Inequalities of Aleksandrov body

Hu Yan; Jiang Junhua

doi:10.1186/1029-242X-2011-39

Research

Open Access

Inequalities of Aleksandrov body

Hu Yan^{1, 2}Email author and
Jiang Junhua¹

Journal of Inequalities and Applications20112011:39

https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2011-39

Received: 2 April 2011

Accepted: 25 August 2011

Published: 25 August 2011

Abstract

A new concept of p- Aleksandrov body is firstly introduced. In this paper, p- Brunn-Minkowski inequality and p- Minkowski inequality on the p- Aleksandrov body are established. Furthermore, some pertinent results concerning the Aleksandrov body and the p- Aleksandrov body are presented.

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification:

52A20 52A40

Keywords

Aleksandrov bodyp- Aleksandrov bodyBrunn-Minkowski inequalityMinkowski inequality

1 Introduction

The notion of Aleksandrov body was firstly introduced by Aleksandrov to solve Minkowski problem in 1930s in [1]. The Aleksandrov body establishes the relationship between the convex body containing the origin and the positive continuous functions and characterizes the convex body by means of the positive continuous functions. The Aleksandrov body not only be used to solve Minkowski problem but also has a wide range of applications in other areas of Convex Geometric Analysis. Then, the Aleksandrov body is an essential matter in the Brunn-Minkowski theory and plays an important role in Convex Geometric Analysis. In recent years, Ball [2], Gardner [3, 4], Lutwak [5–10], Klain [11], Hug [12], Haberl [13], Schneider [14], Stancu [15], Umanskiy [16] and Zhang [17] have given considerable attention to the Brunn-Minkowski theory and their various generalizations.

The purpose of this paper is to study comprehensively the Aleksandrov body, and most importantly, the L_p analogues of Aleksandrov body become a major goal. Here, a new geometric body is firstly introduced, called p- Aleksandrov body. Meanwhile, p- Brunn-Minkowski inequality and p- Minkowski inequality for the p- Aleksandrov bodies associated with positive continuous functions are established. Furthermore, some related results, including of the uniqueness results, the convergence results for the Aleksandrov bodies and the p- Aleksandrov bodies associated with positive continuous functions, are presented.

Let $K^{n}$ denote the set of convex bodies (compact, convex subsets with non-empty interiors) in Euclidean space ℝ ⁿ , $K_{0}^{n}$ denote the set of convex bodies containing the origin in their interiors. Let V (K) denote the n- dimensional volume of body K, for the standard unit ball B in ℝ ⁿ , denote ω_n = V (B), and let S^{n- 1}denote the unit sphere in ℝ ⁿ .

Let C⁺(S^{n- 1}) denote the set of positive continuous functions on S^{n- 1}, endowed with the topology derived from the max norm. Given a function f ∈C⁺(S^{n- 1}), the set

{K \in K_{0}^{n} : h_{K} \leq f}

has a unique maximal element, then we denoted the Aleksandrov body associated with the function f ∈C⁺(S^{n- 1}) by

K (f) = max {K \in K_{0}^{n} : h_{K} \leq f} .

The volume of body K(f) is denoted by V (K(f)). Following Aleksandrov (see [18]), define the volume V (f) of a function f as the volume of the Aleksandrov body associated with the positive continuous function f.

In this paper, we generalize and improve Brunn-Minkowski inequality and Minkowski inequality for the Aleksandrov bodies associated with positive continuous functions and establish p- Minkowski inequality and p- Brunn-Minkowski inequality for the Aleksandrov bodies and the p- Aleksandrov bodies associated with positive continuous functions as follows.

Theorem 1

If

Q \in K_{0}^{n}

, f ∈C⁺(S^{n- 1}), and p ≥ 1, then

V_{p} (Q, f) \geq V {(Q)}^{(n - p) ∕ n} V {(f)}^{p ∕ n},

(1.1)

with equality if and only if there exists a constant c > 0 such that h_Q = cf, almost everywhere with respect to S(Q, ·) on S^{n- 1}.

Theorem 2

If p ≥ 1, f, g ∈C⁺(S^{n- 1}), and λ, μ ∈ℝ⁺, then

V {(λ \cdot f +_{p} μ \cdot g)}^{\frac{p}{n}} \geq λ V {(f)}^{\frac{p}{n}} + μ V {(g)}^{\frac{p}{n}},

(1.2)

with equality if and only if there exists a constant c > 0 such that f = cg, almost everywhere with respect to S(K(f ), ·) on S^{n- 1}.

The other aim of this paper is to establish the following inequality for the Aleksandrov bodies and the p- Aleksandrov bodies associated with positive continuous functions.

Theorem 3

If K(f ),

K (g) \in K_{e}^{n}

, are the Aleksandrov bodies associated with the functions f, g ∈C⁺(S^{n- 1}), and n ≠ p ≥ 1, then

V {(f +_{p} g)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} \geq V {(f)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} + V {(g)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}},

(1.3)

with equality if and only if there exists a constant c > 0 such that f = cg, almost everywhere with respect to S(K(f ), ·) on S^{n- 1}.

More interrelated notations, definitions, and their background materials are exhibited in the next section.

2 Definition and notation

The setting for this paper is n-dimensional Euclidean space ℝ ⁿ . Let $K^{n}$ denote the set of convex bodies (compact, convex subsets with non-empty interiors), $K_{0}^{n}$ denote the subset of $K^{n}$ that contains the origin in their interiors, and $K_{e}^{n}$ denote the subset of $K^{n}$ that are centered in ℝ ⁿ . We reserve the letter u for unit vector and the letter B for the unit ball centered at the origin. The surface of B is S^{n- 1}, and the volume of B denotes ω_n .

For φ ∈GL(n), let φ^t, φ^-1, and φ ^-t , denote the transpose, inverse, and inverse of the transpose of φ, respectively. If K ∈

K^{n}

, the support function of K, h_K = h(K, ·): ℝ ⁿ → (0, ∞), is defined by

h (K, u) = max {u \cdot x : x \in K}, u \in S^{n - 1},

where u · x denotes the standard inner product of u and x.

The set $K^{n}$ will be viewed as equipped with the usual Hausdorff metric, d, defined by d(K, L) = |h_K - h_L |_∞, where | · |_∞ is the sup (or max) norm on the space of continuous functions on the unit sphere, C(S^{n- 1}).

For K, L ∈

K^{n}

, and α, β ≥ 0 (not both zero), the Minkowski linear combination, αK + βL ∈

K^{n}

is defined by

h (α K + β L, \cdot) = α h (K, \cdot) + β h (L, \cdot) .

(2.1)

Firey introduced, for each real p ≥ 1, new linear combinations of convex bodies: For K,

L \in K_{0}^{n}

, and α, β ≥ 0 (not both zero), the Firey combination,

α \cdot K +_{p} β \cdot L \in K_{0}^{n}

whose support function is defined by (see [19])

h {(α \cdot K +_{p} β \cdot L, \cdot)}^{p} = α h {(K, \cdot)}^{p} + β h {(L, \cdot)}^{p} .

(2.2)

Obviously, α · K = α^1/pK.

For K, L ∈

K^{n}

, and α, β ≥ 0 (not both zero), by the Minkowski existence theorem (see [3, 14]), there exists a convex body α ⋅ K + β ⋅ L ∈

K^{n}

, such that

S (α \cdot K + β \cdot L, \cdot) = α S (K, \cdot) + β S (L, \cdot),

(2.3)

where S(K, ·) denotes the surface area measure of K, and the linear combination α · K + β · L is called a Blaschke linear combination.

Lutwak generalized the notion of Blaschke linear combination in [5]:

For K,

L \in K_{e}^{n}

, and n ≠ p ≥ 1, define

K +_{p} L \in K_{e}^{n}

by

S_{p} (K +_{p} L, \cdot) = S_{p} (K, \cdot) + S_{p} (L, \cdot) .

(2.4)

The existence and uniqueness of K + _p L are guaranteed by Minkowski's existence theorem in [5].

2.1 Mixed volume and p- mixed volume

If K_i ∈

K^{n}

(I = 1, 2, ..., r) and λ_i (i = 1, 2,..., r) are nonnegative real numbers, then of fundamental importance is the fact that the volume of

\sum_{i = 1}^{r} λ_{i} K_{i}

is a homogeneous polynomial in λ _i given by

V (\sum_{i = 1}^{r} λ_{i} K_{i}) = \sum_{i_{1}, \dots, i_{n}} λ_{i_{1}} \dots λ_{i_{n}} V (K_{i_{1}} \dots K_{i_{n}}),

(2.5)

where the sum is taken over all n- tuples (i₁,... i_n ) of positive integers not exceeding r. The coefficient $V (K_{i_{1}} \dots K_{i_{n}})$ , which is called the mixed volume of $K_{i_{1}} \dots K_{i_{n}}$ , depends only on the bodies $K_{i_{1}} \dots K_{i_{n}}$ and is uniquely determined by (2.5). If K₁ = ... K_n-i= K and K_{n - i+1}= ... = K_n = L, then the mixed volume V (K₁ ... K_n ) is usually written as V_i (K, L).

Let r = 1 in (2.5), we see that

V (λ_{1} K_{1}) = λ_{1}^{n} V (K_{1}) .

Further, from (2.5), it follows immediately that

n V_{1} (K, L) = lim_{ε \to 0} \frac{V (K + ε L) - V (K)}{ε} .

Aleksandrov (see [1]) and Fenchel and Jessen (see [20]) have shown that corresponding to each K ∈

K^{n}

, there is a positive Borel measure, S(K, ·) on S^{n- 1}, called the surface area measure of K, such that

V_{1} (K, Q) = \frac{1}{n} \int_{S^{n - 1}} h (Q, u) d S (K, u),

(2.6)

for all Q ∈ $K^{n}$ .

For p ≥ 1, the p- mixed volume V_p (K, L) of K,

L \in K_{0}^{n}

, was defined by (see [5])

\frac{n}{p} V_{p} (K, L) = lim_{ε \to 0} \frac{V (K +_{p} ε \cdot L) - V (K)}{ε} .

That the existence of this limit was demonstrated in [5].

It was also shown in [5], that corresponding to each

K \in K_{0}^{n}

, there is a positive Borel measure, S_p (K, ·) on S^{n - 1}such that

V_{p} (K, Q) = \frac{1}{n} \int_{S^{n - 1}} h {(Q, u)}^{p} d S_{p} (K, u),

(2.7)

for all

Q \in K_{0}^{n}

. It turns out that the measure S_p (K, ·) is absolutely continuous with respect to S(K, ·) and has Radon-Nikodym derivative,

\frac{d S_{p} (K, \cdot)}{d S (K, \cdot)} = h {(K, \cdot)}^{1 - p} .

(2.8)

From (2.7) and (2.8), we have

V_{p} (K, Q) = \frac{1}{n} \int_{S^{n - 1}} h {(Q, u)}^{p} h {(K, u)}^{1 - p} d S (K, u),

(2.9)

where S(K, ·) = S₀(K, ·) is the surface area measure of K.

Obviously, for each

K \in K_{0}^{n}

, p ≥ 1,

V_{p} (K, K) = V (K) .

(2.10)

2.2 Aleksandrov body

If a function f ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}) (denoted the set of positive continuous functions on S^{n- 1}and endowed with the topology derived from the max norm), the set

{K \in K_{0}^{n} : h_{K} \leq f}

has a unique maximal element, then the Aleksandrov body associated with the function f is denoted by

K (f) = max {K \in K_{0}^{n} : h_{K} \leq f} .

(2.11)

From (2.11) and (2.1), we have: If f, g ∈ C+(S^{n- 1}), and λ, μ ≥ 0 (not both zero), then

K (λ f + μ g) \supseteq λ K (f) + μ K (g) .

(2.12)

Obviously, if f is the support function of a convex body K, then the Aleksandrov body associated with f is K.V (K(f )) denotes the volume of body K(f ). Following Aleksandrov (see [18]), define the volume V (f ) of a function f as the volume of the Aleksandrov body associated with the positive function f.

For

Q \in K_{0}^{n}

, f ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), and p ≥ 1, V_p (Q, f ) is defined by (see [5])

V_{p} (Q, f) = \frac{1}{n} \int_{S^{n - 1}} f {(u)}^{p} h {(Q, u)}^{1 - p} d S (Q, u),

(2.13)

Obviously, V_p (K, h_K ) = V (K), for all $K \in K_{0}^{n}$ .

2.3 p- Aleksandrov body

Definition 1

Let f, g ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), p ≥ 1, and

ε > - min {f {(u)}^{p} ∕ g {(u)}^{p}, u \in S^{n - 1}},

define

f +_{p} ε \cdot g = (f^{p} + ε g^{p})^{1 ∕ p} .

(2.14)

Then, the set

{Q \in K_{0}^{n} : h (Q, \cdot) \leq {(f^{p} + g^{p})}^{1 ∕ p}},

has a unique maximal element.

We denote the p-Aleksandrov body associated with the function f + _p g ∈ C⁺ (S^{n- 1}) by

K_{p} (f +_{p} g) = max {Q \in K_{0}^{n} : h (Q, \cdot) \leq {(f^{p} + g^{p})}^{1 ∕ p}},

(2.15)

for p ≥ 1.

The volume of body K_p (f + _p g) is denoted by V (K_p (f + _p g)), and define the volume V (f + _p g) of the function f + _p g as the volume of the p- Aleksandrov body associated with the positive function f + _p g.

From (2.2), we have the following result: If f, g ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), and p ≥ 1, then

K_{p} (f +_{p} g) \supseteq K (f) +_{p} K (g) .

(2.16)

We note that the equality condition in (2.16) is clearly holds, when f and g are the support functions of K(f ) and K(g), respectively. Also, the case p = 1 of (2.16) is just (2.12).

3 Proof of the main results

The following Lemmas will be required to prove our main theorems.

Lemma 1

[5]If K(f ) is the Aleksandrov body associated with f ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), then h_K(f)= f almost everywhere with respect to the measure S(K(f ), ·) on S^{n- 1}.

Obviously, if K(f ) is the Aleksandrov body corresponding to a given function f ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), its support function has the property that 0 < h_K ≤ f and V (f ) = V (h_{K(f )}).

Lemma 2

[5]If p ≥ 1, K(f ) is the Aleksandrov body associated with f ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), then V (f ) = V (K(f )) = V_p (K(f ), f ), i.e.

V (f) = \frac{1}{n} \int_{S^{n - 1}} h (K (f), u) d S (K (f), u) .

Lemma 3

[5]If

K \in K_{0}^{n}

, f ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), then, for p ≥ 1,

\frac{n}{p} V_{p} (K, f) = lim_{ε \to 0} \frac{V (h_{K} +_{p} ε \cdot f) - V (h_{K})}{ε} .

(3.1)

We get the following Brunn-Minkowski inequality for the Aleksandrov bodies associated with positive continuous functions.

Lemma 4

If f, g ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), and λ, μ ∈ℝ⁺, then

V {(λ f + μ g)}^{1 ∕ n} \geq λ V {(f)}^{1 ∕ n} + μ V {(g)}^{1 ∕ n},

(3.2)

with equality if and only if there exist a constant c > 0 and t ≥ 0, such that f = cg + t, almost everywhere with respect to S(K(f ), ·) on S^{n- 1}.

Proof

Since f, g ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), from (2.11), (2.12) and the Brunn-Minkowski inequality (see [21]), we get

\begin{aligned} V {(K (λ f + μ g))}^{1 ∕ n} & \geq V {(λ K (f) + μ K (g))}^{1 ∕ n} \\ \geq λ V {(K (f))}^{1 ∕ n} + μ V {(K (g))}^{1 ∕ n} . \end{aligned}

(3.3)

The equality condition in (3.3) is that f, g are the support functions of K(f ) and K(g) which are homothetic, respectively.

From Lemma 1 and Lemma 2, we get the following result

V {(λ f + μ g)}^{1 ∕ n} \geq λ V {(f)}^{1 ∕ n} + μ V {(g)}^{1 ∕ n},

(3.4)

with equality if and only if there exist a constant c > 0 and t ≥ 0, such that f = cg + t, almost everywhere with respect to S(K(f ), ·) on S^{n- 1}.

An immediate consequence of the definition of a Firey linear combination, and the integral representation (2.13), is that for

Q \in K_{0}^{n}

, the p- mixed volume

V_{p} (Q, \cdot) : C^{+} (S^{n - 1}) \to (0, \infty)

is Firey linear.

Lemma 5

If p ≥ 1,

Q \in K_{0}^{n}

, f, g ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), and λ, μ ∈ ℝ⁺, then

V_{p} (Q, λ \cdot f +_{p} μ \cdot g) = λ V_{p} (Q, f) + μ V_{p} (Q, g) .

(3.5)

Proof

From (2.13), (2.14), we obtain

\begin{aligned} V_{p} (Q, λ \cdot f +_{p} μ \cdot g) & = \frac{1}{n} \int_{S^{n - 1}} {(λ \cdot f +_{p} μ \cdot g)}^{p} h {(Q, u)}^{1 - p} d S (Q, u) \\ = \frac{1}{n} \int_{S^{n - 1}} (λ f^{p} + μ g^{p}) h {(Q, u)}^{1 - p} d S (Q, u) \\ = λ V_{p} (Q, f) + μ V_{p} (Q, g) . \end{aligned}

In the following, we will prove the p- Minkowski inequality for the Aleksandrov bodies associated with positive continuous functions.

Proof of Theorem 1.

Firstly, let p = 1 in Lemma 3, we get

n V_{1} (Q, f) = lim_{ε \to 0} \frac{V (h_{Q} + ε f) - V (h_{Q})}{ε},

let

ε = \frac{t}{1 - t}

, we have

\begin{aligned} n V_{1} (Q, f) & = lim_{t \to 0} \frac{V ((1 - t) h_{Q} + t f) - {(1 - t)}^{n} V (h_{Q})}{t {(1 - t)}^{n - 1}} \\ = lim_{t \to 0} \frac{V ((1 - t) h_{Q} + t f) - V (h_{Q})}{t} + lim_{t \to 0} \frac{(1 - {(1 - t)}^{n}) V (h_{Q})}{t} \\ = lim_{t \to 0} \frac{V ((1 - t) h_{Q} + t f) - V (h_{Q})}{t} + n V (h_{Q}) . \end{aligned}

Let

f (t) = V {((1 - t) h_{Q} + t f)}^{1 ∕ n}, 0 \leq t \leq 1,

we see that

f^{'} (0) = \frac{V_{1} (Q, f) - V (h_{Q})}{V {(h_{Q})}^{\frac{n - 1}{n}}} .

From Lemma 4, we know that f is concave, i.e.

\frac{V_{1} (Q, f) - V (h_{Q})}{V {(h_{Q})}^{\frac{n - 1}{n}}} \geq V {(f)}^{\frac{1}{n}} - V {(h_{Q})}^{\frac{1}{n}} .

Thus,

V_{1} (Q, f) \geq V {(Q)}^{\frac{n - 1}{n}} V {(f)}^{\frac{1}{n}} .

(3.6)

According to the equality condition in inequality (3.3), and using Lemma 1 and Lemma 2, we have the equality holds in inequality (3.6), if and only if there exist a constant c > 0 and t ≥ 0, such that h_Q = cf + t, almost everywhere with respect to S(Q, ·) on S^{n- 1}.

Secondly, from the Hölder inequality (see [22]), together with the integral representations (2.13) and (2.6), we obtain

\begin{aligned} V_{p} (Q, f) & = \frac{1}{n} \int_{S^{n - 1}} f {(u)}^{p} h {(Q, u)}^{1 - p} d S (Q, u) \\ \geq V_{1} {(Q, f)}^{p} V {(Q)}^{1 - p}, \end{aligned}

when this combined with inequality (3.6), we have

V_{p} (Q, f) \geq V {(Q)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} V {(f)}^{\frac{p}{n}} .

(3.7)

To obtain the equality conditions, we note that there is equality in Hölder's inequality precisely when V₁(Q, f )h_Q = V (Q)f, almost everywhere with respect to the measure S(Q, ·) on S^{n- 1}. Combining the equality conditions in (3.6), and using Lemma 1, it shows that the equality holds if and only if there exists a constant c > 0 such that h_Q = cf, almost everywhere with respect to S(Q, ·) on S^{n- 1}.

Using the above Lemmas and Theorem 1, we can get the following Corollaries describing the uniqueness results.

Corollary 1

Suppose K,

L \in K_{0}^{n}

, and

ℱ

⊂ C⁺ (S^{n- 1}) is a class of functions such that h_K, h_L ∈

ℱ

. (i) If n ≠ p > 1, and V_p (K, f ) = V_p (L, f ), for all f ∈

ℱ

, then K = L. (ii) If p = n, and V_p (K, f ) ≥ V_p (L, f ), for all f ∈

ℱ

, then K and L are dilates, and hence

V_{p} (K, f) = V_{p} (L, f), f o r a l l f \in C^{+} (S^{n - 1}) .

Proof

If n ≠ p > 1, take f = h_K , and from (2.13), Lemma 2 and Theorem 1, we get

V_{p} (K, f) = V_{p} (K, h_{K}) = V_{p} (L, h_{K}) \geq V {(L)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} V {(h_{K})}^{\frac{p}{n}} .

Hence,

V (K) \geq V (L) .

Similarly, take f = h_L , we get

V (L) \geq V (K) .

In view of the equality conditions of Theorem 1, we obtain that K = L.

If n = p, the hypothesis together with Theorem 1, we have

V_{p} (K, f) \geq V_{p} (L, f) \geq V {(L)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} V {(f)}^{\frac{p}{n}},

with equality in the right inequality implying that L and K(f ) are dilates. Take f = h_K , since n = p, the terms on the left and right are identical, and thus, K and L must dilates; hence,

V_{p} (K, f) = V_{p} (L, f), for all f \in C^{+} (S^{n - 1}) .

Corollary 2

Suppose f, g ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), and

ℱ

⊂ C⁺ (S^{n- 1}) is a class of functions such that f, g ∈

ℱ

. If p > 1, and

V_{p} (Q, f) = V_{p} (Q, g), f o r a l l h_{Q} \in ℱ,

then f = g almost everywhere on S^{n- 1}.

Proof

Since f, g ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), according to (2.11), we denote two Aleksandrov bodies K(f ) and K(g). From the hypothesis, taking Q = K(f ), and using Lemma 2 and Theorem 1, we get

V_{p} (K (f), f) = V (f) = V_{p} (K (f), g) \geq V {(K (f))}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} V {(g)}^{\frac{p}{n}},

then,

V (f) \geq V (g) .

Similarly, take Q = K(g), we get

V (g) \geq V (f) .

From the equality conditions of Theorem 1, we obtain

K (f) = K (g) .

In view of the definition of Aleksandrov body, and using Lemma 1, then

f = g, almost everywhere on S^{n - 1} .

Corollary 3

Suppose n ≠ p > 1, and f, g ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), such that S_p (K(f ), ·) ≤ S_p (K(g), ·).

(i)

If V (f ) ≥ V (g), and p < n, then f = g almost everywhere on S^{n- 1}.
(ii)

If V (f ) ≤ V (g), and p > n, then f = g almost everywhere on S ^{n- 1}.

Proof

Suppose a function φ ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), and n ≠ p > 1, since S_p (K(f ), ·) ≤ S_p (K(g), ·), it follows from the integral representation (2.13) and (2.8) that

V_{p} (K (f), ϕ) \leq V_{p} (K (g), ϕ), for all ϕ \in C^{+} (S^{n - 1}) .

As before, take φ = h_K(g), from Lemma 1, Lemma 2, and Theorem 1, we get

V {(f)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} \leq V {(g)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} .

Applying the hypothesis, and from the definition of the Aleksandrov body and Lemma 1, we obtain the desired results.

Corollary 4

Suppose n ≠ p ≥ 1, f, g ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), and

ℱ

⊂ C⁺ (S^{n- 1}) is a class of functions such that f, g ∈

ℱ

. If

\frac{V_{p} (K, f)}{V (f)} = \frac{V_{p} (K, g)}{V (g)}, f o r a l l h_{K} \in ℱ,

then f = g almost everywhere on S^{n- 1}.

Proof

According to (2.11), we denote two Aleksandrov bodies K(f ) and K(g). From the hypothesis, taking K = K(f ) and K = K(g), and combining with Lemma 2 and Theorem 1, respectively, we obtain

V (g) \geq V (f) and V (f) \geq V (g),

Hence, in view of the equality conditions of Theorem 1, the definition of Aleksandrov body, and Lemma 1, we get the desired result

f = g, almost everywhere on S^{n - 1} .

Now, the p- Brunn-Minkowski inequality for the p- Aleksandrov bodies and the Aleksandrov bodies associated with positive continuous functions is established as following.

Proof of Theorem 2.

From Lemma 5 and Theorem 1, we get

\begin{aligned} V_{p} (Q, λ \cdot f +_{p} μ \cdot g) & = λ V_{p} (Q, f) + μ V_{p} (Q, g) \\ \geq V {(Q)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} [λ V {(f)}^{\frac{p}{n}} + μ V {(g)}^{\frac{p}{n}}], \end{aligned}

with equality if and only if K(f) and K(g) are dilates of Q.

Now, take Q = K_p (λ · f + _p μ · g), use (2.10), and recall V (f ) = V (K(f )) = V_p (K(f ), f ), we have

V {(λ \cdot f +_{p} μ \cdot g)}^{\frac{p}{n}} \geq λ V {(f)}^{\frac{p}{n}} + μ V {(g)}^{\frac{p}{n}} .

Also, we note that the equality holds, if and only if K(f ) and K(g) are dilates. Using Lemma 1, we get the condition of equality holds if and only if there exists a constant c > 0 such that f = cg, almost everywhere with respect to S(K(f ), ·) on S^{n- 1}.

Then, we will prove Theorem 3 by using the generalized Blaschke linear combination.

Proof of Theorem 3.

Suppose a function φ ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), and n ≠ p ≥ 1, from the integral representation (2.13), (2.8), and (2.4), it follows that for K(f ),

K (g) \in K_{e}^{n}

,

V_{p} (K (f) +_{p} K (g), ϕ) = V_{p} (K (f), ϕ) + V_{p} (K (g), ϕ),

(3.8)

which together with Theorem 1, yields

V_{p} (K (f) +_{p} K (g), ϕ) \geq V {(ϕ)}^{\frac{p}{n}} [V {(K (f))}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} + V {(K (g))}^{\frac{n - p}{n}}],

(3.9)

with equality if and only if K(f); K(g) and K(φ ) are dilates.

Now, take

ϕ = h_{K (f) +_{p} K (g)}

, recall Vp(K, h_K ) = V (K ), and from Lemma 2, we get

V {(K (f) +_{p} K (g))}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} \geq V {(f)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} + V {(g)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} .

In view of (2.16), we have

V (K_{p} (f +_{p} g)) \geq V (K (f) +_{p} K (g)) .

Hence, we get

\begin{aligned} V {(K_{p} (f +_{p} g))}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} & \geq V {(K (f) +_{p} K (g))}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} \\ \geq V {(f)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} + V {(g)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} . \end{aligned}

From Lemma 2 again, we obtain

V {(f +_{p} g)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} \geq V {(f)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} + V {(g)}^{\frac{n - p}{n}} .

In view of the equality condition (3.9), and from Lemma 1, we get the equality holds if and only if there exists a constant c > 0 such that f = cg, almost everywhere with respect to S(K(f ), ·) on S^{n- 1}.

Remark 1

The case p = 1 of the inequality of Theorem 3 is

V {(f + g)}^{\frac{n - 1}{n}} \geq V {(f)}^{\frac{n - 1}{n}} + V {(g)}^{\frac{n - 1}{n}},

(3.10)

with equality if and only if there exists a constant c > 0 such that f = cg, almost everywhere with respect to S(K(f ), ·) on S^{n- 1}.

The above inequality (3.10) is just the Kneser-Süss inequality type for the Aleksandrov bodies associated with positive continuous functions.

Actually, from these above proofs, we see Brunn-Minkowski inequality, Minkowski inequality, and Knesser-Süss inequality are equivalent.

4 Convergence of Aleksandrov body

In this section, we establish a convergent result about the Aleksandrov bodies associated with positive continuous functions.

The following Lemmas will be required to prove our main result.

Lemma 6

[7]If p ≥ 1, and K_i is a sequence of bodies in $K_{0}^{n}$ , such that $K_{i} \to K_{0} \in K_{0}^{n}$ , then S_p (K_i , ·) → S_p (K₀, ·), weakly.

Lemma 7

Suppose $K_{i} \to K \in K_{0}^{n}$ , and f_i → f ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}). If p ≥ 1, then V_p (K_i, f_i ) → V_p (K, f ).

Proof

Since f_i → f ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}), the f_i are uniformly bounded on S^{n- 1}. Hence,

f_{i}^{p} \to f^{p}, uniformly on S^{n - 1} .

By Lemma 6, K_i → K implies that

S_{p} (K_{i}, \cdot) \to S_{p} (K, \cdot), weakly on S^{n - 1} .

Hence,

\int_{S^{n - 1}} f_{i} {(u)}^{p} d S_{p} (K_{i}, u) \to \int_{S^{n - 1}} f {(u)}^{p} d S_{p} (K, u) .

In view of the integral representation (2.13) and (2.8), we get the desired result. The convergence result will be established as following.

Theorem 4

Suppose p > 1, f ∈ C⁺(S^{n- 1}). If f_i is a sequence of functions in C⁺(S^{n- 1}), such that

V_{p} (Q, f_{i}) \to V_{p} (Q, f), f o r a l l Q \in K_{0}^{n},

then f_i → f .

Proof

Firstly, since f_i is a sequence in C⁺(S^{n- 1}), f_i are uniformly bounded on S^{n- 1}.

Applying the Blaschke selection theorem (see [3]), it guarantees the existence of a subsequence of the f_i , which is again denoted by f_i , converging to a positive continuous function f₀ on S^n-¹.

Secondly, since f_i are uniformly bounded on S^n-1,

1 +_{p} f_{i} \to 1 +_{p} f_{0}, uniformly on S^{n - 1} .

Define

{\bar{f}}_{i} \in C^{+} (S^{n - 1})

, by

{\bar{f}}_{i} = 1 +_{p} f_{i}

. Since

{\bar{f}}_{i} \to {\bar{f}}_{0}

, it follows from Lemma 7 that

V_{p} (Q, {\bar{f}}_{i}) \to V_{p} (Q, {\bar{f}}_{0}), for all Q \in K_{0}^{n} .

However, since V_p (Q, f_i ) → V_p (Q, f ), for all

Q \in K_{0}^{n}

, and

{\bar{f}}_{i} = 1 +_{p} f_{i}

, for all i > 0, it follows from Lemma 5 that

V_{p} (Q, {\bar{f}}_{i}) \to V_{p} (Q, 1 +_{p} f), for all Q \in K_{0}^{n} .

Thus,

V_{p} (Q, {\bar{f}}_{0}) = V_{p} (Q, 1 +_{p} f), for all Q \in K_{0}^{n} .

By Corollary 2, this means ${\bar{f}}_{0} = 1 +_{p} f$ , which shows f₀ = f .

Thus, every subsequence of f_i has a subsequence that converges to f .

Declarations

Acknowledgements

The authors express their deep gratitude to the referees for their many very valuable suggestions and comments. The research of Hu-Yan and Jiang-Junhua was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (10971128), Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (S30104), and the research of Hu-Yan was partially supported by Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (10yz160).

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)

Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

(2)

Department of Mathematics, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China

References

Aleksandrov AD: On the theory of mixed volumes.I. Extension of certain concepts in the theory of convex bodies. Mat Sb 1937,2(5):947–972.Google Scholar
Ball K: Volume ratios and a Reverse isoperimetric. J Lond Math Soc 1991,44(1):351–359.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Gardner RJ: Geometric Tomography. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 1995.Google Scholar
Gardner RJ: Intersection bodies and the Busemann-Petty problem. Trans Am Math Soc 1994,342(1):435–335. 10.2307/2154703View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Lutwak E: The Brunn-Minkowski-Firey Theory I: mixed volume and the Minkowski problem. J Differ Geom 1993,38(1):131–150.MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
Lutwak E, Oliker V: On the regularity of solutions to a generalization of the Minkowski problem. J Differ Geom 1995,41(1):227–246.MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
Lutwak E: The Brunn-Minkowski-Firey Theory II: affine and geominimal surface area. Adv Math 1996,118(2):244–294. 10.1006/aima.1996.0022MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Lutwak E, Yang D, Zhang G: L_p- affine isoperimetric inequalities. J Differ Geom 2000,56(1):111–132.MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
Lutwak E: On the L_p- Minkowski problem. Trans Am Math Soc 2003,356(11):4359–4370.MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Lutwak E, Yang D, Zhang G: Optimal Sobolev norms and the L^p Minkowski problem. Int Math Res Not 2006, 62987: 1–21.MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
Klain DA: The Minkowski problem for polytope. Adv Math 2004,185(2):270–288. 10.1016/j.aim.2003.07.001MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Hug D, Lutwak E, Yang D, et al.: On the L_pMinkowski problem for polytope. Discret Comput Geom 2005,33(1):699–715.MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Haberl C, Lutwak E, Yang D, et al.: The even Orlicz-Minkowski problem. Adv Math 224(1):2485–2510.Google Scholar
Schneider R: Convex bodies: the Brunn-Minkowski theory. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; 1993.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Stancu A: The discrete planar L₀- Minkowski problem. Adv Math 2002,167(1):160–174. 10.1006/aima.2001.2040MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Umanskiy V: On solvability of two-dimensional L_p- Minkowski problem. Adv Math 2003,180(1):176–186. 10.1016/S0001-8708(02)00101-9MathSciNetView ArticleGoogle Scholar
Zhang GY: Centered bodies and dual mixed volumes. Trans Am Math Soc 1994,345(1):777–801.View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Aleksandrov AD: On the theory of mixed volumes.III. Extension of two theorems of Minkowski on convex polyhedra to arbitrary convex bodies. Mat Sb 1938,3(1):27–46.Google Scholar
Firey WJ: p- means of convex bodies. Math Scand 1962,10(1):17–24.MathSciNetGoogle Scholar
Fenchel W, Jessen B: Mengenfunktionen und konvexe Körper. Det Kgl Danske Videnskab Selskab Math-fys Medd 1938,16(3):1–31.Google Scholar
Gardner RJ: The Brunn-Minkowski inequality. Bull Am Math Soc 2002,39(3):355–405. 10.1090/S0273-0979-02-00941-2View ArticleGoogle Scholar
Hardy GH, Littlewood JE, Pölya G: Inequalities. Cambridge University Press, Cam-bridge 1934.Google Scholar

Copyright

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.