Tenth order boundary value problem solution existence by fixed point theorem

*Correspondence: nebojsa.nikolic@fon.bg.ac.rs 3Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Abstract In this paper we consider the Green function for a boundary value problem of generic order. For a specific case, the Leray–Schauder form of the fixed point theorem has been used to prove the existence of a solution for this particular equation. Our theoretical approach generalizes, extends, complements, and enriches several results in the existing literature.


Introduction
Boundary value problems of higher order have been examined due to their mathematical importance and applications in diversified applied sciences. The higher-order boundary value problems occur in the study of fluid dynamics, astrophysics, hydrodynamic, hydromagnetic stability, astronomy, beam and long wave theory, induction motors, engineering, and applied physics. Such problems have been studied by many authors. For example, Oderinu [24] applied weighted residual via partition method to obtain a numerical solution for 10th and 12th order linear and nonlinear boundary value problems. Mohyud-Din and Yildirim [22] used modified variational iteration method for solving 9th and 10th order boundary value problems. Iqbal et al. [11] constructed a cubic spline algorithm to approximate 10th order boundary value problems. Noor et al. [23] applied variational iterative method to solve 10th order boundary value problems. Mai-Duy [20] have presented Chebyshev spectral collocation method to solve high-order ordinary differential equations. Islam et al. [13] solved 10th and 12th order linear and nonlinear boundary value problems numerically by the Galerkin weighted residual technique with two point boundary conditions. Akgül et al. [5] have given some reproducing kernel functions to find approximate solutions of 10th order boundary value problems. Jørgensen et al. [15] have presented a hierarchical basis of arbitrary order for integral equations solved with the method of moments (MoM). Akgül et al. [4] implemented reproducing kernel Hilbert space method to obtain approximate solutions to 10th order boundary value problems. Ramadan et al. [25] used homotopy analysis method to solve 7th, 8th, and 10th order boundary value problems. Ramos and Singh [26] have presented a two-step hybrid block method for the numerical integration of ordinary differential initial value systems. Siddiqi and Twizell [30] developed an algorithm to approximate the solutions, and their higherorder derivatives, of differential equations. Siddiqi and Akram [28] found numerical solutions for 10th-order linear special case boundary value problems using an 11th degree spline. The same authors in [29] used a nonpolynomial spline to obtain numerical solutions for 10th order linear special case boundary value problems. Twizell et al. [31] have developed 2nd order finite-difference methods to obtain the numerical solutions for 8th, 10th, and 12th order eigenvalue problems. Wazwaz [32] proposed an algorithm for solving linear and nonlinear boundary value problems with two-point boundary conditions of 10th and 12th order. Ma [19] has given existence and uniqueness theorems based on the Leray-Schauder fixed point theorem for some 4th order nonlinear boundary value problems. Zvyagin and Baranovskii [33] have constructed a topological characteristic to investigate a class of controllable systems. Ahmad and Ntouyas [3] conferred some existence results based on some standard fixed point theorems and Leray-Schauder degree theory for a higher-order nonlinear differential equation with four-point nonlocal integral boundary conditions. In [14], a theorem of coupled fixed point on ordered sets has been proved, and its results have been used to obtain the existence and uniqueness of positive solution for a class of boundary value problems for fractional differential equations with singularities. Afsari et al. [2] introduced some new coupled fixed point theorems which have been used for finding a solution to a fractional differential equation of order α ∈ (0, 1). In [6], generalized α-ψ-contractive mappings have been introduced in metric-like spaces and some fixed point theorems have been proved. Such results are applied to a two-point boundary value problem for 2nd order differential equations. In [17], a new notion of Berinde type (α, ψ) contraction and the existence and uniqueness of a fixed point for such mapping have been proved, and an application to nonlinear fractional differential equation was given. Aydi et al. [7] improved and extended a previous proof for existence and uniqueness for a differential problem with fixed point results by replacing αadmissibility with orbital α-admissibility. In the framework of extended b-metric spaces, Abdeljawad et al. [1] suggested fixed points results to a nonlinear Volterra-Fredholm integral equation and a Caputo fractional derivative differential equation. Karapinar et al. [16] unified existing fixed point results in the literature to show the existence of solutions for 2nd order nonlinear differential equations and Caputo fractional derivative boundary value problem of order β ∈ [1,2]. More about the results related to the fixed point theory can be found in [10] and [21]. Motivated by these studies, we investigate the generic differential equation of order 2n and hence seek results on the existence of solutions for 10th order boundary value problems.

The problem
We consider the generic differential equation of order 2n: with boundary conditions Such equations occur, for instance, when studying the problem of the onset of thermal instability in horizontal layers of fluid heated from below. The temperature gradient, maintained by heating the underside, is adverse since, on account of thermal expansion, the fluid at the bottom will be lighter than the fluid at the top [9].
Define the Green functions G l , G r ∈ C 2n of problem (1), Given the inhomogeneous problem x ∈ [0, 1], f ∈ C[0, 1], together with boundary conditions the Green functions provide solution to (4) in the integral form Those functions are polynomials in x and s to be sought for in the form and where the coefficients a i and b i are polynomials in s. Imposing boundary conditions (2) to Green functions respectively as we conclude that many coefficients a i and b i do not contribute: a 0 = a 1 = · · · = a n-1 = 0 and b n = b n+1 = · · · = b 2n-1 = 0.
Therefore, it is possible to write down equations (7) and (8) in a slightly simplified manner: and where for the coefficients a i the maximal power of s involved is s n-1 , while for the coefficients b i the minimal power of s is s n+1 . The resulting Green functions G l,r (x, s) and their x derivatives are continuous up to order 2n -2 and present the discontinuity of -1 at order 2n -1 because of the Dirac δ function. This concludes the proof of the following lemma: Then the Green function of the problem defined in (4) and (5), obeying equation (3), is given by formulas (13) and (14).

The kernel
In this section we will provide some results obtained by focusing on the particular case of the problem for n = 5.
Define the integral operator T as follows: According to Lemma 2.1, this operator provides a solution of problem defined in (4) and (5) for a generic order n, provided it has a fixed point in X.
We shall make use of the following theorem of [8], [27], the Leray-Schauder form of the fixed point theorem [12], [18]: is an open bounded subset such that 0 ∈ U and T : U → E is a completely continuous operator. Then either T has a fixed point, Tx =x,x ∈ U or there exist an element x ∈ ∂U and a real number λ > 1 such that Tx = λx.
Therefore, in order to establish the existence of a solution, it is necessary to prove that our integral operator T has actually at least an eigenvalue larger than 1, i.e., λ > 1. The following two theorems are devoted to this problem.  1] y(s) 1] y (s) + w(s) ds

2.
There exists a constant k > -1 such that 3. There exists a constant a > 1 such that Then the problem defined in equations (1) and (2) for n = 5 has at least one nontrivial solution x → ξ (x), x ∈ [0, 1] of class C 10 in R.
Proof In order to prove the claim of this theorem in each case, one has to show that the integral operator (20) has A < 1, with A defined in Theorem 4.2.

Conclusion
Generic-order boundary value problem and its 10th order solution existence by means of Leary-Schauder fixed point theorem is the main purpose of the presented paper.