Approximate *-derivations and approximate quadratic *-derivations on C *-algebras

Sun Young Jang; Choonkil Park

doi:10.1186/1029-242X-2011-55

Research
Open Access
Published: 14 September 2011

Approximate -derivations and approximate quadratic -derivations on C*-algebras

Sun Young Jang¹ &
Choonkil Park²

Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2011, Article number: 55 (2011) Cite this article

2031 Accesses
12 Citations
1 Altmetric
Metrics details

Abstract

In this paper, we prove the stability of *-derivations and of quadratic *-derivations on Banach *-algebras. We moreover prove the superstability of *-derivations and of quadratic *-derivations on C*-algebras.

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 39B52; 47B47; 46L05; 39B72.

1 Introduction and preliminaries

Suppose that $A$ is a complex Banach *-algebra. A ℂ-linear mapping $δ : D (δ) → A$ is said to be a derivation on $A$ if δ(ab) = δ(a)+ b + aδ(b) for all $a, b ∈ A$ , where D(δ) is a domain of δ and D(δ) is dense in $A$ . If δ satisfies the additional condition δ(a*) = δ(a)* for all $a ∈ A$ , then δ is called a *-derivation on $A$ . It is well known that if $A$ is a C*-algebra and D(δ) is $A$ , then the derivation δ is bounded.

A C*-dynamical system is a triple ( $A$ , G, α) consisting of a C*-algebra $A$ , a locally compact group G, and a pointwise norm continuous homomorphism α of G into the group Aut( $A$ ) of *-automorphisms of $A$ . Every bounded *-derivation δ arises as an infinitesimal generator of a dynamical system for ℝ. In fact, if δ is a bounded *-derivation of $A$ on a Hilbert space $H$ , then there exists an element h in the enveloping von Neumann algebra $A ″$ such that

δ (x) = a d i h (x)

for all $x ∈ A$ .

If, for each t ∈ ℝ, α_t is defined by α_t (x) = eⁱ th xe^-ith for all $x ∈ A$ , then α_t is a *-automorphism of $A$ induced by unitaries U_t = eⁱ th for each t ∈ ℝ. The action $α : ℝ → A u t (A)$ , t → α_t , is a strongly continuous one-parameter group of *-automorphisms of $A$ . For several reasons, the theory of bounded derivations of C*-algebras is important in the quantumn mechanics (see [1–3]).

A functional equation is called stable if any function satisfying the functional equation "approximately" is near to a true solution of the functional equation. We say that a functional equation is superstable if every approximate solution is an exact solution of it (see [4]).

In 1940, Ulam [5] proposed the following question concerning stability of group homomorphisms: under what condition does there exist an additive mapping near an approximately additive mapping? Hyers [6] answered the problem of Ulam for the case where G₁ and G₂ are Banach spaces. A generalized version of the theorem of Hyers for an approximately linear mapping was given by Rassias [7]. Since then, the stability problems of various functional equations have been extensively investigated by a number of authors (see [8–19]). In particular, those of the important functional equations are the following functional equations

f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y),

(1.1)

2 f x + y 2 = f (x) + f (y),

(1.2)

which are called the Cauchy functional equation and the Jensen functional equation, respectively. The function f(x) = bx is a solution of these functional equations. Every solution of the functional equations (1.1) and (1.2) is said to be an additive mapping.

In this paper, we introduce functional equations of *-derivations and of quadratic *-derivations. we prove the stability of *-derivations associated with the Cauchy functional equation and the Jensen functional equation and of quadratic *-derivations on Banach *-algebra. We moreover prove the superstability of *-derivations and of quadratic *-derivations on C*-algebras.

2 Stability of -derivations on Banach -algebras

In this section, let $A$ be a Banach *-algebra. We prove the stability of *-derivations on $A$ .

Theorem 2.1 Suppose that $f : A → A$ is a mapping with f(0) = 0 for which there exists a function $φ : A 4 → [0, ∞)$ such that

φ ̃ (a, b, c, d) : = ∑ n = 0 ∞ 1 2 n + 1 φ (2 n a, 2 n b, 2 n c, 2 n d) < ∞,

(2.1)

∥ f (λ a + b + c d) - λ f (a) - f (b) - f (c) d - c f (d) ∥ ≤ φ (a, b, c, d),

(2.2)

∥ f (a *) - f (a) * ∥ ≤ φ (a, a, a, a)

(2.3)

for all $λ ∈ T : = {λ ∈ ℂ : | λ | = 1}$ and all $a, b, c, d ∈ A$ . Then there exists a unique *-derivation δ on $A$ satisfying

∥ f (a) - δ (a) ∥ ≤ φ ̃ (a, a, 0, 0),

(2.4)

for all $a ∈ A$ .

Proof. Setting a = b, c = d = 0 and λ = 1 in (2.2), we have

∥ f (2 a) - 2 f (a) ∥ ≤ φ (a, a, 0, 0)

for all $a ∈ A$ . One can use induction to show that

‖ f (2 n a) 2 n − f (2 m a) 2 m ‱ = ∑ k = m n − 1 1 2 k + 1 μ (2 k a,2 k a,0,0)

(2.5)

for all n > m ≥ 0 and all $a ∈ A$ . It follows from (2.5) and (2.1) that the sequence ${f (2 n a) 2 n}$ is Cauchy. Due to the completeness of $A$ , this sequence is convergent. Define

δ (a) : = lim n → ∞ f (2 n a) 2 n

(2.6)

for all $a ∈ A$ . Then, we have

δ (1 2 k a) = lim n → ∞ 1 2 k f (2 n − k a) 2 n − k = 1 2 k δ (a)

(2.7)

for each k ∈ ℕ. Putting c = d = 0 and replacing a and b by 2 ⁿa and 2 ⁿb, respectively, in (2.2), we get

‖ 1 2 n f (2 n (λ a + b)) − λ 1 2 n f (2 n a) − 1 2 n f (2 n b) ‱ ≤ 1 2 n μ (2 n a,2 n b,0,0).

Taking the limit as n → ∞, we obtain

δ (λ a + b) = λ δ (a) + δ (b)

(2.8)

for all $a, b ∈ A$ and all $λ ∈ T$ . Putting a = b = 0 and replacing c and d by 2 ⁿc and 2 ⁿd, respectively, in (2.2), we get

‖ 1 2 2 n f (2 2 n c d) − 1 2 2 n f (2 n c) (2 n d) − 1 2 2 n (2 n c) f (2 n d) ‱ ≤ 1 2 2 n μ (0,0,2 n c,2 n d) ≤ 1 2 n μ (0,0,2 n c,2 n d).

Taking the limit as n → ∞, we obtain

δ (c d) = δ (c) d + c δ (d)

(2.9)

for all $c, d ∈ A$ .

Next, let λ = λ₁ +iλ₂ ∈ ℂ where λ₁, λ₂, ∈ ℝ. Let γ₁ = λ₁ - [λ₁] and γ₂ = λ₂ - [λ₂], where [λ] denotes the integer part of λ. Then, 0 ≤ γ₁ < 1(1 ≤ i ≤ 2). One can represent γ_i as $γ i = λ i, 1 + λ i, 2 2$ such that $λ i, j ∈ T (1 ≤ i, j ≤ 2)$ . From (2.7) and (2.8), it follows that

δ (λ a) = δ (λ 1 a) + i δ (λ 2 a) (1) = ([λ 1] δ (a) + δ (γ 1 a)) + i ([λ 2] δ (a) + δ (γ 2 a)) (2) = [λ 1] δ (a) + 12 δ (λ 1, 1 a + λ 1, 2 a) + i [λ 2] δ (a) + 12 δ (λ 2, 1 a + λ 2, 2 a) (3) = [λ 1] δ (a) + 12 λ 1, 1 δ (a) + 12 λ 1, 2 δ (a) + i [λ 2] δ (a) + 12 λ 2, 1 δ (a) + 12 λ 2, 2 δ (a) (4) = λ 1 δ (a) + i λ 2 δ (a) = λ δ (a) (5) (6)

for all $a ∈ A$ . Hence, δ is ℂ-linear, and so it is a derivation on $A$ . Moreover, it follows from (2.5) with m = 0 and (2.6) that $∥ δ (a) - f (a) ∥ ≤ φ ̃ (a, a, 0, 0)$ for all $a ∈ A$ . It is well known that the additive mapping δ satisfying (2.4) is unique (see [3] or [19]). Replacing a and a* by 2 ⁿa and 2 ⁿa*, respectively, in (2.3), we get

‖ 1 2 n f (2 n a *) − 1 2 n f (2 n a) * ‱ ≤ 1 2 n μ (2 n a,2 n a,2 n a,2 n a).

Passing to the limit as n → ∞, we get the δ(a*) = δ(a)* for all $a ∈ A$ . So δ is a *-derivation on $A$ , as desired. □

Corollary 2.2 Let ε, p be positive real numbers with p < 1. Suppose that $f : A → A$ is a mapping satisfying

∥ f (λ a + b + c d) - λ f (a) - f (b) - c f (d) - f (c) d ∥ ≤ ε (∥ a ∥ p + ∥ b ∥ p + ∥ c ∥ p + ∥ d ∥ p),

(2.10)

∥ f (a *) - f (a) * ∥ ≤ 4 ε ∥ a ∥ p

(2.11)

for all $λ ∈ T$ and all $a, b, c, d ∈ A$ . Then there exists a unique *-derivation δ on $A$ satisfying

∥ f (a) - δ (a) ∥ ≤ 2 ε 2 - 2 p ∥ a ∥ p

for all $a ∈ A$ .

Proof. Putting φ(a, b, c, d) = ε(||a|| ^p + ||b|| ^p + ||c|| ^p + ||d| ^p ) in Theorem 2.1, we get the desired result. □

Similarly, we can obtain the following. We will omit the proof.

Theorem 2.3 Suppose that $f : A → A$ is a mapping with f (0) = 0 for which there exists a function $φ : A 4 → [0, ∞)$ satisfying (2.2), (2.3) and

∑ n = 1 ∞ 2 2 n - 1 φ a 2 n, b 2 n, c 2 n, d 2 n < ∞

for all $a, b, c, d ∈ A$ . Then there exists a unique *-derivation δ on $A$ satisfying

∥ f (a) - δ (a) ∥ ≤ φ ̃ (a, a, 0, 0),

for all $a ∈ A$ , where

φ ̃ (a, b, c, d) : = ∑ n = 1 ∞ 2 n - 1 φ a 2 n, b 2 n, c 2 n, d 2 n .

Corollary 2.4 Let ε, p be positive real numbers with p > 2. Suppose that $f : A → A$ is a mapping satisfying (2.10) and (2.11). Then there exists a unique *-derivation δ on $A$ satisfying

∥ f (a) - δ (a) ∥ ≤ 2 ε 2 p - 2 ∥ a ∥ p

for all $a ∈ A$ .

Proof. Putting φ(a, b, c, d) = ε(||a|| ^p + ||b|| ^p + ||c|| ^p + ||d| ^p ) in Theorem 2.3, we get the desired result. □

3 Stability of *-derivations associated with the Jensen functional equation

The stability of the Jensen functional equation has been studied first by Kominek and then by several other mathematicians (see [11, 20]).

In this section, we study the stability of *-derivation associated with the Jensen functional equation in a Banach *-algebra $A$ .

Theorem 3.1 Let $A$ be a Banach *-algebra. Suppose that $f : A → A$ is a mapping with f (0) = 0 for which there exists a function $φ : A × A → [0, ∞)$ such that

φ ̃ (a, b) : = ∑ n = 0 ∞ 1 3 n φ (3 n a, 3 n b) < ∞,

(3.1)

2 f λ a + λ b 2 - λ f (a) - λ f (b) ≤ φ (a, b),

(3.2)

∥ f (a *) - f (a) * ∥ ≤ φ (a, a),

(3.3)

∥ f (a b) - a f (b) - f (a) b ∥ ≤ φ (a, b)

(3.4)

for all $a, b ∈ A$ and all $λ ∈ T$ . Then there exists a unique *-derivation δ on $A$ satisfying

∥ f (a) - δ (a) ∥ ≤ 13 (φ ̃ (a, - a) + φ ̃ (- a, 3 a))

(3.5)

for all $a ∈ A$ .

Proof. Letting λ = 1 and b = -a in (3.2), we get

∥ - f (a) - f (- a) ∥ ≤ φ (a, - a)

for all $a ∈ A$ . Letting λ = 1 and replacing a and b by -a and 3a, respectively, in (3.2), we get

∥ 2 f (a) - f (- a) - f (3 a) ∥ ≤ φ (- a, 3 a)

for all $a ∈ A$ . Thus,

f (a) - 13 f (3 a) ≤ 13 ∥ f (a) + f (- a) ∥ + ∥ 2 f (a) - f (- a) - f (3 a) ∥ (1) ≤ 13 φ (a, - a) + φ (- a, 3 a) (2) (3)

for all $a ∈ A$ . So

‖ 1 3 n f (3 n a) − 1 3 m f (3 m a) ‱ ≤ ∑ j = m n − 1 ‖ 1 3 j f (3 j a) − 1 3 j + 1 f (3 j + 1 a) ‱ ≤ 13 ∑ j = m n − 1 1 3 j (μ (3 j a, − 3 j a) + μ (− 3 j a,3 j + 1 a))

(3.6)

for all nonnegative integers n, m with n > m and all $a ∈ A$ . It follows from (3.6) that the sequence ${1 3 n f (3 n a)}$ is a Cauchy sequence for all $a ∈ A$ . Since $A$ is complete, the sequence ${1 3 n f (3 n a)}$ is convergent. So one can define the mapping $δ : A → A$ by

δ (a) = lim n → ∞ 1 3 n f (3 n a)

for all $a ∈ A$ . By (3.2),

‖ 2 δ (a + b 2) − δ (a) − δ (b) ‱ = lim n → ∞ 1 3 n ‖ 2 f (3 n a + b 2) − f (3 n a) − f (3 n b) ‱ ≤ lim n → ∞ 1 3 n μ (3 n a,3 n b) = 0

for all $a, b ∈ A$ . Thus

2 δ a + b 2 = δ (a) + δ (b)

(3.7)

for all $a, b ∈ A$ . Since f(0) = 0, we have δ(0) = 0. Putting b = 0 in (3.7), we get $2 δ (a 2) = δ (a)$ for all $a ∈ A$ and therefore $δ (a) + δ (b) = 2 δ a + b 2 = δ (a + b)$ for all $a, b ∈ A$ . Moreover, letting m = 0 and passing the limit n → ∞ in (3.6), we get (3.5).

Replacing both a and b in (3.2) by 3 ⁿa and then dividing both sides of the obtained inequality by 3 ⁿ , we get

‖ 1 3 n f (λ 3 n a) − λ 3 n f (3 n a) ‱ ≤ 1 3 n μ (3 n a,3 n a).

Passing the limit as n → ∞, we get δ(λa) = λδ(a) for all $λ ∈ T$ . Thus we can get δ(λa) = λδ(a) for all λ ∈ ℂ by the similar discussion in the proof of Theorem 2.1.

Replacing a in (3.3) by 3 ⁿa and then dividing the both sides of the obtained inequality by 3ⁿ, we get

‖ 1 3 n f (3 n a *) − 1 3 n f (3 n a) * ‱ ≤ 1 3 n μ (3 n a,3 n a).

Passing the limit as n tends to infinity, we get δ(a*) = δ(a)*.

Similarly, replacing a and b in (3.4) by 3 ⁿa and 3 ⁿb, respectively, we get

‖ f (3 2 n a b) 3 2 n − 3 n a f (3 n b) 3 2 n − f (3 n a) (3 n b) 3 2 n ‱ ≤ 1 3 2 n μ (3 n a,3 n b) ≤ 1 3 n μ (3 n a,3 n b),

which tends to zero, as n tends to ∞. So we get δ(ab) = δ(a)d + aδ(b) for all $a, b ∈ A$ . Hence, δ is a *-derivation on $A$ .

Corollary 3.2 Let ε, p be positive real numbers with p < 1. Suppose that $f : A → A$ is a mapping satisfying

2 f λ a + λ b 2 - λ f (a) - λ f (b) ≤ ε (∥ a ∥ p + ∥ b ∥ p),

(3.8)

∥ f (a *) - f (a) * ∥ ≤ 2 ε ∥ a ∥ p,

(3.9)

∥ f (a b) - a f (b) - f (a) b ∥ ≤ ε (∥ a ∥ p + ∥ b ∥ p)

(3.10)

for all $λ ∈ T$ and all $a, b ∈ A$ . Then there exists a unique *-derivation δ on $A$ satisfying

∥ f (a) - δ (a) ∥ ≤ 3 + 3 p 3 - 3 p ε ∥ a ∥ p

for all $a ∈ A$ .

Proof. Putting φ(a, b) = ε(||a||^p+ ||b||^p) in Theorem 3.1, we get the desired result. □

Similarly, we can obtain the following. We will omit the proof.

Theorem 3.3 Let $A$ be a Banach *-algebra. Suppose that $f : A → A$ is a mapping with f(0) = 0 for which there exists a function $∥ f (a) - δ (a) ∥ ≤ 2 ε 2 p - 2 ∥ a ∥ p$ satisfying (3.2), (3.3), (3.4) and

∑ n = 1 ∞ 3 2 n φ a 3 n, b 3 n < ∞

for all $a, b ∈ A$ . Then there exists a unique *-derivation δ on $A$ satisfying

∥ f (a) - δ (a) ∥ ≤ 13 (φ ̃ (a, - a) + φ ̃ (- a, 3 a))

for all $a ∈ A$ , where

φ ̃ (a, b) : = ∑ n = 1 ∞ 3 n φ a 3 n, b 3 n .

Corollary 3.4 Let ε, p be positive real numbers with p > 2. Suppose that $f : A → A$ is a mapping satisfying (3.8), (3.9) and (3.10). Then there exists a unique *-derivation δ on $A$ satisfying

∥ f (a) - δ (a) ∥ ≤ 3 p + 3 3 p - 3 ε ∥ a ∥ p

for all $a ∈ A$ .

Proof. Putting φ(a, b) = ε(||a||^p+ ||b||^p) in Theorem 3.3, we get the desired result. □

4 Stability of quadratic -derivations on Banach -algebras

In this section, we prove the stability of quadratic *-derivations on a Banach *-algebra $A$ .

Definition 4.1 Let $A$ be a *-normed algebra. A mapping $δ : A → A$ is a quadratic *-derivation on $A$ if δ satisfies the following properties:

(1) δ is a quadratic mapping,

(2) δ is quadratic homogeneous, that is, δ(λa) = λ²δ(a) for all $a ∈ A$ and all λ ∈ ℂ,

(3) δ(a b) = δ(a)b² + a²δ(b) for all $a, b ∈ A$ ,

(4) δ(a*) = δ(a)* for all $a ∈ A$ .

Theorem 4.2 Suppose that $f : A → A$ is a mapping with f(0) = 0 for which there exists a function $φ : A 4 → [0, ∞)$ such that

φ ̃ (a, b, c, d) : = ∑ k = 0 ∞ 1 4 k φ (2 k a, 2 k b, 2 k c, 2 k d) < ∞,

∥ f (λ a + λ b + c d) + f (λ a - λ b + c d) - 2 λ 2 f (a) - 2 λ 2 f (b) - 2 f (c) d 2 - 2 c 2 f (d) ∥ ≤ φ (a, b, c, d),

(4.1)

∥ f (a *) - f (a) * ∥ ≤ φ (a, a, a, a)

(4.2)

for all $a, b, c, d ∈ A$ and all $λ ∈ T$ . Also, if for each fixed $a ∈ A$ the mapping t → f(ta) from ℝ to $A$ is continuous, then there exists a unique quadratic *-derivation δ on $A$ satisfying

∥ f (a) - δ (a) ∥ ≤ 14 φ ̃ (a, a, 0, 0)

for all $a ∈ A$ .

Proof. Putting a = b, c = d = 0, , and λ = 1 in (4.1), we have

∥ f (2 a) - 4 f (a) ∥ ≤ φ (a, a, 0, 0)

for all $a ∈ A$ . One can use induction to show that

‖ f (2 n a) 4 n − f (2 m a) 4 m ‱ ≤ 14 ∑ k = m n − 1 μ (2 k a,2 k a,0,0) 4 k

(4.3)

for all n > m ≥ 0 and all $a ∈ A$ . It follows from (4.3) that the sequence ${f (2 n a) 4 n}$ is Cauchy. Since $A$ is complete, this sequence is convergent. Define

δ (a) : = lim n → ∞ f (2 n a) 4 n .

Since f(0) = 0, we have δ(0) = 0. Replacing a and b by 2 ⁿa and 2 ⁿb, c = d = 0, respectively, in (4.1), we get

‖ f (2 n (λ a + λ b)) 4 n + f (2 n (λ a − λ b)) 4 n − 2 λ 2 f (2 n a) 4 n − 2 λ 2 f (2 n b) 4 n ‱ ≤ μ (2 n a,2 n b,0,0) 4 n .

Taking the limit as n → ∞, we obtain

δ (λ a + λ b) + δ (λ a - λ b) = 2 λ 2 δ (a) + 2 λ 2 δ (b)

(4.4)

for all $a, b ∈ A$ and all $λ ∈ T$ . Putting λ = 1 in (4.4), we obtain that δ is a quadratic mapping. Setting b: = a in (4.4), we get

δ (2 λ a) = 4 λ 2 δ (a)

for all $a ∈ A$ and all $λ ∈ T$ . Hence,

δ (λ a) = λ 2 δ (a)

for all $a ∈ A$ and all $λ ∈ T$ . Under the assumption that f(ta) is continuous in t ∈ ℝ for each fixed $a ∈ A$ , by the same reasoning as in the proof of [10], we obtain that δ(λa) = λ²δ(a) for all $a ∈ A$ and all λ ∈ ℝ. Hence,

δ (λ a) = δ λ | λ | | λ | a = λ 2 | λ | 2 δ (| λ | a) = λ 2 | λ | 2 | λ | 2 δ (a) = λ 2 δ (a)

for all $a ∈ A$ and all λ ∈ ℂ (λ ≠ 0). This means that δ is quadratic homogeneous.

Replacing c and d by 2 ⁿc and 2 ⁿd, respectively, and putting a = b = 0 in (4.1), we get

‖ f (2 n c ⋅ 2 n d) 4 2 n + f (2 n c ⋅ 2 n d) 4 2 n − 2 2 2 n c 2 f (2 n d) 4 2 n − 2 f (2 n c) 2 2 n d 2 4 2 n ‱ = ‖ f (2 2 n c d) 4 2 n + f (2 2 n c d) 4 2 n − 2 2 2 n c 2 2 2 n f (2 n d) 4 n − 2 f (2 n c) 4 n 2 2 n d 2 2 2 n ‱ ≤ μ (0,0,2 n c,2 n d) 4 2 n ≤ μ (0,0,2 n c,2 n d) 4 n

for all $c, d ∈ A$ .

Hence, we have

∥ δ (c d) − c 2 δ (d) − δ (c) d 2 ∥ ≤ lim n → ∞ μ (0,0,2 n c,2 n d) 4 n = 0.

Thus, δ is a quadratic *-derivation on $A$ .

The rest of the proof is similar to the proof of Theorem 2.1. □

Corollary 4.3 Let ε, p be positive real numbers with p < 2. Suppose that $f : A → A$ is a mapping such that

∥ f (λ a + λ b + c d) + f (λ a - λ b + c d) - 2 λ 2 f (a) - 2 λ 2 f (b) - 2 c 2 f (d) - 2 f (c) d 2 ∥ ≤ ε (∥ a ∥ p + ∥ b ∥ p + ∥ c ∥ p + ∥ d ∥ p)

(4.5)

for all $a, b, c, d ∈ A$ and all $λ ∈ T$ . Also, if for each fixed $a ∈ A$ the mapping t → f(ta) is continuous, then there exists a unique derivation δ on $A$ satisfying

∥ f (a) - δ (a) ∥ ≤ 2 ε 4 - 2 p ∥ a ∥ p

for all $a ∈ A$ .

Proof. Putting φ(a, b, c, d) = ε(||a|| ^p + ||b||^p+ ||c||^p+ ||d||^p) in Theorem 4.2, we get the desired result.

Similarly, we can obtain the following. We will omit the proof.

Theorem 4.4 Suppose that $f : A → A$ is a mapping with f(0) = 0 for which there exists a function $φ : A 4 → [0, ∞)$ satisfying (4.1), (4.2) and

∑ k = 1 ∞ 4 2 k φ a 2 k, b 2 k, c 2 k, d 2 k < ∞

for all $a, b, c, d ∈ A$ . Also, if for each fixed $a ∈ A$ the mapping t → f(ta) from ℝ to $A$ is continuous, then there exists a unique quadratic *-derivation δ on $A$ satisfying

∥ f (a) - δ (a) ∥ ≤ 14 φ ̃ (a, a, 0, 0)

for all $a ∈ A$ , where

φ ̃ (a, b, c, d) : = ∑ k = 1 ∞ 4 k φ a 2 k, b 2 k, c 2 k, d 2 k

Corollary 4.5 Let ε, p be positive real numbers with p > 4. Suppose that $f : A → A$ is a mapping satisfying (4.5). Also, if for each fixed $a ∈ A$ the mapping t → f(ta) is continuous, then there exists a unique derivation δ on $A$ satisfying

∥ f (a) - δ (a) ∥ ≤ 2 ε 2 p - 4 ∥ a ∥ p

for all $a ∈ A$ .

Proof. Putting φ(a, b, c, d) = ε(||a||^p+ ||b||^p+ ||c||^p+ ||d||^p) in Theorem 4.4, we get the desired result. □

5 Superstability of -derivations and of quadratic -derivations On C*-algebras

We prove the superstability of *-derivations and of quadratic *-derivations on C*-algebras. More precisely, we introduce the concept of (ψ, ε) -approximate *-derivations and of (ψ, ε)-approximate quadratic *-derivations on C*-algebras and show that every (ψ, ε)-approximate *-derivation is a *-derivation and that every (ψ, ε)-approximate quadratic *-derivation is a quadratic *-derivation. Thus, we extend the results of [21].

Definition 5.1 Suppose that $A$ is a *-normed algebra and s ∈{1, -1}. Let $δ : A → A$ be a mapping for which there exist a mapping $ε : A → A$ , and a function $ψ : A × A → ℝ$ satisfying

lim n → ∞ n - s ψ (n s a, b) = lim n → ∞ n - s ψ (a, n s b) = 0 (a, b ∈ A)

(5.1)

such that

∥ a δ (b) - ε (a) b ∥ ≤ ψ (a, b) ∥ ε (a) c d - a (δ (c) d - c δ (d)) ∥ ≤ ψ (a, c d) ∥ a δ (b) * - ε (a) b * ∥ ≤ ψ (a, b)

for all $a, b, c, d ∈ A$ . Then δ is called a (ψ, ε)-approximate *-derivation on $A$ .

Theorem 5.2 Let $A$ be a C*-algebra. Then any (ψ, ε)-approximate *-derivation δ on $A$ is a *-derivation.

Proof. We assume that (5.1) holds. Let $a, b ∈ A$ and λ ∈ ℂ. We have

∥ b (δ (λ a) - λ δ (a)) ∥ ≤ n - s ∥ n s b δ (λ a) - λ n s b δ (a) ∥ (1) ≤ n - s ∥ n s b δ (λ a) - ε (n s b) λ a ∥ + n - s ∥ ε (n s b) λ a - λ n s b δ (a) ∥ (2) ≤ n - s ψ (n s b, λ a) + n - s | λ | ψ (n s b, a), (3) (4)

which tends to zero as n → ∞, and so b(δ(λa) - λδ(a)) = 0 for all $b ∈ A$ . Let {e_i}_i∈Ibe an approximate unit of $A$ . If we replace b with {e_i }, then we have

∥ e i (δ (λ a) - λ δ (a)) ∥ = 0

for all i ∈ I. So we conclude that δ(λa) = λδ(a) for all $a ∈ A$ and λ ∈ ℂ.

The additivity of δ follows from

∥ c (δ (a + b) − δ (a) − δ (b)) ∥ ≤ n − s ∥ n s c δ (a + b) − ε (n s c) (a + b) ∥ + n − s ∥ n s c δ (a) − ε (n s c) a) ∥ + n − s ∥ n s c δ (b) − ε (n s c) b) ≤ n − s ψ (n s c, a + b) + n − s ψ (n s c, a) + n − s ψ (n s c, b).

By the same process, using the approximate unit of $A$ , we have that δ(a + b) - δ(a) -δ(b) for all $a, b ∈ A$ .

The following computation

∥ z (δ (a b) - δ (a) b - a δ (b)) ∥ ≤ n - s ∥ n s z δ (a b) - ε (n s z) (a b) ∥ + n - s ∥ ε (n s z) a b - n s z (δ (a) b + a δ (b)) ∥ ≤ n - s ψ (n s z, a b) + n - s ψ (n s z, a b)

yields that δ(ab) = δ(a)b + aδ(b) for all $a, b ∈ A$ .

Finally, on the involution, we have that

∥ z (δ (a *) - δ (a) *) ∥ ≤ n - s ∥ n s z δ (a *) - ε (n s z) a * ∥ (1) + n - s ∥ ε (n s z) a * - n s z δ (a) * ∥ (2) ≤ n - s ψ (n - s z, a *) + n - s ψ (n s z, a) . (3) (4)

Thus, δ(a)* = δ(a) * for all $a ∈ A$ . □

Therefore, δ is a *-derivation on $A$ .

Corollary 5.3 Suppose that $A$ is a C*-algebra and that $δ : A → A$ is a mapping for which there exist nonnegative real numbers α, β and positive real numbers p₁, p₂, q₁, q₂with p₁, p₂, q₁, q₂ < 1 such that

∥ a δ (b) - ε (a) b ∥ ≤ α (∥ a ∥ p 1 + ∥ b ∥ p 2) + β ∥ a ∥ q 1 ∥ b ∥ q 2, ∥ ε (a) c d - a (δ (c) d - c δ (d)) ∥ ≤ α (∥ a ∥ p 1 + ∥ c d ∥ p 2) + β ∥ a ∥ q 1 ∥ c d ∥ q 2, ∥ a δ (b) * - ε (a) b * ∥ ≤ α (∥ a ∥ p 1 + ∥ b ∥ p 2) + β ∥ a ∥ q 1 ∥ b ∥ q 2

for all $a, b, c, d ∈ A$ . Then δ is a *-derivation of $A$ .

Next, we prove the superstability of quadratic *-derivations on C*-algebras.

Definition 5.4 Suppose that $A$ is a *-normed algebra and s ∈{-1, 1}. Let $δ : A → A$ be a mapping for which there exist a function $ψ : A × A → [0, ∞)$ and a mapping $ε : A → A$ satisfying

lim n → ∞ n - 2 s ψ (n s a, b) = lim n → ∞ n - 2 s ψ (a, n s b) = 0 (a, b ∈ A)

(5.2)

such that

∥ a 2 δ (b) − ε (a) b 2 ∥ ≤ ψ (a, b) ∥ ε (a) (c d) 2 − a 2 (δ (c) d 2 − c 2 δ (d)) ∥ ≤ ψ (a, c d) ∥ a 2 δ (b *) − ε (a) (b 2) * ∥ ≤ ψ (a, b)

for all a,b,c,d ∈ A. Then δ is called a (ψ, ε)-approximate quadratic *-derivation on $A$ .

Theorem 5.5 Suppose that $A$ is a C*-algebra and s ∈{-1, 1}. Let $δ : A → A$ be a (ψ, ε)-approximate quadratic *-derivation on $A$ . Then δ is a quadratic *-derivation on $A$ .

Proof. We assume that (5.2) holds. We first show that δ is quadratic homogeneous. To do this, pick λ ∈ ℂ and $a, b ∈ A$ . Then, we have

∥ b 2 (δ (λ a) − λ 2 δ (a)) ∥ = n − 2 s ∥ n 2 s b 2 δ (λ a) − λ 2 n 2 s b 2 δ (a) ∥ ≤ n − 2 s ∥ n 2 s b 2 δ (λ a) − ε (n s b) (λ a) 2 ∥ + n − 2 s ∥ λ 2 ε (n s b) a 2 − λ 2 n 2 s b 2 δ (a) ∥ ≤ n − 2 s ψ (n s b, λ a) + n − 2 s | λ | 2 ψ (n s b, a).

So

∥ b 2 (δ (λ a) - λ 2 δ (a)) ∥ ≤ n - 2 s ψ (n s b, λ a) + | λ | 2 n - 2 s ψ (n s b, a),

which tends to 0 as n → ∞. Let {e_i }_i∈Ibe an approximate unit of $A$ . Then, {f(e_i )|i ∈ I} is also an approximate unit of $A$ for every polynomial f. Considering e_i instead of b in the above inequality, we conclude that δ(λa) = λ²δ(a) for all λ ∈ ℂ.

The quadraticity of δ follows from

∥ d 2 (δ (a + b) + δ (a − b) − 2 δ (a) − 2 δ (b)) ∥ = n − 2 s ∥ n 2 s d 2 δ (a + b) + n 2 s d 2 δ (a − b) − 2 n 2 s d 2 δ (a) − 2 n 2 s d 2 δ (b) ∥ ≤ n − 2 s [∥ n 2 s d 2 δ (a + b) − ε (n s d) (a + b) 2 ∥ + n − 2 s ∥ n 2 s d 2 δ (a − b) − ε (n s d) (a − b) 2 ∥ + 2 n − 2 s ∥ δ (n s d) a 2 − n 2 s d 2 δ (a) ∥ + 2 n − 2 s ∥ δ (n s d) b 2 − n 2 s d 2 δ (b) ∥] ≤ n − 2 s [ψ (n s d, a + b) + ψ (n s d, a − b) + 2 ψ (a, n s d) + 2 ψ (b, n s d)]

for all $a, b, d ∈ A$ . Thus, we have δ(a + b) + δ(a - b) -2δ(a) - 2δ(b) = 0 for all $a, b ∈ A$ .

‖ d 2 (δ (a b) − (δ (a) b 2 + a 2 δ (b)) ‱ = n − 2 s ∥ n 2 s d 2 (δ (a b) − δ (a) b 2 − a 2 δ (b)) ∥ ≤ n − 2 s [∥ n 2 s d 2 δ (a b) − ε (n s d) (a b) 2 ∥ + n − 2 s ∥ ε (n s d) (a b) 2 − n 2 s d 2 δ (a) b 2 + n 2 s d 2 a 2 δ (b) ∥] ≤ n − 2 s [ψ (n s d, a b) + ψ (n s d, a b)]

for all $a, b, d ∈ A$ . So δ(ab) = δ(a)b² + a²δ(b).

The rest of the proof is similar to the proof of Theorem 5.2.

Therefore, δ is a quadratic *-derivation on $A$ . □

Corollary 5.6 Suppose that $A$ is a C*-algebra and that $δ : A → A$ is a mapping for which there exist a nonnegative real number α and a positive real number p with p < 2 such that

∥ a 2 δ (b) − δ (a) b 2 ∥ ≤ α ∥ a ∥ p ∥ b ∥ p, ∥ ε (a) (c d) 2 − a 2 (δ (c) d 2 − c 2 δ (d)) ∥ ≤ α ∥ a ∥ p ∥ c d ∥ p, ∥ a 2 δ (b *) − ε (a) (b 2) * ∥ ≤ α ∥ a ∥ p ∥ b ∥ p

for all a, b, c, d ∈ A. Then δ is a quadratic *-derivation on $A$ .

References

1.
Bratteli O: Derivation, dissipation and group actions on C *-algebras. In Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Volume 1229. Springer, Berlin; 1986.
Google Scholar
2.
Bratteli O, Goodman FM, Jørgensen PET: Unbouded derivations tangential to compact groups of automorphisms II. J Funct Anal 1985, 61: 247–289. 10.1016/0022-1236(85)90022-9
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
3.
Lee S, Jang S: Unbounded derivations on compact actions of C *-algebras. Commun Korean Math Soc 1990, 5: 79–86.
Google Scholar
4.
Baker J: The stability of the cosine equation. Proc Am Math Soc 1979, 80: 242–246.
Google Scholar
5.
Ulam SM: Problems in Modern Mathematics, chapt. VI, Science edn. Wiley, New York; 1940.
Google Scholar
6.
Hyers DH: On the stability of the linear functional equation. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1941, 27: 222–224. 10.1073/pnas.27.4.222
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
7.
Rassias ThM: On the stability of the linear mapping in Banach spaces. Proc Am Math Soc 1978, 72: 297–300. 10.1090/S0002-9939-1978-0507327-1
Article Google Scholar
8.
Aczl J, Dhombres J: Functional Equations in Several Variables. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 1989.
Google Scholar
9.
Chou C-Y, Tzeng J-H: On approximate isomorphisms between Banach *-algebras or C *-algebras. Taiwan J Math 2006, 10: 219–231.
MathSciNet Google Scholar
10.
Czerwik S: On the stability of the quadratic mapping in normed spaces. Abh Math Sem Univ Hambg 1992, 62: 59–64. 10.1007/BF02941618
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
11.
Gajda Z: On stability of additive mappings. Intern J Math Math Sci 1991, 14: 431–434. 10.1155/S016117129100056X
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
12.
Hyers DH, Isac G, Rassias ThM: Stability of Functional Equations in Several Variables. Birkhäuser, Basel; 1998.
Google Scholar
13.
Jun K, Kim H: Approximate derivations mapping into the radicals of Banach algebras. Taiwan J Math 2007, 11: 277–288.
MathSciNet Google Scholar
14.
Kannappan Pl: Quadratic functional equation and inner product spaces. Results Math 1995, 27: 368–372.
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
15.
Skof F: Propriet locali e approssimazione di operatori. Rend Sem Mat Fis Milano 1983, 53: 113–129. 10.1007/BF02924890
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
16.
Lee J, An J, Park C: On the stability of qudratic functional equations. Abstr Appl Anal 2008, 2008: 8. (Art ID 628178)
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
17.
Gharetapeh SK, Gordji ME, Ghaemi MB, Rashidi E: Ternary Jordan homomorphisms in C *-ternary algebras. J Nonlinear Sci Appl 2011, 4: 1–10.
MathSciNet Google Scholar
18.
Park C, Boo D: Isomorphisms and generalized derivations in proper CQ *-algebras. J Nonlinear Sci Appl 2011, 4: 19–36.
MathSciNet Google Scholar
19.
Javadian A, Gordji ME, Savadkouhi MB: Approximately partial ternary quadratic derivations on Banach ternary algebras. J Nonlinear Sci Appl 2011, 4: 60–69.
MathSciNet Google Scholar
20.
Cholewa PW: Remarks on the stability of functional equations. Aequ Math 1984, 27: 76–86. 10.1007/BF02192660
MathSciNet Article Google Scholar
21.
Moslehian MS, Rahbarnia F, Sahoo PK: Approximate double centralizers are exact double centralizers. Bol Soc Mat Mex 2007, 13: 111–122.
MathSciNet Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgements

The first author and the second author were supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (NRF-2010-0013211) and (NRF-2009-0070788), respectively.

Author information

Affiliations

Department of Mathematics, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 680-749, Korea
Sun Young Jang
Department of Mathematics, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
Choonkil Park

Authors

Sun Young Jang
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Choonkil Park
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Choonkil Park.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

All authors conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, drafted the manuscript, participated in the sequence alignment, and read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jang, S.Y., Park, C. Approximate *-derivations and approximate quadratic *-derivations on C*-algebras. J Inequal Appl 2011, 55 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2011-55

Download citation

Received: 17 March 2011
Accepted: 14 September 2011
Published: 14 September 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2011-55

Keywords

*-derivation
quadratic *-derivation
C*-algebra; stability
superstability

Approximate *-derivations and approximate quadratic *-derivations on C*-algebras

Abstract

1 Introduction and preliminaries

2 Stability of *-derivations on Banach *-algebras

3 Stability of *-derivations associated with the Jensen functional equation

4 Stability of quadratic *-derivations on Banach *-algebras

5 Superstability of *-derivations and of quadratic *-derivations On C*-algebras

References

Acknowledgements

Author information

Affiliations

Corresponding author

Additional information

Competing interests

Authors' contributions

Rights and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Keywords

Approximate -derivations and approximate quadratic -derivations on C*-algebras

2 Stability of -derivations on Banach -algebras

4 Stability of quadratic -derivations on Banach -algebras

5 Superstability of -derivations and of quadratic -derivations On C*-algebras