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Stability of a 2-Dimensional Functional Equation in a Class of Vector Variable Functions
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2010, Article number: 167042 (2010)
Abstract
We prove the Hyers-Ulam stability of a 2-dimensional quadratic functional equation in a class of vector variable functions in Banach modules over a unital -algebra.
1. Introduction
In 1940, Ulam proposed the stability problem (see [1]):
Let be a group and let be a metric group with the metric . Given , does there exist a such that if a mapping satisfies the inequality for all then there is a homomorphism with for all ?
In 1941, this problem was solved by Hyers [2] in the case of Banach space. Thereafter, we call that type the Hyers-Ulam stability. The authors investigated various functional equations and their Hyers-Ulam stability [3–8]. This Hyers-Ulam stability is a classical type of stability, but there is another kind of stability introduced by Risteski [9] for functional equations spanned over an -dimensional complex vector space too.
Let and be real or complex vector spaces. For a mapping , consider the quadratic functional equation
In 1989, Aczél and Dhombres [10] obtained the solution of (1.1) for the case that acts on . The result also holds when and are arbitrary real or complex vector spaces. For a mapping , consider the -dimensional quadratic functional equation:
The quadratic form given by is a solution of (1.2). In 2008, the authors of [8] acquired the general solution and proved the stability of the -dimensional quadratic functional equation (1.2) for the case that and are real vector spaces as follows.
The results of [8, Theorms 3 and 4] also hold for complex vector spaces and . In this paper, we investigate the stability of (1.2) with two module actions in Banach modules over a unital -algebra.
2. Preliminaries
Let be a unital -algebra with a norm , and let and be left Banach -modules with norms and , respectively. Put , , , , and .
Definition 2.1.
A -dimensional vector variable quadratic mapping satisfying (1.2) is called -quadratic if for all and all .
Definition 2.2.
A unital -algebra is said to have real rank (see [11]) if the invertible self-adjoint elements are dense in .
For any element , , where and are self-adjoint elements; furthermore, , where and are positive elements (see [12, Lemma ]).
3. Results
Theorem 3.1.
Let be a function satisfying
for all . If the function is a Borel function, then it also satisfies
for all .
Proof.
By [8, Theoem 3], there exist two symmetric biadditive mappings such that for all . By the proof of Therem 3 in [8], we gain
for all and all . Letting in the equality (3.3), we get
for all and all . Putting in the equality (3.3) again, we have
for all . Since the function is measurable and satisfies (1.1), by [13], it is continuous. By the same reasoning, is also continuous. Let be fixed. Since is measurable, by [14, Theore 7.14.26], for every there is a closed set such that and is continuous. Since , one can choose satisfying . Take a sequence in converging to . By the equality (3.4), we get
for all . For each fixed , take a sequence in converging to . By (3.5) and the above equality, we have
Hence we see that
as desired.
Lemma 3.2.
Let and be normed spaces and a real number, and let be a mapping such that
for all . Suppose for . If is complete, then there exists a unique -variable quadratic mapping such that
for all . The mapping is given by
for all .
Proof.
Letting and in (3.9), we gain
for all . Putting in (3.12), we get
for all . Replacing by in the above inequality, we have
for all . By the above two inequalities, we see that
for all . Setting and in (3.9), we obtain that
for all . Replacing by in the above inequality, we see that
for all . By the last two inequalities, we know that
for all . By (3.12) and (3.18), we obtain that
for all . By (3.15) and the above inequality, we have
for all . Thus we obtain that
for all and all . Replacing by in the above inequality, we see that
for all and all . For given integers , we obtain that
for all .
Consider the case . By (3.23), the sequence is a Cauchy sequence for all . Since is complete, the sequence converges for all . Define by for all . By (3.9), we have
for all and all . Letting , we see that satisfies (1.2). Setting and taking in (3.23), one can obtain inequality (3.10). If is another 2-dimensional vector variable quadratic mapping satisfying (3.10), by [8, Therem 3], there are four symmetric biadditive mappings such that and for all . Thus we obtain that
for all . Hence the mapping is the unique 2-dimensional vector variable quadratic mapping, as desired.
Next, consider the case . Since , by inequality (3.20), we gain
for all . Thus we get
for all and all . Replacing by in the above inequality, we have
for all and all . For given integers , we obtain that
for all . By (3.29), the sequence is a Cauchy sequence for all . Since is complete, the sequence converges for all . Define by for all . By (3.9), we have
for all and all . Letting , we see that satisfies (1.2). Setting and taking in (3.29), one can obtain inequality (3.10). If is another 2-dimensional vector variable quadratic mapping satisfying (3.10), by in [8, Thorem 3], there are four symmetric biadditive mappings such that and for all . Thus we obtain that
for all . Hence the mapping is the unique 2-dimensional vector variable quadratic mapping, as desired.
Theorem 3.3.
Let be a real number, and let be a mapping such that
for all and all . If is continuous in for each fixed , then there exists a unique -dimensional vector variable -quadratic mapping satisfying (1.2) and (3.10) for all .
Proof.
Suppose . By Lemma 3.2, it follows from the inequality of the statement for that there exists a unique -dimensional vector variable quadratic mapping satisfying (1.2) and inequality (3.10) for all .
Let be fixed. And let be any continuous linear functional, that is, is an arbitrary element of the dual space of . For , consider two functions and defined by and for all . By the assumption that is continuous in for each fixed , the functions and are continuous for all . Note that and for all and all . By [8], the sequences and are Cauchy sequences for all . Define two functions and by and for all . Note that and for all . Since satisfies (1.2), we get
for all . Since and are the pointwise limits of continuous functions, they are Borel functions. Thus the functions and as measurable quadratic functions are continuous (see [13]), so have the forms and for all . Since satisfies (1.2), by [8, Thorem 3], there exist two symmetric biadditive mappings such as for all . Hence we have
for all . Since is any continuous linear functional, the -dimensional quadratic mapping satisfies for all . Therefore we obtain
for all and all . Let be an arbitrary positive integer. Replacing and by and , respectively, and letting in inequality (3.32), we gain
for all and all . Note that there is a constant such that the condition
for each and each (see [12, Definitin 12]). For all and all , we get
as . Hence we have
for all and all . Since for each , by (3.35), we obtain
for all nonzero and all . By (3.35), we get for all . Therefore the mapping is the unique -dimensional vector variable -quadratic mapping satisfying (1.2) and (3.10).
The proof of the case is similar to that of the case .
Theorem 3.4.
Let be a real number and of real rank , and let be a mapping such that
for all and all . For each fixed , let the sequence converge uniformly on . If is continuous in for each fixed , then there exists a unique -dimensional vector variable mapping satisfying (1.2) and (3.10) such that for all and all .
Proof.
Suppose . By [8, Teorem 4], there exists a unique -dimensional quadratic mapping satisfying (1.2) and inequality (3.10) on . Let be fixed. And let be an arbitrary element of the dual space of . For , consider the functions defined by for all . By the assumption that is continuous in for each fixed , the function is continuous for all . Note that for all and all . By [8], the sequence is a Cauchy sequence for all . Define a function by for all . Note that for all . Thus we have
for all . Since is the pointwise limit of continuous functions, it is a Borel function. By Theorem 3.1, we gain for all . Hence we get
for all . Since is any continuous linear functional, the -dimensional quadratic mapping satisfies for all . Therefore we obtain
for all and all . Let be an arbitrary positive integer. Replacing and by and , respectively, and letting in the inequality (3.41), we get
for all and all . By condition (3.37), for all and all , we have
Hence we obtain that
for all and all .
Let . Since is dense in , there exist two sequences and in such that and as . Put and . Then and as . Set and . Then and as and . Since is uniformly converges on and is continuous in , we see that is also continuous in for each . In fact, we gain
for all . Thus we get
for all . By equality (3.47), we have
as for all By equality (3.49) and the above convergence, we see that
for all . By equality (3.47) and the above convergence, we obtain for all and all .
The proof of the case is similar to that of the case .
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Park, WG., Bae, JH. Stability of a 2-Dimensional Functional Equation in a Class of Vector Variable Functions. J Inequal Appl 2010, 167042 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/167042
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/167042