- Research Article
- Open access
- Published:
Abstract Convexity and Hermite-Hadamard Type Inequalities
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2009, Article number: 943534 (2009)
Abstract
The deriving Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for certain classes of abstract convex functions are considered totally, the inequalities derived for some of these classes before are summarized, new inequalities for others are obtained, and for one class of these functions the results on are generalized to
. By considering a concrete area in
, the derived inequalities are illustrated.
1. Introduction
Studying Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for some function classes has been very important in recent years. These inequalities which are well known for convex functions have been also found in different function classes (see [1–5]).
Abstract convex function is one of this type of function classes. Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities are studied for some important classes of abstract convex functions, and the concrete results are found [6–9]. For example, increasing convex-along-rays (ICAR) functions, which are defined in , are considered in [8]. First, a correct inequality for these functions is given. For each
there exists a number
such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ1_HTML.gif)
for all
Then, based on previous inequality the following inequality is proven. If , then for all continuous ICAR function
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ2_HTML.gif)
inequality is correct, where
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ3_HTML.gif)
and is the area of domain
Similar inequalities are found for increasing positively homogenous (IPH) functions in [6], for increasing radiant (InR) functions in [9], and for increasing coradiant (ICR) functions in [7].
In this article, first, the theorem which yields inequality (1.1) is proven for ICAR functions defined on , then the other inequalities are generalized, which based on this theorem.
Another generalization is made for . A more covering set
is considered and all results (for IPH, ICR, InR, ICAR functions) are examined for this set.
2. Abstract Convexity and Hermite-Hadamard Type Inequalities
Let be a real line and
. Consider a set
and a set
of functions
defined on
A function
is called abstract convex with respect to
(or
-convex) if there exists a set
such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ4_HTML.gif)
Clearly is
-convex if and only if
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ5_HTML.gif)
Let be a set of functions
A set
is called a supremal generator of the set
if each function
is abstract convex with respect to
2.1. Increasing Positively Homogeneous Functions and Hermite-Hadamard Type Inequalities
A function defined on
is called increasing (with respect to the coordinate-wise order relation) if
implies that
.
The function is positively homogeneous of degree one if
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ6_HTML.gif)
for all and
Let be the set of all min-type functions defined on
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ7_HTML.gif)
that is, the set consists of identical zero and all the functions of the form
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ8_HTML.gif)
with all
One has that a function is
convex if and only if
is increasing and positively homogeneous of degree one (IPH) functions (see [10]).
The Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities are shown for IPH functions by using the following proposition which is very important for IPH functions.
Proposition 2.1.
Let be an IPH function defined on
Then the following inequality holds for all
:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ9_HTML.gif)
Proposition 2.2 can be easily shown by using the Proposition 2.1 (see [6]).
Proposition 2.2.
Let be an IPH function, and let
be integrable on
Then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ10_HTML.gif)
for all and this inequality is sharp.
Unlike the previous work, inequality (2.7) (obtained for IPH functions) and inequalities in the type of (2.7) (will be obtained for different function classes) are going to be inquired for more general the sets not for the
set.
will be certainly different for each function class.
Let be a closed domain, that is,
and let
be positive number. Let
be the set of all points
such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ11_HTML.gif)
where
In the case of will be the set
in [8, 9].
In [6, Proposition 3.2], the proposition has been given for , the same proposition is defined for
as follows, and its proof is similar.
Proposition 2.3.
Let be an IPH function defined on
If the set
is nonempty and
is integrable on
, then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ12_HTML.gif)
We had proved a proposition in [6] by using a function and we get a right-hand side inequality, similar to (2.7).
Proposition 2.4.
Let be an IPH function, and let
be integrable function on
Then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ13_HTML.gif)
For every the inequality
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ14_HTML.gif)
is sharp.
2.2. Increasing Positively Homogeneous Functions and Hermite-Hadamard Type Inequalities
A function is called increasing radiant (InR) function if
(1) is increasing;
(2) is radiant; that is,
for all
, and
Consider the coupling function defined on
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ15_HTML.gif)
Denote by the function defined on
by the formula
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ16_HTML.gif)
It is known that the set
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ17_HTML.gif)
is supremal generator of all increasing radiant functions defined on (see[9])
Note that for we get
.
The very important property for InR functions is given here in after. It can be easily proved.
Proposition 2.5.
Let be an InR function defined on
Then the following inequality holds for all
:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ18_HTML.gif)
By using [9, Proposition 2.5], the following proposition is proved.
Proposition 2.6.
Let be InR functions and integrable on
. Then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ19_HTML.gif)
for all This inequality is sharp for any
since one has the inequality in [9] for
We determine the set for InR functions. Let
be the set of all points
such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ20_HTML.gif)
which is given in [9, Proposition 3.1] can be generalized for .
Proposition 2.7.
Let be an InR function defined on
If the set
is nonempty and
is integrable on
then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ21_HTML.gif)
Proof.
The proof of the proposition can be made in a similar way to the proof in [9, Proposition 3.1].
Now, we will study to achieve right-hand side inequality for InR functions.
First, Let us prove the auxiliary proposition.
Proposition 2.8.
Let be an InR function on
Then the following inequalities hold for all
:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ22_HTML.gif)
where
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ23_HTML.gif)
Proof.
Since is InR function on
then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ24_HTML.gif)
for all From this
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ25_HTML.gif)
That is,
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ26_HTML.gif)
If we consider the definition of then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ27_HTML.gif)
for all
Proposition 2.9.
Let be an InR function and integrable on
,
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ28_HTML.gif)
then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ29_HTML.gif)
holds and is sharp since we get equality for
Proof.
It follows from Proposition 2.8.
Corollary 2.10.
Let be an InR function and integrable on
If
and
for all
then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ30_HTML.gif)
holds and is sharp.
2.3. Increasing Coradiant Functions and Hermit-Hadamard Type Inequalities
A function defined on a cone
is called coradiant if
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ31_HTML.gif)
It is easy to check that is coradiant if and only if
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ32_HTML.gif)
We will consider increasing coradiant (ICR) function defined on the cone
Consider the function defined on
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ33_HTML.gif)
where
Recall that the set
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ34_HTML.gif)
is supremal generator of the class ICR functions defined on (see [10]).
The Hermit-Hadamard type inequalities have been obtained for ICR functions by using the following proposition in [7].
Proposition 2.11.
Let be an ICR function defined on
Then the following inequality holds for all
:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ35_HTML.gif)
Proposition 2.12.
Let be ICR function and integrable on
Then the following inequality holds for all
:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ36_HTML.gif)
and it is sharp.
The set is defined for ICR function, namely,
denotes the set of all points
such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ37_HTML.gif)
Proposition 2.13.
Let be an ICR function on
If the set
is nonempty and
is integrable on
, then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ38_HTML.gif)
Let us define a new function such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ39_HTML.gif)
where is max-type function. By including the new function
, we can achieve right-hand side inequalities for ICR functions, too.
Proposition 2.14.
Let function be an ICR function and integrable on
Then
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ40_HTML.gif)
and for every the inequality
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ41_HTML.gif)
is sharp.
2.4. Increasing Convex Along Rays Functions and Hermit-HadamardType Inequalities
The Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities are studied for ICAR functions in [8]. But only the functions which are defined on are considered.
In this article, the functions which are defined on are considered, and general results are found.
Let be a conic set. A function
is called convex-along-rays if its restriction to each ray starting from zero is a convex function of one variable. In other words, it means that the function
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ42_HTML.gif)
is convex for each
In this paper we consider increasing convex-along- rays (ICARs) functions defined on
It is known that a finite ICAR function is continuous on the and lower semicontinuous on
in [10].
Let us give two theorems which had been proved in [10, Theorems 3.2 and 3.4].
Theorem 2.15.
Let be the class of all functions
defined by
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ43_HTML.gif)
where is a min-type function and
A function
is
-convex if and only if
is lower semicontinuous and ICAR.
Theorem 2.16.
Let be ICAR function, and let
be a point such that
for some
Then the sup differential
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ44_HTML.gif)
is not empty and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ45_HTML.gif)
where
Now, we can define the following theorem which is important to achieve Hermit-Hadamard type inequalities for ICAR functions.
Theorem 2.17.
Let be a finite ICAR function defined on
Then for each
there exists a number
such that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ46_HTML.gif)
for all
Proof.
The result follows directly from Theorem 2.16
We will apply Theorem 2.17 in the study of Hermit-Hadamard type inequalities for ICAR functions.
Proposition 2.18.
Let ,
be ICAR function. Then the following inequality holds for all
:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ47_HTML.gif)
Proof.
It follows from Theorem 2.17.
Formula (2.44) can be made simply with the sets .
Let be a bounded set such that
and
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ48_HTML.gif)
Proposition 2.19.
Let the set be nonempty, and let
be a continuous ICAR function defined on
Then the following inequality holds:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ49_HTML.gif)
Proof.
Let It follows from (2.43) and the definition of
that
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ50_HTML.gif)
Thus
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ51_HTML.gif)
Since is compact (see [8]) and
is continuous (finite ICAR functions is continuous), it follows that the maximum in (2.46) is attained.
Remark 2.20.
Inequalities (2.9), (2.18), (2.35), and (2.46), which are obtained for different convex classes, are actually different, even if they appear to be the same. The reason is that these are determined with the (2.8), (2.17), (2.34), and (2.45) formulas appropriate for the sets of and also yielding different sets.
3. Examples
The results of different classes of convex functions are defined for same triangle region
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ52_HTML.gif)
The inequalities (2.7) and (2.10) have been defined for IPH functions. The inequalities are examined for the region in [6]. If we combine two results, then we get
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ53_HTML.gif)
for all
If we study the set for IPH functions, a point
belongs to
if and only if
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ54_HTML.gif)
That is, the set is intersection with the set
and the parabola by formula (3.3).
Let us consider the InR functions for same region The inequality (2.16) has been examined for
and the following inequality has been obtained in [9]:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ55_HTML.gif)
for all
Let us study on the right-hand side inequality (2.26), which is obtained in this article, for same region , which has been defined as follows:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ56_HTML.gif)
for all
We will separate two sets:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ57_HTML.gif)
such that
In this case, we get
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ58_HTML.gif)
Thus, the inequality (2.26) becomes
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ59_HTML.gif)
for all it is held.
The set can be defined for InR functions such that, a point
belongs to
if and only if
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ60_HTML.gif)
The inequalities (2.33) and (2.35) had been obtained for ICR functions. If these inequalities are examined for the same triangle region then the following inequality is obtained in [7]:
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ61_HTML.gif)
for all
The set has been obtained for ICR functions as formula (2.34). Formula (2.34) becomes formula (3.11) for the triangle region
That is a point
belongs to
if and only if
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ62_HTML.gif)
Lastly, formula (2.44) has been defined for ICAR functions. Now, we will define the same formula for the triangle region :
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ63_HTML.gif)
and the inequality is held for all , where
is parameter which depends on
(see [10]).
ICAR functions had been studied for the set which is determined by formula (2.45). If
in
, then the set
is special case of the given formula (2.8). Then a point
belongs to
if and only if
![](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1155%2F2009%2F943534/MediaObjects/13660_2009_Article_2040_Equ64_HTML.gif)
In other words, belongs to the parabola by formula (3.13).
4. Conclusion
Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities are investigated for specific functions classes. One of these functions classes is abstract convex functions. The deriving Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for IPH, InR, ICR, and ICAR functions, which are important classes of abstract convex functions, are investigated by different authors [6–10].
In this article, this problem is considered entirely; findings from [6–10] are summarized; new results are found for some classes; results of some classes are generalized. For example, all results are found for more general case, not all for
. Even though the results, (2.9), (2.18), (2.35), (2.46), are similar in appearance, they represent different inequalities, since the sets, which are defined with formulas (2.8), (2.17), (2.34), and (2.45), for different classes, are different.
Right-hand side inequalities, which are found for InR functions classes in [9], are considered here as well; more general results are found with the support of functions and explained as Proposition 2.9.
ICAR functions, which are studied in [8], are investigated on here, and results are explained in Proposition 2.18 . The inequality, which is explained in formula (2.44), is a new inequality for these functions classes.
Finally, all the results are explained for the same region given on . Formulas (3.2), (3.8), (3.10), and (3.12) are concrete results of Hermit-Hadamard type inequalities of different abstract convex function classes on given triangle region. Formulas (3.3), (3.9), (3.11), and (3.13) are concrete explanations of
sets in this region.
References
Dragomir SS, Pearce CEM: Quasi-convex functions and Hadamard's inequality. Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 1998,57(3):377–385. 10.1017/S0004972700031786
Dragomir SS, Pečarić J, Persson LE: Some inequalities of Hadamard type. Soochow Journal of Mathematics 1995,21(3):335–341.
Gill PM, Pearce CEM, Pečarić J: Hadamard's inequality for -convex functions. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 1997,215(2):461–470. 10.1006/jmaa.1997.5645
Pearce CEM, Rubinov AM:
-functions, quasi-convex functions, and Hadamard-type inequalities. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 1999,240(1):92–104. 10.1006/jmaa.1999.6593
Rubinov AM, Dutta J: Hadamard type inequality for quasiconvex functions in higher dimensions. Journal of Analysis and Applications 2002, 270: 80–91. 10.1016/S0022-247X(02)00050-1
Adilov GR, Kemali S: Hermite-Hadamard-type inequalities for increasing positively homogeneous functions. Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2007, 2007:-10.
Adilov GR: Increasing co-radiant functions and Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities. to apprear in Mathematical Inequalities and Applications to apprear in Mathematical Inequalities and Applications
Dragomir SS, Dutta J, Rubinov AM: Hermite-Hadamard-type inequalities for increasing convex-along-rays functions. Analysis 2004,24(2):171–181.
Sharikov EV: Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for increasing radiant functions. Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics 2003.,4(2, article 47):
Rubinov A: Abstract Convexity and Global Optimization, Nonconvex Optimization and Its Applications. Volume 44. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands; 2000:xviii+490.
Acknowledgments
The first author was supported by the Scientific Research Project Administration Unit of Mersin University (Turkey). The second author was supported by the Scientific Research Project Administration Unit of Akdeniz University (Turkey).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Adilov, G.R., Kemali, S. Abstract Convexity and Hermite-Hadamard Type Inequalities. J Inequal Appl 2009, 943534 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/943534
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/943534