- Research Article
- Open access
- Published:
Some Identities on the Generalized
-Bernoulli Numbers and Polynomials Associated with
-Volkenborn Integrals
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2010, Article number: 575240 (2010)
Abstract
We give some interesting equation of -adic
-integrals on
. From those
-adic
-integrals, we present a systemic study of some families of extended Carlitz type
-Bernoulli numbers and polynomials in
-adic number field.
1. Introduction
Let be a fixed prime number. Throughout this paper,
,
,
, and
will, respectively, denote the ring of
-adic rational integer, the field of
-adic rational numbers, the complex number field, and the completion of algebraic closure of
. Let
be the set of natural numbers and
.
Let be the normalized exponential valuation of
with
When one talks of
-extension,
is considered as an indeterminate, a complex number
or
-adic number
If
, we normally assume that
, and if
we normally assume that
. We use the notation
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ1_HTML.gif)
The -factorial is defined as
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ2_HTML.gif)
and the Gaussian -binomial coefficient is defined by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ3_HTML.gif)
(see [1]). Note that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ4_HTML.gif)
From (1.3), we easily see that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ5_HTML.gif)
(see [2, 3]). For a fixed positive integer , let
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ6_HTML.gif)
We say that is a uniformly differential function at a point
and denote this property by
if the difference quotients
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ7_HTML.gif)
have a limit as
. For
, let us begin with the expression
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ8_HTML.gif)
representing a -analogue of the Riemann sums for
, (see [1–3, 11–18]). The integral of
on
is defined as the limit
of the sums (if exists). The
-adic
-integral (=
-Volkenborn integral) of
) is defined by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ9_HTML.gif)
(see [12]). Carlitz's -Bernoull numbers
can be defined recursively by
and by the rule that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ10_HTML.gif)
with the usual convention of replacing by
, (see [1–13]).
It is well known that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ11_HTML.gif)
(see [1]), where are called the
th Carlitz's
-Bernoulli polynomials (see [1, 12, 13]).
Let be the Dirichlet's character with conductor
, then the generalized Carlitz's
-Bernoulli numbers attached to
are defined as follows:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ12_HTML.gif)
(see [13]). Recently, many authors have studied in the different several areas related to -theory (see [1–13]). In this paper, we present a systemic study of some families of multiple Carlitz's type
-Bernoulli numbers and polynomials by using the integral equations of
-adic
-integrals on
. First, we derive some interesting equations of
-adic
-integrals on
. From these equations, we give some interesting formulae for the higher-order Carlitz's type
-Bernoulli numbers and polynomials in the
-adic number field.
2. On the Generalized Higher-Order
-Bernoulli Numbersand Polynomials
In this section, we assume that with
. We first consider the
-extension of Bernoulli polynomials as follows:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ13_HTML.gif)
From (2.1), we note that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ14_HTML.gif)
Note that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ15_HTML.gif)
where are called the
th ordinary Bernoulli polynomials. In the special case,
,
are called the
th
-Bernoulli numbers.
By (2.2), we have the following lemma.
Lemma 2.1.
For one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ16_HTML.gif)
Now, one considers the -Bernoulli polynomials of order
as follows:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ17_HTML.gif)
By (2.5), one sees that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ18_HTML.gif)
In the special case, , the sequence
is refereed to as the
-extension of Bernoulli numbers of order
. For
, one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ19_HTML.gif)
By (2.5) and (2.7), one obtains the following theorem.
Theorem 2.2.
For one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ20_HTML.gif)
Let be the primitive Dirichlet's character with conductor
, then the generalized
-Bernoulli polynomials attached to
are defined by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ21_HTML.gif)
From (2.9), one derives
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ22_HTML.gif)
By (2.9) and (2.10), one can give the generating function for the generalized -Bernoulli polynomials attached to
as follows:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ23_HTML.gif)
From (1.3), (2.10), and (2.11), one notes that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ24_HTML.gif)
In the special case, , the sequence
are called the
th generalized
-Bernoulli numbers attached to
.
Let one consider the higher-order -Bernoulli polynomials attached to
as follows:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ25_HTML.gif)
where are called the
th generalized
-Bernoulli polynomials of order
attaches to
.
By (2.13), one sees that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ26_HTML.gif)
In the special case, , the sequence
are called the
th generalized
-Bernoulli numbers of order
attaches to
.
By (2.13) and (2.14), one obtains the following theorem.
Theorem 2.3.
Let be the primitive Dirichlet's character with conductor
. For
one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ27_HTML.gif)
For , and
one introduces the extended higher-order
-Bernoulli polynomials as follows:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ28_HTML.gif)
From (2.16), one notes that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ29_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ30_HTML.gif)
In the special case, ,
are called the
th
-Bernoulli numbers of order
.
By (2.17), one obtains the following theorem.
Theorem 2.4.
For one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ31_HTML.gif)
Let be the primitive Dirichlet's character with conductor
, then one considers the generalized
-Bernoulli polynomials attached to
of order
as follows:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ32_HTML.gif)
By (2.20), one sees that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ33_HTML.gif)
In the special case, ,
are called the
th generalized
-Bernoulli numbers attached to
of order
.
From (2.20) and (2.21), one notes that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ34_HTML.gif)
By (2.16), it is easy to show that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ35_HTML.gif)
Thus, one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ36_HTML.gif)
From (2.16) and (2.23), one can also derive
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ37_HTML.gif)
It is easy to see that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ38_HTML.gif)
By (2.23), (2.25), and (2.26), one obtains the following theorem.
Theorem 2.5.
For and
one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ39_HTML.gif)
Furthermore, one gets
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ40_HTML.gif)
Now, one considers the polynomials of by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ41_HTML.gif)
By (2.29), one obtains the following theorem.
Theorem 2.6.
For and
one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ42_HTML.gif)
By using multivariate -adic
-integral on
, one sees that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ43_HTML.gif)
Therefore, one obtains the following corollary.
Corollary 2.7.
For and
one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ44_HTML.gif)
It is easy to show that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ45_HTML.gif)
From (2.33), one notes that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ46_HTML.gif)
From the multivariate -adic
-integral on
, one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ47_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ48_HTML.gif)
By (2.35) and (2.36), one obtains the following corollary.
Corollary 2.8.
For and
one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ49_HTML.gif)
Now, one also considers the polynomial of . From the integral equation on
, one notes that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ50_HTML.gif)
By (2.38), one easily gets
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ51_HTML.gif)
Thus, one obtains the following theorem.
Theorem 2.9.
For and
one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ52_HTML.gif)
From the definition of -adic
-integral on
, one notes that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ53_HTML.gif)
Thus, one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ54_HTML.gif)
By (2.38), one easily gets
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ55_HTML.gif)
From (2.43), one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ56_HTML.gif)
That is,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ57_HTML.gif)
By (2.38) and (2.43), one easily sees that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ58_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ59_HTML.gif)
For , this gives
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ60_HTML.gif)
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ61_HTML.gif)
From (2.46) and (2.48), one can derive the recurrence relation for as follows:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ62_HTML.gif)
where is kronecker symbol.
By (2.46), (2.48), and (2.50), one obtains the following theorem.
Theorem 2.10.
For and
one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ63_HTML.gif)
Furthermore,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ64_HTML.gif)
where is kronecker symbol.
From the definition of -adic
-integral on
, one notes that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ65_HTML.gif)
By (2.53), one sees that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ66_HTML.gif)
Note that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ67_HTML.gif)
where are the
th ordinary Bernoulli polynomials.
In the special case, , one gets
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ68_HTML.gif)
It is not difficult to show that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ69_HTML.gif)
That is,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ70_HTML.gif)
Let one consider Barnes' type multiple -Bernoulli polynomials. For
and
one defines Barnes' type multiple
-Bernoulli polynomials as follows:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ71_HTML.gif)
From (2.59), one can easily derive the following equation:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ72_HTML.gif)
Let , then one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ73_HTML.gif)
Therefore, one obtains the following theorem.
Theorem 2.11.
For and
one has
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2010%2F575240/MediaObjects/13660_2010_Article_2189_Equ74_HTML.gif)
References
Kim T: -Bernoulli numbers and polynomials associated with Gaussian binomial coefficients. Russian Journal of Mathematical Physics 2008, 15(1):51–57.
Kim T: Barnes-type multiple -zeta functions and -Euler polynomials. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 2010, 43(25):-11.
Kim T: Note on the Euler -zeta functions. Journal of Number Theory 2009, 129(7):1798–1804. 10.1016/j.jnt.2008.10.007
Carlitz L: -Bernoulli numbers and polynomials. Duke Mathematical Journal 1948, 15: 987–1000. 10.1215/S0012-7094-48-01588-9
Carlitz L: -Bernoulli and Eulerian numbers. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1954, 76: 332–350.
Cangul IN, Kurt V, Ozden H, Simsek Y: On the higher-order --Genocchi numbers. Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics 2009, 19(1):39–57.
Cenkci M, Kurt V: Congruences for generalized -Bernoulli polynomials. Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2008, 2008:-19.
Govil NK, Gupta V: Convergence of -Meyer-König-Zeller-Durrmeyer operators. Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics 2009, 19(1):97–108.
Jang L-C, Hwang K-W, Kim Y-H: A note on -Genocchi polynomials and numbers of higher order. Advances in Difference Equations 2010, 2010:-6.
Jang L-C: A new -analogue of Bernoulli polynomials associated with -adic -integrals. Abstract and Applied Analysis 2008, 2008:-6.
Kim T: Some identities on the -Euler polynomials of higher order and -Stirling numbers by the fermionic -adic integral on . Russian Journal of Mathematical Physics 2009, 16(4):484–491. 10.1134/S1061920809040037
Kim T: On a -analogue of the -adic log gamma functions and related integrals. Journal of Number Theory 1999, 76(2):320–329. 10.1006/jnth.1999.2373
Kim T: -Volkenborn integration. Russian Journal of Mathematical Physics 2002, 9(3):288–299.
Kurt V: A further symmetric relation on the analogue of the Apostol-Bernoulli and the analogue of the Apostol-Genocchi polynomials. Applied Mathematical Sciences 2009, 3(53–56):2757–2764.
Ozden H, Cangul IN, Simsek Y: Remarks on -Bernoulli numbers associated with Daehee numbers. Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics 2009, 18(1):41–48.
Simsek Y: Generating functions of the twisted Bernoulli numbers and polynomials associated with their interpolation functions. Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics 2008, 16(2):251–278.
Moon E-J, Rim S-H, Jin J-H, Lee S-J: On the symmetric properties of higher-order twisted -Euler numbers and polynomials. Advances in Difference Equations 2010, 2010:-8.
Ozden H, Simsek Y, Rim S-H, Cangul IN: A note on -adic -Euler measure. Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics 2007, 14(2):233–239.
Acknowledgments
The authors express their gratitude to The referees for their valuable suggestions and comments. This paper was supported by the research grant of Kwangwoon University in 2010.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, T., Choi, J., Lee, B. et al. Some Identities on the Generalized -Bernoulli Numbers and Polynomials Associated with
-Volkenborn Integrals.
J Inequal Appl 2010, 575240 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/575240
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/575240