the permutation. The norm of αΛ is given by the formula | α | 2 =α,α=(αα) Λ 0 =R.

A differential l-form ω is a Schwartz distribution on Ω with values in Λ l ( R n ). We use D (Ω, Λ l ) to denote the space of all differential l-forms, and L p (Ω,Λ) to denote the l-forms

ω(x)= I ω(x)d x I = ω i 1 , i 2 , , i l (x)d x i 1 d x i 2 d x i l

with all coefficients ω I L p (Ω,R). Thus, L p (Ω, Λ l ), p1, is a Banach space with norm

ω p = ω ( x ) p , Ω = ( Ω | ω ( x ) | p ) 1 / p = ( Ω ( I | ω I ( x ) | 2 ) p / 2 d x ) 1 / p .

The space L 1 p (Ω, Λ l ) is the subspace of D (Ω, Λ l ) with the condition

α L 1 p ( Ω ) = ( Ω ( i = 1 n | α x i | 2 ) p / 2 d x ) 1 / p <.

The Sobolev space W 1 , p (Ω, Λ l ) of l-forms is W 1 , p (Ω, Λ l )= L p (Ω,Λ) L 1 p (Ω, Λ l ). The norms are given by

ω W 1 , p ( Ω , l ) = ( diam Ω ) 1 ω p , Ω + ω p , Ω .
(2.1)

We denote the exterior derivative by d: D (Ω, Λ l ) D (Ω, Λ l + 1 ) for l=0,1,,n1, which means

dω(x)= k = 1 n 1 i 1 < < i l n ω i 1 , i 2 , , i l ( x ) x k d x k d x i 1 d x i 2 d x i l .

Its formal adjoint operator is defined by

d = ( 1 ) n l + 1 d: D ( Ω , Λ l + 1 ) D ( Ω , Λ l ) ,l=0,1,,n1,

which is called the Hodge codifferential.

In [3], we define an operation K y for any yΩ and we construct a homotopy operator T: C (Ω, l ) C (Ω, l ) by averaging K y over all points yΩ:

Tω= Ω ψ(y) K y ( ϕ ω ) dy,
(2.2)

where ψ in C 0 (U) is normalized so that Ω ψ(y)dy=1. We obtain the following decomposition for the operator T:

ω=d(Tω)+T(dω).
(2.3)

From [2], we know that for any differential form u L l o c p (Ω, l ), l=1,2,,n, 1<p<, we have

(2.4)
(2.5)

where μ(B) is flatness of Ω (see [2]). See [513] for more details of differential forms and its applications.

Then we define the carathéodory conditions and carathéodory operator for differential forms (see [4]).

Definition 2.1 For a mapping f:Ω× l l , where Ω is an open set in R n , we say that f satisfies carathéodory conditions if

  1. 1.

    For all most sΩ, f(s,ω) is continuous with respect to ω, which means that f can be expanded as f(s,ω)= J f J (s,ω)d x J , where f J :Ω× l R and f J (s,ω) is continuous about ω for all most sΩ; and

  2. 2.

    For any fixed ω= I ωd x I l , f(s,ω) is measurable about s, which means that each coefficient function f J (s,ω) is measurable about s for any fixed ω l .

Throughout this paper, we assume that f(s,ω) satisfies the carathéodory condition (C-condition). Similarly, we can define the continuity of f(s,ω) about (s,ω)Ω× l .

Definition 2.2 Suppose that Ω R n is a measurable set (0<mesΩ+), and f:Ω× l l . We define the carathéodory operator G: l l for differential forms by

Gω(s)=f ( s , ω ( s ) ) .

For the carathéodory operator, we have the similar result for differential forms as for the functions (see [4]).

Theorem 2.1 The carathéodory operator G maps continuously and boundedly L p 1 (Ω, l )into L p 2 (Ω, l ), if and only if, there existsb>0, a(x)0, a(x) L p 2 (Ω)satisfying the following inequality:

| f ( x , ω ) | a(x)+b | ω | p 1 p 2 ( x Ω , ω l ) .
(2.6)

Here, we suppose p 1 = p 2 .

We define Muckenhoupt weights (see [1]).

Definition 2.3 A weight ω satisfies the A r (Ω)-condition in a subset Ω R n , where r>1, and write ω A r (Ω) when

sup B ( 1 | B | B ω d x ) ( 1 | B | B ω 1 / ( 1 r ) d x ) r 1 <,
(2.7)

where the supremum is over all balls BΩ.

The following class of two-weight or A r , λ (Ω)-weights appeared in [1] and [13].

Definition 2.4 A pair of weights ( ω 1 , ω 2 ) satisfy the A r , λ (Ω)-condition in a set B R N , write ( ω 1 , ω 2 ) A r , λ (B) for some λ1 and 1<r< with 1/r+1/ r =1, if

sup B Ω ( 1 | B | B ω 1 λ d x ) 1 / λ r ( 1 | B | B ( 1 / ω 2 ) 1 / ( r 1 ) d x ) λ ( r 1 ) <

for all balls BΩ.

In the present paper, we deal with the A-harmonic equations formulated by d A(x,du)=B(x,du).

We also need the following weak reverse Hölder inequality (Lemma 3.1.1 of [1]).

Theorem 2.2 Let u be a solution of the nonhomogeneous A-harmonic equation in a domain Ω and0<s, t<. Then there exists a constant C, independent of u, such that

u s , B C | B | ( t s ) / s t u t , ρ B
(2.8)

for all balls B withρBΩfor someρ>1.

For A r -weights ω, we have the following reverse Hölder inequality (Lemma 1.4.7 of [1]).

Theorem 2.3 Ifω A r , r>1, then there exist constantsβ>1and C, independent of ω, such that

ω β , Q C | Q | ( 1 β ) / β ω 1 , Q
(2.9)

for all ballsQ R N .

3 Main results and proofs

Theorem 3.1 Letu L l o c s (Ω, l ), l=1,2,,n, 1<s<, be a solution of the A-harmonic equation in domain Ω is bounded and convex andT: C (Ω, l ) C (Ω, l 1 )be the homotopy operator. Assume thatρ>1andω A r (Ω)for some1<r<. ThenT(G(u)) L l o c s (Ω, l ). Moreover, there exists a constant C, independent of u, such that

T ( G ( u ) ) s , B , ω α C|B|diam(B) u s , ρ B , ω α
(3.1)

for all balls B withρBΩand any real number α with0<α1.

Proof We only need to prove the inequality holds. With (2.6) and (2.7), we have

T ( G ( u ) ) s , B C μ ( Ω ) diam B G ( u ) s , B C μ ( Ω ) diam B a ( x ) + b | u | s , B C μ ( Ω ) diam B ( a ( x ) s , B + b u s , B ) C 1 μ ( Ω ) diam B u s , B .
(3.2)

Then just like the process of the proof for Theorem 7.3.14 in [1], we obtain the inequality.

We discuss the inequality with 0<α<1 and α=1 separately. For 0<α<1, first we set t=s/(1α). With Hölder inequality, we obtain

T ( G ( u ) ) s , B , ω α = ( B ( ( | T ( G ( u ) ) | ) ω α / s ) s d x ) 1 / s T ( G ( u ) ) t , B ( B ω t α / ( t s ) d x ) ( t s ) / s t = T ( G ( u ) ) t , B ( B ω d x ) α / s .
(3.3)

By (3.2), we obtain

T ( G ( u ) ) t , B C 3 μ(Ω)diamB u t , B .
(3.4)

Let m=s/(1+α(r1)), then m<s. With (3.3) and (3.4) and using Theorem 2.2, we have

T ( G ( u ) ) s , B , ω α C 3 μ ( Ω ) diam B u t , B ( B ω d x ) α / s C 4 μ ( Ω ) diam B | B | ( m t ) / m t u m , ρ B ( B ω d x ) α / s .
(3.5)

And using Hölder’s inequality again, we obtain

u m , ρ B = ( ρ B | u | m d x ) 1 / m = ( ρ B ( | u | ω α / s ω α / s ) m d x ) 1 / m ( ρ B | u | s ω α d x ) 1 / s ( ρ B ( 1 / ω ) 1 / ( r i ) d x ) α ( r 1 ) / s
(3.6)

for all balls B with ρBΩ. With (3.5) and (3.6), we find that

T ( G ( u ) ) s , B , ω α C 4 μ ( Ω ) diam B | B | ( m t ) / m t u s , ρ B , ω α × ( ρ B ( 1 / ω ) 1 / ( r 1 ) d x ) α ( r 1 ) / s ( B ω d x ) α / s .
(3.7)

As ω A r (Ω), we have

(3.8)

With (3.7) and (3.8), we have

T ( G ( u ) ) s , B , ω α C 6 μ(B)diamB u s , ρ B , ω α
(3.9)

for all balls B with ρBΩ. This is just (3.1) with 0<α<1. Then we prove the case of α=1. First, with Theorem 2.3, we know

ω β , B C 7 | B | ( 1 β ) / β ω 1 , B ,
(3.10)

here β>1 and C 7 >0 are all constants. Let t=sβ/(β1), then we know 1<s<t and β=t/(ts). With Hölder’s inequality (3.2), and (3.10), we obtain

T ( G ( u ) ) s , B , ω = ( B ( | T ( G ( u ) ) | ω 1 / s ) s d x ) 1 / s ( ( B | T ( G ( u ) ) | t d x ) 1 / t ( B ( ω 1 / s ) s t / ( t s ) d x ) ( t s ) / s t ) = C 8 T ( G ( u ) ) t , B ω β , B 1 / s C 8 μ ( B ) diam B u t , B ω β , B 1 / s C 9 μ ( B ) diam B | B | ( 1 β ) / β s ω β , B 1 / s u t , B C 9 μ ( B ) diam B | B | 1 / t ω β , B 1 / s u t , B .
(3.11)

Set m=s/r. With Theorem 2.2, we have

u t , B C 10 | B | ( m t ) / m t u m , ρ B .
(3.12)

And we use Hölder’s inequality again

u m , ρ B = ( ρ B ( | u | ω 1 / s ω 1 / s ) m d x ) 1 / m ( ρ B | u | s ω d x ) 1 / s ( ρ B ( 1 / ω ) 1 / ( r 1 ) d x ) ( r 1 ) / s .
(3.13)

With ω A r (Ω), we have

ω 1 , B 1 / s 1 / ω 1 / ( r 1 ) , ρ B 1 / s ( ( ρ B ω d x ) ( ρ B ( 1 / ω ) 1 / ( r 1 ) d x ) r 1 ) 1 / s = ( | ρ B | r ( 1 | ρ B | ρ B ω d x ) ( 1 | ρ B | ρ B ( 1 / ω ) 1 / ( r 1 ) d x ) r 1 ) 1 / s C 11 | B | r / s .
(3.14)

With (3.11)-(3.14), we have

T ( G ( u ) ) s , B , ω C 12 μ ( B ) diam B | B | 1 / t ω 1 , B 1 / s | B | ( m t ) / m t u m , ρ B C 12 μ ( B ) diam B | B | 1 / m ω 1 , B 1 / s 1 / ω 1 / ( r 1 ) , ρ B 1 / s u s , ρ B , ω C 13 μ ( B ) diam B u s , ρ B , ω
(3.15)

for all balls B with ρBΩ. Thus, we complete the proof. □

Actually by the method developed in [1], for the two weight ( ω 1 , ω 2 ) A r , λ (Ω), we have the following inequality.

Theorem 3.2 Letu L l o c s (Ω, l ), l=1,2,,n, 1<s<, be a solution of the A-harmonic equation in domain Ω is bounded and convex andT: C (Ω, l ) C (Ω, l 1 )be the homotopy operator. Assume thatρ>1and( ω 1 , ω 2 ) A r , λ (Ω)for some1<r<, λ1. Then, T(G(u)) L l o c S (Ω, l ). Moreover, there exists a constant C, independent of u, such that

T ( G ( u ) ) s , B , ω 1 α C|B|diam(B) u s , ρ B , ω 2 α
(3.16)

for all balls B withρBΩand any real number α with0<α1.

Proof Let t=λs/(λα). As 1 s = 1 t + ( t s ) s t , with Hölder inequality, we have

( B | T ( G u ) | ω 1 α d x ) 1 / s = ( B ( | T ( G u ) | ω 1 α / s ) s d x ) 1 / s ( B | T ( G u ) | t d x ) 1 / t ( B ( ω 1 α / s ) s t / ( t s ) d x ) ( t s ) / s t T ( G u ) t , B ( B ω 1 λ d x ) α / λ s
(3.17)

for all balls BΩ. Then, from (3.2), we obtain

T ( G u ) t , B C 1 μ(Ω)diamB u t , B .
(3.18)

Let m= λ s ( λ + α ( r 1 ) ) , then we know m<s<t. With (3.17) and (3.18) and Theorem 2.2, we have

(3.19)

Then by the generalized Hölder’s inequality, we have

u m , ρ B = ( ρ B | u | m d x ) 1 / m = ( ρ B ( | u | ω 2 α / s ω 2 α / s ) m d x ) 1 / m ( ρ B | u | s ω 2 α d x ) 1 / s ( ρ B ( 1 / ω 2 ) λ / ( r 1 ) d x ) α ( r 1 ) / λ s
(3.20)

for all balls B with ρBΩ, where we use 1 m = 1 s + s m s m . Then with (3.19) and (3.20), we obtain

(3.21)

Then, with ( ω 1 , ω 2 ) A r , λ (Ω), we have

(3.22)

With (3.21) and (3.22), we have

( B | T ( G u ) | s ω 1 α d x ) 1 / s Cμ(Ω)diamB ( ρ B | u | s ω 2 α d x ) 1 / s
(3.23)

for all balls B with ρBΩ. □

For the compositions of the gradient operator , the homotopy operator T, the carathéodory operator G, TG, we obtain the local Sobolev-Poincaré embedding theorem.

Theorem 3.3 Letu L l o c s (Ω, l ), l=1,2,,n, 1<s<, be a solution of the A-harmonic equation in bounded and convex domain Ω, T: C (Ω, l ) C (Ω, l 1 )be the homotopy operator, be the gradient operator and G be the carathéodory operator. Then(T(G(u))) L l o c s (Ω, l )andT(G(u)) W 1 , s (B). Moreover, there exists a constant C, independent of u, such that

( T ( G ( u ) ) ) s , B Cμ(Ω) u s , B
(3.24)

and

T ( G ( u ) ) W 1 , s ( B ) Cμ(Ω) u s , B .
(3.25)

Proof Actually, we only need to prove (3.16) and (3.17). From these two inequalities, the remaining part of the theorem follows. From (2.4), we obtain

( T ( ω ) ) p , Ω Cμ(Ω) ω p , Ω
(3.26)

for any ω L l o c p ( l B). Let G(u)=ω, we have

( T ( G ( u ) ) ) s , B C μ ( Ω ) G ( u ) s , B C μ ( Ω ) ( a ( x ) s , B + b u s , B ) C 1 μ ( Ω ) u s , B .
(3.27)

With the definition of W 1 , p norm, (3.2), and (3.27), we have

T ( G ( u ) ) W 1 , p ( B ) = diam ( B ) 1 T ( G ( u ) ) s , B + ( T ( G ( u ) ) ) s , B diam ( B ) 1 C 1 μ ( Ω ) diam B u s , B + C μ ( Ω ) u s , B C 2 μ ( Ω ) u s , B .
(3.28)

Thus, we obtain the inequality. □

Using the same method as in the proof of Theorem 3.1, we obtain the weighted inequality for ( T ( G ( u ) ) ) s , B , ω α .

Corollary 3.4 Letu L l o c s (Ω, l ), l=1,2,,n, 1<s<, be a solution of the A-harmonic equation in bounded and convex domain Ω, T: C (Ω, l ) C (Ω, l 1 )be the homotopy operator, be the gradient operator and G be the carathéodory operator. Assume thatρ>1andω A r (Ω)for some1<r<. Then(T(G(u))) L l o c s (Ω, l ). Moreover, there exists a constant C, independent of u, such that

( T ( G ( u ) ) ) s , B , ω α Cμ(Ω) u s , B , ω α .
(3.29)

For G(T(u)), we also have the similar result.

Corollary 3.5 Letu L l o c s (Ω, l ), l=1,2,,n, 1<s<, be a solution of the A-harmonic equation in a bounded, convex domain Ω andT: C (Ω, l ) C (Ω, l 1 )be the homotopy operator. Assume thatρ>1andω A r (Ω)for some1<r<. ThenG(T(u)) L l o c s (Ω, l ). Moreover, there exists a constant C, independent of u, such that

G ( T ( u ) ) s , B , ω α C|B|diam(B) u s , ρ B , ω α
(3.30)

for all balls B withρBΩand any real number α with0<α1.

Proof If (3.22) holds, then G(T(u)) L l o c s (Ω, l ) follows. Hence, we only need to prove (3.22). From (2.6) and (2.7), we have

G ( T ( u ) ) s , B a ( x ) s , B + b T ( u ) s , B C μ ( Ω ) diam ( B ) u s , B .
(3.31)

Using the method in the proof of Theorem 3.1, we obtain the inequality. □

Actually for two weight ( ω 1 , ω 2 ) A r , λ (Ω), for some λ1 and 1<r<, we have the similar inequalities, with the method developed in the proof of Theorem 3.2.

Corollary 3.6 Letu L l o c s (Ω, l ), l=1,2,,n, 1<s<, be a differential form satisfying A-harmonic equation in a bounded, convex domainΩ R N andT: C (Ω, l ) C (Ω, l 1 )be the homotopy operator defined in (2.2). Assumeρ>1and( ω 1 , ω 2 ) A r , λ (Ω)for someλ1and1<r<. Then there exists a constant C, independent of u, such that

( B | ( T ( u ) ) | s ω 1 α d x ) 1 / s C|B| ( ρ B | u | s ω 2 α d x ) 1 / s
(3.32)

for all balls B withρBΩand all real number α with0<α<λ.

The above inequality is an extension of the usual inequality of A r -weights. If we choose ω 1 (x)= ω 2 (x)=ω(x) and λ=1 in the two weighted inequalities, we obtain the A r (Ω) weight case.

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Acknowledgement

The research of the first author was supported by the NSF of Hunan Province (No. 11JJ3004) and NSF of NUDT (No. JC10-02-02).

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Professor JZ gave the ideas. ZT gave the proofs and completed the manuscript.

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Tang, Z., Zhu, J. Estimates for the composition of the carathéodory and homotopy operators. J Inequal Appl 2012, 188 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2012-188

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