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Coefficient, distortion and growth inequalities for certain close-to-convex functions

Abstract

In the present investigation, certain subclasses of close-to-convex functions are investigated. In particular, we obtain an estimate for the Fekete-Szegö functional for functions belonging to the class, distortion, growth estimates and covering theorems.

Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 30C45, 30C80.

1 Introduction

Let D:= { z : z < 1 } be the open unit disk in the complex plane . Let A be the class of analytic functions defined on D and normalized by the conditions f(0) = 0 and f' (0) = 1. Let S be the subclass of A consisting of univalent functions [1]. Sakaguchi [2] introduced a class of functions called starlike functions with respect to symmetric points; they are the functions fA satisfying the condition

Re z f ( z ) f ( z ) - f ( - z ) > 0 .

These functions are close-to-convex functions. This can be easily seen by showing that the function (f(z) - f(-z))/2 is a starlike function in D. Motivated by the class of starlike functions with respect to symmetric points, Gao and Zhou [3] discussed a class K s of close-to-convex univalent functions. A function f K s if it satisfies the following inequality

Re z 2 f ( z ) g ( z ) g ( - z ) < 0 ( z D )

for some function g S*(1/2). The idea here is to replace the average of f(z) and - f(-z) by the corresponding product -g(z) g(-z), and the factor z is included to normalize the expression, so that -z2f'(z)/(g(z) g(-z)) takes the value 1 at z = 0. To make the functions univalent, it is further assumed that g is starlike of order 1/2 so that the function -g(z) g(-z)/z is starlike, which in turn implies the close-to-convexity of f. For some recent works on the problem, see [47]. Instead of requiring the quantity -z2f'(z)/(g(z) g(-z)) to lie in the right-half plane, we can consider more general regions. This could be done via subordination between analytic functions.

Let f and g be analytic in D. Then f is subordinate to g, written f g or f ( z ) g ( z ) ( z D ) , if there is an analytic function w(z), with w(0) = 0 and |w(z)| < 1, such that f(z) = g(w(z)). In particular, if g is univalent in D, then f is subordinate to g, if f(0) = g(0) and f ( D ) g ( D ) . In terms of subordination, a general class K s ( φ ) is introduced in the following definition.

Definition 1[4] For a function φ with positive real part, the class K s ( φ ) consists of functions fA satisfying

- z 2 f ( z ) g ( z ) g ( - z ) φ ( z ) ( z D )
(1)

for some function g S*(1/2).

This class was introduced by Wang et al. [4]. A special subclass K s ( γ ) := K s ( φ ) where φ(z): = (1 + (1 - 2γ) z)/(1 - z), 0 ≤ γ < 1, was recently investigated by Kowalczyk and Leś-Bomba [8]. They proved the sharp distortion and growth estimates for functions in K s ( γ ) as well as some sufficient conditions in terms of the coefficient for function to be in this class K s ( γ ) .

In the present investigation, we obtain a sharp estimate for the Fekete-Szegö functional for functions belonging to the class K s ( φ ) . In addition, we also investigate the corresponding problem for the inverse functions for functions belonging to the class K s ( φ ) . Also distortion, growth estimates as well as covering theorem are derived. Some connection with earlier works is also indicated.

2 Fekete-Szegö inequality

In this section, we assume that the function φ(z) is an univalent analytic function with positive real part that maps the unit disk D onto a starlike region which is symmetric with respect to real axis and is normalized by φ'(0) = 1 and φ(0) > 0. In such case, the function φ has an expansion of the form φ(z) = 1 + B1z + B2z2 +..., B1 > 0.

Theorem 1 (Fekete-Szegö Inequality) For a function f(z) = z + a2z2 + a3z3 +... belonging to the class K s ( φ ) , the following sharp estimate holds:

a 3 - μ a 2 2 1 3 + max ( B 1 3 , B 2 3 - μ B 1 2 4 ) ( μ ) .

Proof Since the function f K s ( φ ) , there is a normalized analytic function g S*(1/2) such that

- z 2 f ( z ) g ( z ) g ( - z ) φ ( z ) .

By using the definition of subordination between analytic function, we find a function w(z) analytic in D, normalized by w(0) = 0 satisfying |w(z)| < 1 and

- z 2 f ( z ) g ( z ) g ( - z ) = φ ( w ( z ) ) .
(2)

By writing w(z) = w1z + w2z2 +..., we see that

φ ( w ( z ) ) = 1 + B 1 w 1 z + ( B 1 w 2 + B 2 w 1 2 ) z 2 + .
(3)

Also by writing g(z) = z + g2z2 + g3z3 +..., a calculation shows that

- g ( z ) g ( - z ) z = z + ( 2 g 3 - g 2 2 ) z 3 +

and therefore

- z g ( z ) g ( - z ) = 1 z - ( 2 g 3 - g 2 2 ) z 2 + .

Using this and the Taylor's expansion for zf'(z), we get

- z 2 f ( z ) g ( z ) g ( - z ) = 1 + 2 a 2 z + ( 3 a 3 - 2 g 3 + g 2 2 ) z 2 + .
(4)

Using (2), (3) and (4), we see that

2 a 2 = B 1 w 1 , (1) 3 a 3 = 2 g 3 - g 2 2 + B 1 w 2 + B 2 w 1 2 . (2) (3)

This shows that

a 3 - μ a 2 2 = ( 2 3 ) ( g 3 - g 2 2 2 ) + ( B 1 3 ) ( w 2 + ( B 2 B 1 - 3 μ B 1 4 ) w 1 2 ) .

By using the following estimate ([9, inequality 7, p. 10])

w 2 - t w 1 2 max { 1 ; t } ( t )

for an analytic function w with w(0) = 0 and |w(z)| < 1 which is sharp for the functions w(z) = z2 or w(z) = z, the desired result follows upon using the estimate that g 3 - g 2 2 212 for analytic function g(z) = z + g2z2 + g3z3 +... which is starlike of order 1/2.

Define the function f0 by

f 0 ( z ) = 0 z φ ( w ) 1 - w 2 d w .

The function clearly belongs to the class K s ( φ ) with g(z) = z /(1 - z). Since

φ ( w ) 1 - w 2 = 1 + B 1 w + ( B 2 + 1 ) w 2 + ,

we have

f 0 ( z ) = z + ( B 1 2 ) z 2 + ( 1 3 + B 2 3 ) z 3 + .

Similarly, define fl by

f 1 ( z ) = 0 z φ ( w 2 ) 1 - w 2 d w .

Then

f 1 ( z ) = z + ( B 1 3 + 1 3 ) z 3 + .

The functions f0 and f1 show that the results are sharp.

Remark 1 By setting μ = 0 in Theorem 1, we get the sharp estimate for the third coefficient of functions in K s ( φ ) :

a 3 1 3 + ( B 1 3 ) max ( 1 , B 2 B 1 ) ,

while the limiting case μ → ∞ gives the sharp estimate |a2| ≤ B1/2. In the special case where φ(z) = (1 + z)/(1 - z), the results reduce to the corresponding one in [3, Theorem 2, p. 125].

Though Xu et al. [7] have given an estimate of |a n | for all n, their result is not sharp in general. For n = 2, 3, our results provide sharp bounds.

It is known that every univalent function f has an inverse f-1, defined by

f - 1 ( f ( z ) ) = z , z D

and

f ( f - 1 ( w ) ) = w , w < r 0 ( f ) ; r 0 ( f ) 1 4 .

Corollary 1 Letf K s ( φ ) . Then the coefficients d2and d3of the inverse function f-1(w) = w + d2w2 + d3w3 +... satisfy the inequality

d 3 - μ d 2 2 1 3 + max ( B 1 3 , B 2 3 - ( 2 - μ ) B 1 2 4 ) ( μ ) .

Proof A calculation shows that the inverse function f-1 has the following Taylor's series expansion:

f - 1 ( w ) = w - a 2 w 2 + ( 2 a 2 2 - a 3 ) w 3 + .

From this expansion, it follows that d2 = a2 and d 3 =2 a 2 2 - a 3 and hence

d 3 - μ d 2 2 = a 3 - ( 2 - μ ) a 2 2 .

Our result follows at once from this identity and Theorem 1.

3 Distortion and growth theorems

The second coefficient of univalent function plays an important role in the theory of univalent function; for example, this leads to the distortion and growth estimates for univalent functions as well as the rotation theorem. In the next theorem, we derive the distortion and growth estimates for the functions in the class K s ( φ ) . In particular, if we let r → 1- in the growth estimate, it gives the bound |a2| ≤ B1/2 for the second coefficient of functions in K s ( φ ) .

Theorem 2 Let φ be an analytic univalent functions with positive real part and

ϕ ( - r ) = min z = r < 1 ϕ ( z ) , ϕ ( r ) = max z = r < 1 ϕ ( z ) .

Iff K s ( φ ) , then the following sharp inequalities hold:

φ ( - r ) 1 + r 2 f ( z ) φ ( r ) 1 - r 2 ( z = r < 1 ) , 0 r φ ( - t ) 1 + t 2 d t f ( z ) 0 r φ ( t ) 1 - t 2 d t ( z = r < 1 ) .

Proof Since the function f K s ( φ ) , there is a normalized analytic function g S*(1/2) such that

- z 2 f ( z ) g ( z ) g ( - z ) φ ( z ) .
(5)

Define the function G:D by the equation

G ( z ) : = - g ( z ) g ( - z ) z .

Then it is clear that G is odd starlike function in D and therefore

r 1 + r 2 G ( z ) r 1 - r 2 ( z = r < 1 )

Using the definition of subordination between analytic function, and the Equation (2), we see that there is an analytic function w(z) with |w(z)| ≤ |z| such that

z f ( z ) G ( z ) = φ ( w ( z ) )

or zf'(z) = G(z) φ(w(z)). Since w ( D ) D, we have, by maximum principle for harmonic functions,

f ( z ) = G ( z ) z φ ( w ( z ) ) 1 1 - r 2 max z = r φ ( z ) = φ ( r ) 1 - r 2 .

The other inequality for |f'(z)| is similar. Since the function f is univalent, the inequality for |f(z)| follows from the corresponding inequalities for |f'(z)| by Privalov's Theorem [10, Theorem 7, p. 67].

To prove the sharpness of our results, we consider the functions

f 0 ( z ) = 0 z φ ( w ) 1 - w 2 d w , f 1 ( z ) = 0 z φ ( w ) 1 + w 2 d w .
(6)

Define the function g0 and g1 by g0(z) = z /(1 - z) and g 1 ( z ) =z 1 + z 2 . These functions are clearly starlike functions of order 1/2. Also a calculation shows that

- z 2 f k ( z ) g k ( z ) g k ( - z ) = φ ( z ) ( k = 0 , 1 ) .

Thus, the function f0 satisfies the subordination (1) with g0, while the function f1 satisfies it with g1; therefore, these functions belong to the class K s ( φ ) . It is clear that the upper estimates for |f'(z)| and |f(z)| are sharp for the function f0 given in (6), while the lower estimates are sharp for fl given in (6).

Remark 2 We note that Xu et al. [7] also obtained a similar estimates and our results differ from their in the hypothesis. Also we have shown that the results are sharp. Our hypothesis is same as the one assumed by Ma and Minda [11].

Remark 3 For the choice φ(z) = (1 + z)/(1 - z), our result reduces to [3, Theorem 3, p. 126], while for the choice φ(z) = (1 + (1 - 2γ)z)/(1 - z), it reduces to following estimates (obtained in [8, Theorem 4, p. 1151]) for f K s ( γ ) :

1 - ( 1 - 2 γ ) r ( 1 + r ) ( 1 + r 2 ) f ( z ) 1 + ( 1 - 2 γ ) r ( 1 - r ) ( 1 - r 2 )

and

( 1 - γ ) ln 1 + r 1 + r 2 + γ arctan r f ( z ) γ 2 ln 1 + r 1 - r + ( 1 - γ ) r 1 - r

where |z| = r < 1. Also our result improves the corresponding results in [4].

Remark 4 Let k:= lim r 1 - 0 r φ ( - t ) ( 1 + t 2 ) d t. Then the disk { w : w k } f ( D ) for every f K s ( φ ) .

4 A subordination theorem

It is well known [12] that f is starlike if (1 - t) f(z) f(z) for t (0, ), where is a positive real number; also the function is starlike with respect to symmetric points if (1 - t) f(z) + tf(-z) f(z). In the following theorem, we extend these results to the class K s . The proof of our result is based on the following version of a lemma of Stankiewicz [12].

Lemma 1 Let F(z, t) be analytic inDfor each t (0, ), F(z, 0) = f(z), fSand F(0, t) = 0 for each t (0, ). Suppose that F(z, t) f(z) and that

lim t 0 + F ( z , t ) - f ( z ) z t ρ = F ( z )

exists for some ρ > 0. If F is analytic and Re (F(z)) ≠ 0, then

Re F ( z ) f ( z ) < 0 .

Theorem 3 LetfSand g S * (1/2). Let > 0 and f(z) + tg(z)g(-z)/z f(z), t (0, ). Thenf K s .

Proof Define the function F by F(z, t) = f(z) + tg(z)g(-z)/z. Then F(z, t) is analytic for every fixed t and F(z, 0) = f(z) and by our assumption, fS. Also

lim t 0 + F ( z , t ) - f ( z ) z t = g ( z ) g ( - z ) z 2 : = F ( z ) .

The function F is analytic in D (of course, one has to redefine the function F at z = 0 where it has removable singularity.) Since all hypotheses of Lemma 1 are satisfied, we have

Re g ( z ) g ( - z ) z 2 f ( z ) < 0 .

Since a function p(z) has negative real part if and only if its reciprocal 1/p(z) has negative real part, we have

Re z 2 f ( z ) g ( z ) g ( - z ) < 0 .

Thus, f K s .

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Acknowledgements

The first author was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (no. 2011-0007037).

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Cho, N.E., Kwon, O.S. & Ravichandran, V. Coefficient, distortion and growth inequalities for certain close-to-convex functions. J Inequal Appl 2011, 100 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2011-100

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