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Three-step Mann iterations for a general system of variational inequalities and an infinite family of nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces

Abstract

In this paper, let X be a uniformly convex Banach space which either is uniformly smooth or has a weakly continuous duality map. We introduce and consider three-step Mann iterations for finding a common solution of a general system of variational inequalities (GSVI) and a fixed point problem (FPP) of an infinite family of nonexpansive mappings in X. Here three-step Mann iterations are based on Korpelevich’s extragradient method, the viscosity approximation method and the Mann iteration method. We prove the strong convergence of this method to a common solution of the GSVI and the FPP, which solves a variational inequality on their common solution set. We also give a weak convergence theorem for three-step Mann iterations involving the GSVI and the FPP in a Hilbert space. The results presented in this paper improve, extend, supplement and develop the corresponding results announced in the earlier and very recent literature.

MSC:49J30, 47H09, 47J20.

1 Introduction

Let X be a real Banach space whose dual space is denoted by X . The normalized duality mapping J:X 2 X is defined by

J(x)= { x X : x , x = x 2 = x 2 } ,xX,

where , denotes the generalized duality pairing. It is an immediate consequence of the Hahn-Banach theorem that J(x) is nonempty for each xX. Let U={xX:x=1} denote the unite sphere of X. A Banach space X is said to be uniformly convex if for each ϵ(0,2], there exists δ>0 such that for all x,yU,

xyϵx+y/21δ.

It is known that a uniformly convex Banach space is reflexive and strictly convex. A Banach space X is said to be smooth if the limit

lim t 0 x + t y x t

exists for all x,yU; in this case, X is also said to have a Gateaux differentiable norm. X is said to have a uniformly Gateaux differentiable norm if for each yU, the limit is attained uniformly for xU. Moreover, it is said to be uniformly smooth if this limit is attained uniformly for x,yU. The norm of X is said to be the Frechet differential if for each xU, this limit is attained uniformly for yU.

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of X, and let T:CC be a nonlinear mapping. Denote by Fix(T) the set of fixed points of T, i.e., Fix(T)={xC:Tx=x}. Recall that T is nonexpansive if TxTyxy for all x,yC. A mapping f:CC is said to be a contraction on C if there exists a constant ρ in (0,1) such that f(x)f(y)ρxy for all x,yC. A mapping A:CX is said to be accretive if for each x,yC there exists j(xy)J(xy) such that AxAy,j(xy)0.

Recently, Yao et al. [1] combined the viscosity approximation method and the Mann iteration method and gave the following hybrid viscosity approximation method.

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real uniformly smooth Banach space X, let T:CC be a nonexpansive mapping such that Fix(T) and f Ξ C with a contractive coefficient ρ(0,1), where Ξ C is the collection of all contractive self-mappings on C. For an arbitrary x 0 C, define { x n } in the following way:

{ y n = α n x n + ( 1 α n ) T x n , x n + 1 = β n f ( x n ) + ( 1 β n ) y n , n 0 ,
(YCY)

where { α n } and { β n } are two sequences in (0,1). They proved under certain control conditions on the sequences { α n } and { β n } that { x n } converges strongly to a fixed point of T. Subsequently, Ceng and Yao [2] under the convergence of no parameter sequences to zero proved that the sequence { x n } generated by (YCY) converges strongly to a fixed point of T. Such a result includes [[1], Theorem 1] as a special case.

Theorem 1.1 (see [[2], Theorem 3.1])

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a uniformly smooth Banach space X. Let T:CC be a nonexpansive mapping with Fix(T) and f Ξ C with a contractive coefficient ρ(0,1). Given sequences { α n } and { β n } in [0,1], the following control conditions are satisfied:

  1. (i)

    0 β n 1ρ, n n 0 for some integer n 0 0;

  2. (ii)

    n = 0 β n =;

  3. (iii)

    0< lim inf n α n lim sup n α n <1;

  4. (iv)

    lim n ( β n + 1 1 ( 1 β n + 1 ) α n + 1 β n 1 ( 1 β n ) α n )=0.

For an arbitrary x 0 C, let { x n } be generated by (YCY). Then

x n q β n ( f ( x n ) x n ) 0,

where qFix(T) solves the VIP

q f ( q ) , J ( q p ) 0,pFix(T).

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real Banach space X, and f Ξ C with a contractive coefficient ρ(0,1). Let { T n } n = 0 be an infinite family of nonexpansive self-mappings on C, and let { λ n } n = 0 be a sequence of nonnegative numbers in [0,1]. For any n0, define a self-mapping W n on C as follows:

{ U n , n + 1 = I , U n , n = λ n T n U n , n + 1 + ( 1 λ n ) I , U n , n 1 = λ n 1 T n 1 U n , n + ( 1 λ n 1 ) I , , U n , k = λ k T k U n , k + 1 + ( 1 λ k ) I , U n , k 1 = λ k 1 T k 1 U n , k + ( 1 λ k 1 ) I , , U n , 1 = λ 1 T 1 U n , 2 + ( 1 λ 1 ) I , W n = U n , 0 = λ 0 T 0 U n , 1 + ( 1 λ 0 ) I .
(CWY)

Such a mapping W n is called the W-mapping generated by T n , T n 1 ,, T 0 and λ n , λ n 1 ,, λ 0 ; see [3].

In 2012, Ceng et al. [4] introduced and analyzed the following hybrid viscosity approximation method for finding a common fixed point of an infinite family of nonexpansive mappings in a strictly convex and reflexive Banach space, which either is uniformly smooth or has a weakly continuous duality map J φ with gauge φ.

Theorem 1.2 (see [[4], Theorem 3.3])

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a reflexive and strictly convex Banach space X. Assume, in addition, that X either is uniformly smooth or has a weakly continuous duality map J φ with gauge φ. Let { T n } n = 0 be an infinite family of nonexpansive self-mappings on C such that the common fixed point set F:= n = 0 Fix( T n ) and f Ξ C with a contractive coefficient ρ(0,1). Given sequences { α n }, { β n } and { λ n } in [0,1], the following conditions are satisfied:

  1. (i)

    0 β n 1ρ, n n 0 for some n 0 0, and n = 0 β n =;

  2. (ii)

    0< lim inf n α n lim sup n α n <1;

  3. (iii)

    lim n ( β n + 1 1 ( 1 β n + 1 ) α n + 1 β n 1 ( 1 β n ) α n )=0;

  4. (iv)

    0< λ n b<1, n0 for some constant b(0,1).

For an arbitrary x 0 C, let { x n } be generated by

{ y n = α n x n + ( 1 α n ) W n x n , x n + 1 = β n f ( x n ) + ( 1 β n ) y n , n 0 ,

where W n is the W-mapping generated by T n , T n 1 ,, T 0 and λ n , λ n 1 ,, λ 0 . Then

x n qF β n ( f ( x n ) x n ) 0.

In this case,

  1. (i)

    if X is uniformly smooth, then qF solves the VIP

    q f ( q ) , J ( q p ) ,pF;
  2. (ii)

    if X has a weakly continuous duality map J φ with gauge φ, then qF solves the VIP

    q f ( q ) , J φ ( q p ) ,pF.

On the other hand, Cai and Bu [5] considered the following general system of variational inequalities (GSVI) in a real smooth Banach space X, which involves finding ( x , y )C×C such that

{ μ 1 B 1 y + x y , J ( x x ) 0 , x C , μ 2 B 2 x + y x , J ( x y ) 0 , x C ,
(1.1)

where C is a nonempty, closed and convex subset of X, B 1 , B 2 :CX are two nonlinear mappings and μ 1 and μ 2 are two positive constants. Here, the set of solutions of GSVI (1.1) is denoted by GSVI(C, B 1 , B 2 ). In particular, if X=H, a real Hilbert space, then GSVI (1.1) reduces to the following GSVI of finding ( x , y )C×C such that

{ μ 1 B 1 y + x y , x x 0 , x C , μ 2 B 2 x + y x , x y 0 , x C ,
(1.2)

which is studied in Ceng et al. [6]. The set of solutions of problem (1.2) is still denoted by GSVI(C, B 1 , B 2 ). In particular, if B 1 = B 2 =A, then problem (1.2) reduces to the new system of variational inequalities (NSVI), introduced and studied by Verma [7]. Further, if x = y additionally, then the NSVI reduces to the classical variational inequality problem (VIP) of finding x C such that

A x , x x 0,xC.
(1.3)

The solution set of VIP (1.3) is denoted by VI(C,A). Variational inequality theory has been studied quite extensively and has emerged as an important tool in the study of a wide class of obstacle, unilateral, free, moving, equilibrium problems. It is now well known that the variational inequalities are equivalent to the fixed point problems, the origin of which can be traced back to Lions and Stampacchia [8]. This alternative formulation has been used to suggest and analyze the projection iterative method for solving variational inequalities under the conditions that the involved operator must be strongly monotone and Lipschitz continuous.

In 1976, Korpelevich [9] proposed an iterative algorithm for solving VIP (1.3) in Euclidean space R n :

{ y n = P C ( x n τ A x n ) , x n + 1 = P C ( x n τ A y n ) , n 0 ,
(1.4)

with τ>0 a given number, which is known as the extragradient method (see also [10, 11]). The literature on the VIP is vast and Korpelevich’s extragradient method has received great attention from many authors, who improved it in various ways; see, e.g., [5, 8, 1229] and references therein, to name but a few.

In particular, whenever X is still a real smooth Banach space, B 1 = B 2 =A and x = y , then GSVI (1.1) reduces to the variational inequality problem (VIP) of finding x C such that

A x , J ( x x ) 0,xC,
(1.5)

which was considered by Aoyama et al. [30]. Note that VIP (1.5) is connected with the fixed point problem for a nonlinear mapping (see, e.g., [31]), the problem of finding a zero point of a nonlinear operator (see, e.g., [32]) and so on. It is clear that VIP (1.5) extends VIP (1.3) from Hilbert spaces to Banach spaces.

In order to find a solution of VIP (1.5), Aoyama et al. [30] introduced the following Mann iterative scheme for an accretive operator A:

x n + 1 = α n x n +(1 α n ) Π C ( x n λ n A x n ),n1,
(1.6)

where Π C is a sunny nonexpansive retraction from X onto C. Then they proved a weak convergence theorem. For related work, please see [33] and the references therein.

Beyond doubt, it is an interesting and valuable problem of constructing some algorithms with strong convergence for solving GSVI (1.1) which contains VIP (1.5) as a special case. Very recently, Cai and Bu [5] constructed an iterative algorithm for solving GSVI (1.1) and a fixed point problem of an infinite family of nonexpansive mappings in a uniformly convex and 2-uniformly smooth Banach space. They proved the strong convergence of the proposed algorithm by virtue of the following inequality in a 2-uniformly smooth Banach space X.

Lemma 1.1 (see [34])

Let X be a 2-uniformly smooth Banach space. Then

x + y 2 x 2 +2 y , J ( x ) +2 κ y 2 ,x,yX,

where κ is the 2-uniformly smooth constant of X and J is the normalized duality mapping from X into X .

Theorem 1.3 (see [[5], Theorem 3.1])

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a uniformly convex and 2-uniformly smooth Banach space X. Let Π C be a sunny nonexpansive retraction from X onto C. Let the mapping B i :CX be β i -inverse-strongly accretive with 0< μ i < β i κ 2 for i=1,2. Let f be a contraction of C into itself with a coefficient ρ(0,1). Let { T n } n = 1 be an infinite family of nonexpansive mappings of C into itself such that F= i = 1 Fix( T i )Ω, where Ω is a fixed point set of the mapping G:= Π C (I μ 1 B 1 ) Π C (I μ 2 B 2 ). For arbitrarily given x 1 C, let { x n } be a sequence generated by

{ y n = α n f ( x n ) + ( 1 α n ) G x n , x n + 1 = β n x n + ( 1 β n ) T n y n , n 1 .

Suppose that { α n } and { β n } are two sequences in (0,1) satisfying the following conditions:

  1. (i)

    lim n α n =0 and n = 1 α n =;

  2. (ii)

    0< lim inf n β n lim sup n β n <1.

Assume that n = 1 sup x D T n + 1 x T n x< for any bounded subset D of C, and let T be a mapping of C into X defined by Tx= lim n T n x for all xC and suppose that Fix(T)= n = 1 Fix( T n ). Then { x n } converges strongly to qF, which solves the following VIP:

q f ( q ) , J ( q p ) 0,pF.

For the convenience of implementing the argument techniques in [6], the authors [5] used the following inequality in a real smooth and uniform convex Banach space X.

Proposition 1.1 (see [35])

Let X be a real smooth and uniform convex Banach space, and let r>0. Then there exists a strictly increasing, continuous and convex function g:[0,2r]R, g(0)=0 such that

g ( x y ) x 2 2 x , J ( y ) + y 2 ,x,y B r ,

where B r ={xX:xr}.

In this paper, let X be a uniformly convex Banach space which either is uniformly smooth or has a weakly continuous duality map. Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of X, Π C be a sunny nonexpansive retraction from X onto C and f Ξ C with a contractive coefficient ρ(0,1). Motivated and inspired by the research going on in this area, we introduce and analyze three-step Mann iterations for finding a common solution of GSVI (1.1) and a fixed point problem (FPP) of an infinite family of nonexpansive self-mappings on C. Here, three-step Mann iterations are based on Korpelevich’s extragradient method, the viscosity approximation method and the Mann iteration method. We prove the strong convergence of this method to a common solution of GSVI (1.1) and the FPP, which solves a variational inequality on their common solution set. We also give a weak convergence theorem for three-step Mann iterations involving GSVI (1.2) and the FPP in the case of X=H, a Hilbert space. The results presented in this paper improve, extend, supplement and develop the corresponding results announced in the earlier and very recent literature; see, e.g., [2, 46, 29].

2 Preliminaries

Let X be a real Banach space. We define a function ρ:[0,)[0,) called the modulus of smoothness of X as follows:

ρ(τ)=sup { 1 2 ( x + y + x y ) 1 : x , y X , x = 1 , y = τ } .

It is known that X is uniformly smooth if and only if lim τ 0 ρ(τ)/τ=0. Let q be a fixed real number with 1<q2. Then a Banach space X is said to be q-uniformly smooth if there exists a constant c>0 such that ρ(τ)c τ q for all τ>0. As pointed out in [36], no Banach space is q-uniformly smooth for q>2. In addition, it is also known that J is single-valued if and only if X is smooth, whereas if X is uniformly smooth, then the mapping J is norm-to-norm uniformly continuous on bounded subsets of X. If X has a uniformly Gateaux differentiable norm, then the duality mapping J is norm-to-weak uniformly continuous on bounded subsets of X. We use the notation to indicate the weak convergence and → to indicate the strong convergence.

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of X. Recall that a mapping A:CX is said to be

  1. (i)

    α-strongly accretive if for each x,yC, there exists j(xy)J(xy) such that

    A x A y , j ( x y ) α x y 2

    for some α(0,1);

  2. (ii)

    β-inverse-strongly-accretive if for each x,yC, there exists j(xy)J(xy) such that

    A x A y , j ( x y ) β A x A y 2

    for some β>0;

  3. (iii)

    λ-strictly pseudocontractive [37] (see also [38]) if for each x,yC, there exists j(xy)J(xy) such that

    A x A y , j ( x y ) x y 2 λ x y ( A x A y ) 2

    for some λ(0,1).

It is worth emphasizing that the definition of the inverse strongly accretive mapping is based on that of the inverse strongly monotone mapping, which was studied by so many authors; see, e.g., [17, 39, 40].

We list some lemmas that will be used in the sequel. Lemma 2.1 can be found in [41]. Lemma 2.2 is an immediate consequence of the subdifferential inequality of the function 1 2 2 .

Lemma 2.1 Let { s n } be a sequence of nonnegative real numbers satisfying the condition

s n + 1 (1 μ n ) s n + μ n ν n ,n0,

where { μ n } and { ν n } are sequences of real numbers such that

  1. (i)

    { μ n }[0,1] and n = 0 μ n =, or equivalently,

    n = 0 (1 μ n ):= lim n k = 0 n (1 μ k )=0;
  2. (ii)

    lim sup n ν n 0, or n = 0 μ n | ν n |<.

Then lim sup n s n =0.

Lemma 2.2 (see [42])

Let X be a real Banach space and J be the normalized duality map on X. Then, for any given x,yX, the following inequality holds:

x + y 2 x 2 +2 y , j ( x + y ) ,j(x+y)J(x+y).

Let D be a subset of C, and let Π be a mapping of C into D. Then Π is said to be sunny if

Π [ Π ( x ) + t ( x Π ( x ) ) ] =Π(x),

whenever Π(x)+t(xΠ(x))C for xC and t0. A mapping Π of C into itself is called a retraction if Π 2 =Π. If a mapping Π of C into itself is a retraction, then Π(z)=z for every zR(Π), where R(Π) is the range of Π. A subset D of C is called a sunny nonexpansive retract of C if there exists a sunny nonexpansive retraction from C onto D.

The following lemma concerns the sunny nonexpansive retraction.

Lemma 2.3 (see [43])

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real smooth Banach space X. Let D be a nonempty subset of C. Let Π be a retraction of C onto D. Then the following are equivalent:

  1. (i)

    Π is sunny and nonexpansive;

  2. (ii)

    Π ( x ) Π ( y ) 2 xy,J(Π(x)Π(y)), x,yC;

  3. (iii)

    xΠ(x),J(yΠ(x))0, xC, yD.

It is well known that if X=H, a Hilbert space, then a sunny nonexpansive retraction Π C is coincident with the metric projection from X onto C; that is, Π C = P C . If C is a nonempty closed convex subset of a strictly convex and uniformly smooth Banach space X and if T:CC is a nonexpansive mapping with the fixed point set Fix(T), then the set Fix(T) is a sunny nonexpansive retract of C.

Lemma 2.4 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a smooth Banach space X. Let Π C be a sunny nonexpansive retraction from X onto C, and let B 1 , B 2 :CX be nonlinear mappings. For given x , y C, ( x , y ) is a solution of GSVI (1.1) if and only if x = Π C ( y μ 1 B 1 y ), where y = Π C ( x μ 2 B 2 x ).

Proof We can rewrite GSVI (1.1) as

{ x ( y μ 1 B 1 y ) , J ( x x ) 0 , x C , y ( x μ 2 B 2 x ) , J ( x y ) 0 , x C ,

which is obviously equivalent to

{ x = Π C ( y μ 1 B 1 y ) , y = Π C ( x μ 2 B 2 x )

because of Lemma 2.3. This completes the proof. □

In terms of Lemma 2.4, we observe that

x = Π C [ Π C ( x μ 2 B 2 x ) μ 1 B 1 Π C ( x μ 2 B 2 x ) ] ,

which implies that x is a fixed point of the mapping G. Throughout this paper, the set of fixed points of the mapping G is denoted by Ω.

Lemma 2.5 (see [44])

Let X be a uniformly smooth Banach space, C be a nonempty closed convex subset of X, T:CC be a nonexpansive mapping with Fix(T), and f Ξ C . Then the net { x t } defined by x t =tf( x t )+(1t)T x t , t(0,1), converges strongly to a point in Fix(T). If we define a mapping Q: Ξ C Fix(T) by Q(f):=s lim t 0 x t , f Ξ C , then Q(f) solves the VIP

( I f ) Q ( f ) , J ( Q ( f ) p ) 0,pFix(T).

In particular, if f=uC is a constant, then the map uQ(u) is reduced to the sunny nonexpansive retraction of Reich type from C onto Fix(T), i.e.,

Q ( u ) u , J ( Q ( u ) p ) 0,pFix(T).

Recall that a gauge is a continuous strictly increasing function φ:[0,)[0,) such that φ(0)=0 and φ(t) as t. Associated to the gauge φ is the duality map J φ :X 2 X defined by

J φ (x)= { x X : x , x = x φ ( x ) , x = φ ( x ) } ,xX.

We say that a Banach space X has a weakly continuous duality map if there exists a gauge φ for which the duality map J φ is single-valued and weak-to-weak sequentially continuous. It is known that l p has a weakly continuous duality map with gauge φ(t)= t p 1 for all 1<p<. Set

Φ(t)= 0 t φ(τ)dτ,t0.

Then J φ (x)=Φ(x) for all xX, where denotes the subdifferential in the sense of convex analysis; see [42] for more details.

The first part of the following lemma is an immediate consequence of the subdifferential inequality, and the proof of the second part can be found in [45].

Lemma 2.6 Assume that X has a weakly continuous duality map J φ with gauge φ.

  1. (i)

    For all x,yX, the following inequality holds:

    Φ ( x + y ) Φ ( x ) + y , J φ ( x + y ) .
  2. (ii)

    Assume that a sequence { x n } in X is weakly convergent to a point x. Then the following identity holds:

    lim sup n Φ ( x n y ) = lim sup n Φ ( x n x ) +Φ ( y x ) ,yX.

Lemma 2.7 ([[31], Theorem 3.1 and its proof])

Let X be a reflexive Banach space and have a weakly continuous duality map J φ with gauge φ, let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of X, let T:CC be a nonexpansive mapping with Fix(T), and let f Ξ C . Then { x t } defined by x t =tf( x t )+(1t)T x t , t(0,1), converges strongly to a point in Fix(T) as t 0 + . Define Q: Ξ C Fix(T) by Q(f):=s lim t 0 + x t . Then Q(f) solves the variational inequality

( I f ) Q ( f ) , J φ ( Q ( f ) p ) 0,pFix(T).

In particular, if f=uC is a constant, then the map uQ(u) is reduced to the sunny nonexpansive retraction of Reich type from C onto Fix(T), i.e.,

Q ( u ) u , J φ ( Q ( u ) p ) 0,pFix(T).

Recall that X satisfies Opial’s property [46] provided, for each sequence { x n } in X, the condition x n x implies

lim sup n x n x< lim sup n x n y,yX,yx.

It is known in [46] that each l p (1p<) enjoys this property, while L p does not unless p=2. It is known in [47] that every separable Banach space can be equivalently renormed so that it satisfies Opial’s property. We denote by ω w ( x n ) the weak ω-limit set of { x n }, i.e.,

ω w ( x n )= { x ¯ X : x n i x ¯  for some subsequence  { x n i }  of  { x n } } .
(2.1)

Also, recall that in a Hilbert space H, the following equality holds:

λ x + ( 1 λ ) y 2 =λ x 2 +(1λ) y 2 λ(1λ) x y 2 ,x,yH,λ[0,1].
(2.2)

Lemma 2.8 (see [48])

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a strictly convex Banach space X. Let { T n } n = 0 be a sequence of nonexpansive mappings on C. Suppose that n = 0 Fix( T n ) is nonempty. Let { λ n } be a sequence of positive numbers with n = 0 λ n =1. Then a mapping S on C defined by Sx= n = 0 λ n T n x for xC is defined well, nonexpansive and Fix(S)= n = 0 Fix( T n ) holds.

Lemma 2.9 (see [30])

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a smooth Banach space X. Let Π C be a sunny nonexpansive retraction from X onto C, and let A:CX be an accretive mapping. Then, for all λ>0,

VI(C,A)=Fix ( Π C ( I λ A ) ) .

Lemma 2.10 (see [[49], Lemma 3.2])

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a strictly convex Banach space X. Let { T n } n = 0 be a sequence of nonexpansive self-mappings on C such that n = 0 Fix( T n ), and let { λ n } n = 0 be a sequence of positive numbers in (0,b] for some b(0,1). Then, for every xC and k0, the limit lim n U n , k x exists.

Using Lemma 2.10, one can define a mapping W:CC as follows:

Wx= lim n W n x= lim n U n , 0 x,xC.
(2.3)

Such W is called the W-mapping generated by the sequences { T n } n = 0 and { λ n } n = 0 . Throughout this paper, we always assume that { λ n } n = 0 is a sequence of positive numbers in (0,b] for some b(0,1).

Lemma 2.11 (see [[49], Lemma 3.3])

Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a strictly convex Banach space X. Let { T n } n = 0 be a sequence of nonexpansive self-mappings on C such that n = 0 Fix( T n ), and let { λ n } n = 0 be a sequence of positive numbers in (0,b] for some b(0,1). Then Fix(W)= n = 0 Fix( T n ).

Lemma 2.12 (see [[50], Lemma 2])

Let { x n } and { z n } be bounded sequences in a Banach space X, and let { β n } be a sequence of nonnegative numbers in [0,1] with 0< lim inf n β n lim sup n β n <1. Suppose that x n + 1 = β n x n +(1 β n ) z n for all integers n0 and lim sup n ( z n + 1 z n x n + 1 x n )0. Then lim n x n z n =0.

Lemma 2.13 (see [34])

Given a number r>0. A real Banach space X is uniformly convex if and only if there exists a continuous strictly increasing function g:[0,)[0,), g(0)=0 such that

λ x + ( 1 λ ) y 2 λ x 2 +(1λ) y 2 λ(1λ)g ( x y )

for all λ[0,1] and x,yX such that xr and yr.

We will also use the following elementary lemmas in the sequel.

Lemma 2.14 (see [51])

Let { a n } and { b n } be the sequences of nonnegative real numbers such that n = 0 b n < and a n + 1 a n + b n for all n0. Then lim n a n exists.

Lemma 2.15 (Demiclosedness principle [42])

Assume that T is a nonexpansive self-mapping of a nonempty closed convex subset C of a Hilbert space H. If T has a fixed point, then IT is demiclosed. That is, whenever x n x in C and (IT) x n y in H, it follows that (IT)x=y. Here, I is the identity operator of H.

3 Main results

In this section, in order to prove our main results, we will use the following useful lemmas whose proofs will be omitted since they can be proved by standard arguments.

Lemma 3.1 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a smooth Banach space X, and let the mapping B i :CX be ζ i -strictly pseudocontractive and η i -strongly accretive with ζ i + η i 1 for i=1,2. Then, for μ i (0,1], we have

( I μ i B i ) x ( I μ i B i ) y { 1 η i ζ i + ( 1 μ i ) ( 1 + 1 ζ i ) } xy,x,yC

for i=1,2. In particular, if 1 ζ i 1 + ζ i (1 1 η i ζ i ) μ i 1, then I μ i B i is nonexpansive for i=1,2.

Lemma 3.2 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a smooth Banach space X. Let Π C be a sunny nonexpansive retraction from X onto C, and let the mapping B i :CX be ζ i -strictly pseudocontractive and η i -strongly accretive with ζ i + η i 1 for i=1,2. Let G:CC be the mapping defined by

G(x)= Π C [ Π C ( x μ 2 B 2 x ) μ 1 B 1 Π C ( x μ 2 B 2 x ) ] ,xC.

If 1 ζ i 1 + ζ i (1 1 η i ζ i ) μ i 1, then G:CC is nonexpansive.

We now state and prove the main result of this paper.

Theorem 3.1 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a uniformly convex Banach space X. Assume, in addition, that X either is uniformly smooth or has a weakly continuous duality map J φ with gauge φ. Let Π C be a sunny nonexpansive retraction from X onto C. Let the mapping B i :CX be ζ i -strictly pseudocontractive and η i -strongly accretive with ζ i + η i 1 for i=1,2. Let f Ξ C with a contractive coefficient ρ(0,1). Let { λ n } n = 0 be a sequence of positive numbers in (0,b] for some b(0,1) and { T n } n = 0 be an infinite family of nonexpansive self-mappings on C such that F:= n = 0 Fix( T n )Ω, where Ω is the fixed point set of the mapping G= Π C (I μ 1 B 1 ) Π C (I μ 2 B 2 ) with 1 ζ i 1 + ζ i (1 1 η i ζ i ) μ i 1 for i=1,2. For an arbitrary x 0 C, let { x n } be generated by

{ z n = σ n x n + ( 1 σ n ) G x n , y n = α n x n + ( 1 α n ) W n z n , x n + 1 = β n f ( x n ) + ( 1 β n ) y n , n 0 ,
(3.1)

where W n is the W-mapping generated by T n , T n 1 ,, T 0 and λ n , λ n 1 ,, λ 0 , and { α n }, { β n } and { σ n } are sequences in [0,1]. Suppose that the following conditions hold:

  1. (i)

    0 β n 1ρ, n n 0 for some n 0 0, and n = 0 β n =;

  2. (ii)

    lim n | β n + 1 1 ( 1 β n + 1 ) α n + 1 β n 1 ( 1 β n ) α n |=0 and lim n | σ n + 1 σ n |=0;

  3. (iii)

    0< lim inf n α n lim sup n α n <1;

  4. (iv)

    0< lim inf n σ n lim sup n σ n <1.

Then

x n qF β n ( f ( x n ) x n ) 0.

In this case,

  1. (i)

    if X is uniformly smooth, then qF solves the VIP

    q f ( q ) , J ( q p ) ,pF;
  2. (ii)

    if X has a weakly continuous duality map J φ with gauge φ, then qF solves the VIP

    q f ( q ) , J φ ( q p ) 0,pF.

Proof First of all, let us show that { x n } is bounded. Indeed, taking an element pF= n = 0 Fix( T n )Ω arbitrarily, we obtain that Gp=p and p= W n p for all n0. By Lemma 3.2, we know that G is nonexpansive. It follows from the nonexpansivity of G and W n that

z n p σ n x n p + ( 1 σ n ) G x n p x n p , y n p α n x n p + ( 1 α n ) W n z n p y n p α n x n p + ( 1 α n ) z n p y n p α n x n p + ( 1 α n ) x n p y n p = x n p

and

x n + 1 p β n f ( x n ) p + ( 1 β n ) y n p β n ( f ( x n ) f ( p ) + f ( p ) p ) + ( 1 β n ) x n p β n ( ρ x n p + f ( p ) p ) + ( 1 β n ) x n p = ( 1 ( 1 ρ ) β n ) x n p + β n f ( p ) p max { x n p , f ( p ) p 1 ρ } .

By induction, we have

x n pmax { x 0 p , f ( p ) p 1 ρ } ,n0.

Hence { x n } is bounded, and so are the sequences { y n }, { z n }, {G x n }, { W n z n } and {f( x n )}.

Suppose that x n qF as n. Then q=Gq and q= W n q for all n0. From (3.1) it follows that

z n q σ n x n q + ( 1 σ n ) G x n q σ n x n q + ( 1 σ n ) x n q = x n q

and

y n q α n x n q + ( 1 α n ) W n z n q α n x n q + ( 1 α n ) z n q α n x n q + ( 1 α n ) x n q = x n q 0 ( n ) ,

that is, x n q. Again from (3.1) we obtain that

β n ( f ( x n ) x n ) = x n + 1 x n ( 1 β n ) ( y n x n ) x n + 1 x n + ( 1 β n ) y n x n 0 .

Conversely, suppose that β n (f( x n ) x n )0 (n). Put γ n =(1 β n ) α n for each n0. Then it follows from conditions (i) and (iii) that

α n γ n =(1 β n ) α n ( 1 ( 1 ρ ) ) α n =ρ α n ,n n 0 ,

and hence

0< lim inf n γ n lim sup n γ n <1.
(3.2)

Define z ˆ n by

x n + 1 = γ n x n +(1 γ n ) z ˆ n ,n0.
(3.3)

Observe that

z ˆ n + 1 z ˆ n = x n + 2 γ n + 1 x n + 1 1 γ n + 1 x n + 1 γ n x n 1 γ n = β n + 1 f ( x n + 1 ) + ( 1 β n + 1 ) y n + 1 γ n + 1 x n + 1 1 γ n + 1 β n f ( x n ) + ( 1 β n ) y n γ n x n 1 γ n = ( β n + 1 f ( x n + 1 ) 1 γ n + 1 β n f ( x n ) 1 γ n ) ( 1 β n ) [ α n x n + ( 1 α n ) W n z n ] γ n x n 1 γ n + ( 1 β n + 1 ) [ α n + 1 x n + 1 + ( 1 α n + 1 ) W n + 1 z n + 1 ] γ n + 1 x n + 1 1 γ n + 1 = ( β n + 1 f ( x n + 1 ) 1 γ n + 1 β n f ( x n ) 1 γ n ) + ( 1 β n + 1 ) ( 1 α n + 1 ) W n + 1 z n + 1 1 γ n + 1 ( 1 β n ) ( 1 α n ) W n z n 1 γ n = ( β n + 1 f ( x n + 1 ) 1 γ n + 1 β n f ( x n ) 1 γ n ) + ( W n + 1 z n + 1 W n z n ) β n + 1 1 γ n + 1 W n + 1 z n + 1 + β n 1 γ n W n z n = ( β n + 1 1 γ n + 1 β n 1 γ n ) f ( x n + 1 ) + β n 1 γ n ( f ( x n + 1 ) f ( x n ) ) + ( W n + 1 z n + 1 W n z n ) ( β n + 1 1 γ n + 1 β n 1 γ n ) W n + 1 z n + 1 ( W n + 1 z n + 1 W n z n ) β n 1 γ n = ( β n + 1 1 γ n + 1 β n 1 γ n ) ( f ( x n + 1 ) W n + 1 z n + 1 ) + β n 1 γ n ( f ( x n + 1 ) f ( x n ) ) + 1 γ n β n 1 γ n ( W n + 1 z n + 1 W n z n ) .

It follows that

z ˆ n + 1 z ˆ n | β n + 1 1 γ n + 1 β n 1 γ n | f ( x n + 1 ) W n + 1 z n + 1 + β n 1 γ n f ( x n + 1 ) f ( x n ) + 1 γ n β n 1 γ n W n + 1 z n + 1 W n z n | β n + 1 1 γ n + 1 β n 1 γ n | ( f ( x n + 1 ) + W n + 1 z n + 1 ) + ρ β n 1 γ n x n + 1 x n + 1 γ n β n 1 γ n ( W n + 1 z n + 1 W n + 1 z n + W n + 1 z n W n z n ) | β n + 1 1 γ n + 1 β n 1 γ n | ( f ( x n + 1 ) + W n + 1 z n + 1 ) + ρ β n 1 γ n x n + 1 x n + 1 γ n β n 1 γ n ( z n + 1 z n + W n + 1 z n W n z n ) .
(3.4)

In the meantime, simple calculations show that

z n + 1 z n = σ n + 1 ( x n + 1 x n )+(1 σ n + 1 )(G x n + 1 G x n )+( σ n + 1 σ n )( x n G x n ),

which hence yields

z n + 1 z n σ n + 1 x n + 1 x n + ( 1 σ n + 1 ) G x n + 1 G x n + | σ n + 1 σ n | x n G x n σ n + 1 x n + 1 x n + ( 1 σ n + 1 ) x n + 1 x n + | σ n + 1 σ n | x n G x n = x n + 1 x n + | σ n + 1 σ n | x n G x n .
(3.5)

Taking into account the nonexpansivity of T k and U n , k , from (CWY) we have

W n + 1 z n W n z n = λ 0 T 0 U n + 1 , 1 z n λ 0 T 0 U n , 1 z n λ 0 U n + 1 , 1 z n U n , 1 z n = λ 0 λ 1 T 1 U n + 1 , 2 z n λ 1 T 1 U n , 2 z n λ 0 λ 1 U n + 1 , 2 z n U n , 2 z n λ 0 λ 1 λ n U n + 1 , n + 1 z n U n , n + 1 z n = λ 0 λ 1 λ n + 1 T n + 1 z n z n M 0 k = 0 n + 1 λ k ,
(3.6)

where sup n 0 T n + 1 z n z n M 0 for some M 0 >0. Thus, from (3.4), (3.5) and (3.6), we get

z ˆ n + 1 z ˆ n | β n + 1 1 γ n + 1 β n 1 γ n | ( f ( x n + 1 ) + W n + 1 z n + 1 ) + ρ β n 1 γ n x n + 1 x n + 1 γ n β n 1 γ n ( x n + 1 x n + | σ n + 1 σ n | x n G x n + M 0 k = 0 n + 1 λ k ) x n + 1 x n + | β n + 1 1 γ n + 1 β n 1 γ n | ( f ( x n + 1 ) + W n + 1 z n + 1 ) + | σ n + 1 σ n | x n G x n + M 0 k = 0 n + 1 λ k x n + 1 x n + M ( | β n + 1 1 γ n + 1 β n 1 γ n | + | σ n + 1 σ n | + k = 0 n + 1 λ k ) ,

where sup n 0 {f( x n )+ W n z n +G x n + x n + M 0 }M for some M>0. Then it immediately follows that

z ˆ n + 1 z ˆ n x n + 1 x n M ( | β n + 1 1 γ n + 1 β n 1 γ n | + | σ n + 1 σ n | + k = 0 n + 1 λ k ) .

From condition (ii) and 0< λ k b<1, k0, we deduce that

lim sup n ( z ˆ n + 1 z ˆ n x n + 1 x n ) 0.

Hence by Lemma 2.12 we have

lim n z ˆ n x n =0.

It follows from (3.2) and (3.3) that

lim n x n + 1 x n = lim n (1 γ n ) z ˆ n x n =0.

From (3.1) we have

x n + 1 x n = β n ( f ( x n ) x n ) +(1 β n )( y n x n ).

This implies that

ρ y n x n ( 1 β n ) y n x n = x n + 1 x n β n ( f ( x n ) x n ) x n + 1 x n + β n ( f ( x n ) x n ) .

Since x n + 1 x n 0 and β n (f( x n ) x n )0, we get

lim n y n x n =0.
(3.7)

Observe that

y n x n =(1 α n )( W n z n x n ).
(3.8)

It follows from condition (iii), (3.7) and (3.8) that

lim n x n W n z n =0.
(3.9)

Also, utilizing Lemma 2.13, we obtain from (3.1) that for pF

z n p 2 = σ n ( x n p ) + ( 1 σ n ) ( G x n p ) 2 σ n x n p 2 + ( 1 σ n ) G x n p 2 σ n ( 1 σ n ) g ( x n G x n ) σ n x n p 2 + ( 1 σ n ) x n p 2 σ n ( 1 σ n ) g ( x n G x n ) = x n p 2 σ n ( 1 σ n ) g ( x n G x n ) ,

and hence

y n p 2 α n x n p 2 + ( 1 α n ) W n z n p 2 α n x n p 2 + ( 1 α n ) z n p 2 α n x n p 2 + ( 1 α n ) [ x n p 2 σ n ( 1 σ n ) g ( x n G x n ) ] = x n p 2 ( 1 α n ) σ n ( 1 σ n ) g ( x n G x n ) .

Thus, we get

( 1 α n ) σ n ( 1 σ n ) g ( x n G x n ) x n p 2 y n p 2 ( x n p + y n p ) x n y n .

From (3.7), conditions (iii), (iv) and the boundedness of { x n } and { y n }, it follows that

lim n g ( x n G x n ) =0.

Utilizing the properties of g, we have

lim n x n G x n =0.
(3.10)

This immediately implies that

lim n z n x n = lim n (1 σ n )G x n x n =0.
(3.11)

Note that

x n W n x n x n W n z n + W n z n W n x n x n W n z n + z n x n ,

which together with (3.9) and (3.11) implies that

lim n x n W n x n =0.

Also, note that

W x n x n W x n W n x n + W n x n x n .

From [[52], Remark 2.2] (see also [[53], Remark 3.1]), we have

lim n W x n W n x n =0.

It follows that

lim n W x n x n =0.
(3.12)

In terms of (2.3) and Lemma 2.11, W:CC is a nonexpansive mapping such that Fix(W)= n = 0 Fix( T n ). Define a mapping Vx=(1θ)Wx+θGx, where θ is a constant in (0,1). Then by Lemma 2.8, we have that Fix(V)=Fix(W)Fix(G)=F. Moreover, from (3.10) and (3.12), we get

V x n x n (1θ)W x n x n +θG x n x n 0,

that is,

lim n V x n x n =0.
(3.13)

In the following, we discuss two cases.

(i) Firstly, suppose that X is uniformly smooth. Let x t be the unique fixed point of the contraction mapping T t given by

T t x=tf(x)(1t)Vx,t(0,1).

By Lemma 2.5, we can define q:=s lim t 0 + x t , and qFix(V)=F solves the VIP

q f ( q ) , J ( q p ) ,pF.

Let us show that

lim sup n f ( q ) q , J ( x n q ) 0.
(3.14)

Note that

x t x n =t ( f ( x t ) x n ) +(1t)(V x t x n ).

Applying Lemma 2.2, we derive

x t x n 2 ( 1 t ) 2 V x t x n 2 + 2 t f ( x t ) x n , J ( x t x n ) ( 1 t ) 2 ( V x t V x n + V x n x n ) 2 + 2 t f ( x t ) x t , J ( x t x n ) + 2 t x t x n 2 ( 1 t ) 2 x t x n 2 + a n ( t ) + 2 t f ( x t ) x t , J ( x t x n ) + 2 t x t x n 2 ,

where

a n (t)=V x n x n ( 2 x t x n + V x n x n ) 0 ( due to  ( 3.13 ) ) .

The last inequality implies

x t f ( x t ) , J ( x t x n ) t 2 x t x n 2 + 1 2 t a n (t).

It follows that

lim sup n x t f ( x t ) , J ( x t x n ) M 1 t 2 ,
(3.15)

where M 1 >0 is a constant such that M 1 x t x n 2 for all n0 and small enough t(0,1). Taking the lim sup as t 0 + in (3.15) and noticing the fact that the two limits are interchangeable due to the fact that the duality map J is uniformly norm-to-norm continuous on any bounded subset of X, we get (3.14).

Now, let us show that x n q as n.

Indeed, utilizing Lemma 2.2, we obtain from (3.1) that

z n q 2 σ n x n q 2 + ( 1 σ n ) G x n q 2 x n q 2 , y n q 2 α n x n q 2 + ( 1 α n ) W n z n q 2 y n q 2 α n x n q 2 + ( 1 α n ) z n q 2 y n q 2 α n x n q 2 + ( 1 α n ) x n q 2 y n q 2 = x n q 2 ,
(3.16)

and hence

x n + 1 q 2 = β n ( f ( x n ) f ( q ) ) + ( 1 β n ) ( y n q ) + β n ( f ( q ) q ) 2 β n ( f ( x n ) f ( q ) ) + ( 1 β n ) ( y n q ) 2 + 2 β n f ( q ) q , J ( x n + 1 q ) β n f ( x n ) f ( q ) 2 + ( 1 β n ) y n q 2 + 2 β n f ( q ) q , J ( x n + 1 q ) β n ρ x n q 2 + ( 1 β n ) x n q 2 + 2 β n f ( q ) q , J ( x n + 1 q ) = ( 1 ( 1 ρ ) β n ) x n q 2 + 2 β n f ( q ) q , J ( x n + 1 q ) = ( 1 ( 1 ρ ) β n ) x n q 2 + ( 1 ρ ) β n 2 f ( q ) q , J ( x n + 1 q ) 1 ρ .
(3.17)

Therefore, applying Lemma 2.1 to (3.17), we conclude from (3.14) and condition (i) that x n q as n.

(ii) Secondly, suppose that X has a weakly continuous duality map J φ with gauge φ. Let x t be the unique fixed point of the contraction mapping T t given by

T t x=tf(x)+(1t)Vx,t(0,1).

By Lemma 2.7, we can define q:=s lim t 0 + x t , and qFix(V)=F solves the VIP

q f ( q ) , J φ ( q p ) 0,pF.
(3.18)

Let us show that

lim sup n f ( q ) q , J φ ( x n q ) 0.
(3.19)

We take a subsequence { x n k } of { x n } such that

lim sup n f ( q ) q , J φ ( x n q ) = lim k f ( q ) q , J φ ( x n k q ) .
(3.20)

Since X is reflexive and { x n } is bounded, we may further assume that x n k x ¯ for some x ¯ C. Since J φ is weakly continuous, utilizing Lemma 2.6(ii), we have

lim sup k Φ ( x n k x ) = lim sup k Φ ( x n k x ¯ ) +Φ ( x x ¯ ) ,xX.

Put Γ(x)= lim sup k Φ( x n k x), xX. It follows that

Γ(x)=Γ( x ¯ )+Φ ( x x ¯ ) ,xX.

From (3.13), we have

Γ ( V x ¯ ) = lim sup k Φ ( x n k V x ¯ ) = lim sup k Φ ( V x n k V x ¯ ) lim sup k Φ ( x n k x ¯ ) = Γ ( x ¯ ) .
(3.21)

Furthermore, observe that

Γ(V x ¯ )=Γ( x ¯ )+Φ ( V x ¯ x ¯ ) .
(3.22)

Combining (3.21) with (3.22), we obtain

Φ ( V x ¯ x ¯ ) 0.

Hence V x ¯ = x ¯ and x ¯ Fix(V)=F. Thus, from (3.18) and (3.20), it is easy to see that

lim sup n f ( q ) q , J φ ( x n q ) = f ( q ) q , J φ ( x ¯ q ) 0.

Therefore, we deduce that (3.19) holds.

Next, let us show that x n q as n. Indeed, utilizing Lemma 2.6(i), we obtain from (3.1) that

z n q σ n x n q + ( 1 σ n ) G x n q x n q , y n q α n x n q + ( 1 α n ) W n z n q y n q α n x n q + ( 1 α n ) z n q y n q x n q ,

and hence

Φ ( x n + 1 q ) = Φ ( β n ( f ( x n ) q ) + ( 1 β n ) ( y n q ) ) = Φ ( β n ( f ( x n ) f ( q ) ) + ( 1 β n ) ( y n q ) + β n ( f ( q ) q ) ) Φ ( β n ( f ( x n ) f ( q ) ) + ( 1 β n ) ( y n q ) ) + β n f ( q ) q , J φ ( x n + 1 q ) Φ ( β n f ( x n ) f ( q ) + ( 1 β n ) y n q ) + β n f ( q ) q , J φ ( x n + 1 q ) Φ ( β n ρ x n q + ( 1 β n ) x n q ) + β n f ( q ) q , J φ ( x n + 1 q ) ( 1 ( 1 ρ ) β n ) Φ ( x n q ) + β n f ( q ) q , J φ ( x n + 1 q ) = ( 1 ( 1 ρ ) β n ) Φ ( x n q ) + ( 1 ρ ) β n f ( q ) q , J φ ( x n + 1 q ) 1 ρ .
(3.23)

Applying Lemma 2.1 to (3.23), we conclude from (3.19) and condition (i) that

Φ ( x n q ) 0(n),

which implies that x n q0 (n), i.e., x n q (n). This completes the proof. □

Corollary 3.1 The conclusion in Theorem  3.1 still holds, provided the conditions (i)-(iv) are replaced by the following:

  1. (i)

    0 β n 1ρ, n n 0 for some n 0 0;

  2. (ii)

    lim n | β n β n + 1 |=0 and n = 0 β n =;

  3. (iii)

    lim n | α n α n + 1 |=0 and 0< lim inf n α n lim sup n α n <1;

  4. (iv)

    lim n | σ n σ n + 1 |=0 and 0< lim inf n σ n lim sup n σ n <1.

Proof Observe that

β n + 1 1 ( 1 β n + 1 ) α n + 1 β n 1 ( 1 β n ) α n = ( β n + 1 β n ) β n + 1 α n + β n α n + 1 + β n + 1 β n α n β n β n + 1 α n + 1 ( 1 ( 1 β n + 1 ) α n + 1 ) ( 1 ( 1 β n ) α n ) = ( β n + 1 β n ) β n + 1 ( α n α n + 1 ) α n + 1 ( β n + 1 β n ) + β n β n + 1 ( α n α n + 1 ) ( 1 ( 1 β n + 1 ) α n + 1 ) ( 1 ( 1 β n ) α n ) = ( β n + 1 β n ) ( 1 α n + 1 ) β n + 1 ( α n α n + 1 ) ( 1 β n ) ( 1 ( 1 β n + 1 ) α n + 1 ) ( 1 ( 1 β n ) α n ) .

Since lim n | β n β n + 1 |=0 and lim n | α n α n + 1 |=0, it follows that

lim n | β n + 1 1 ( 1 β n + 1 ) α n + 1 β n 1 ( 1 β n ) α n | =0.

Consequently, all the conditions of Theorem 3.1 are satisfied. So, utilizing Theorem 3.1, we obtain the desired result. □

Corollary 3.2 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a uniformly convex Banach space X. Assume, in addition, that X either is uniformly smooth or has a weakly continuous duality map J φ with gauge φ. Let Π C be a sunny nonexpansive retraction from X onto C. Let the mapping B i :CX be ζ i -strictly pseudocontractive and η i -strongly accretive with ζ i + η i 1 for i=1,2. Let f Ξ C with a contractive coefficient ρ(0,1). Let { λ n } n = 0 be a sequence of positive numbers in (0,b] for some b(0,1) and { T n } n = 0 be an infinite family of nonexpansive self-mappings on C such that F:= n = 0 Fix( T n )Ω, where Ω is the fixed point set of the mapping G= Π C (I μ 1 B 1 ) Π C (I μ 2 B 2 ) with 1 ζ i 1 + ζ i (1 1 η i ζ i ) μ i 1 for i=1,2. Suppose that { α n }, { β n } and { σ n } are sequences in [0,1] satisfying the following conditions:

  1. (i)

    lim n β n =0 and n = 0 β n =;

  2. (ii)

    lim n | σ n + 1 σ n |=0;

  3. (iii)

    0< lim inf n α n lim sup n α n <1;

  4. (iv)

    0< lim inf n σ n lim sup n σ n <1.

Then, for an arbitrary but fixed x 0 C, the sequence { x n } defined by (3.1) converges strongly to some qF. Moreover,

  1. (i)

    if X is uniformly smooth, then qF solves the VIP

    q f ( q ) , J ( q p ) ,pF;
  2. (ii)

    if X has a weakly continuous duality map J φ with gauge φ, then qF solves the VIP

    q f ( q ) , J φ ( q p ) 0,pF.

Proof Repeating the same arguments as those in the proof of Theorem 3.1, we know that { x n } is bounded, and so are the sequences { y n }, { z n }, {G x n }, { W n z n } and {f( x n )}. Since lim n β n =0, it is easy to see that the following hold:

  1. (i)

    β n (f( x n ) x n )0 (n);

  2. (ii)

    0 β n 1ρ, n n 0 for some integer n 0 0;

  3. (iii)

    lim n | β n + 1 1 ( 1 β n + 1 ) α n + 1 β n 1 ( 1 β n ) α n |=0.

Therefore, all the conditions of Theorem 3.1 are satisfied. So, utilizing Theorem 3.1, we derive the desired result. □

To end this paper, we give a weak convergence theorem for three-step Mann iterations (3.1) involving GSVI (1.2) and an infinite family of nonexpansive mappings T 0 , T 1 , in a Hilbert space H.

Theorem 3.2 Let C be a nonempty closed convex subset of a Hilbert space H. Let the mapping B i :CH be β i -inverse strongly monotone for i=1,2. Let f Ξ C with a contractive coefficient ρ(0,1). Let { λ n } n = 0 be a sequence of positive numbers in (0,b] for some b(0,1), and let { T n } n = 0 be an infinite family of nonexpansive self-mappings on C such that F:= n = 0 Fix( T n )Ω, where Ω is the fixed point set of the mapping G= P C (I μ 1 B 1 ) P C (I μ 2 B 2 ) with 0< μ i 2 β i for i=1,2. Suppose that { α n }, { β n } and { σ n } are sequences in [0,1] satisfying the following conditions:

  1. (i)

    n = 0 β n <;

  2. (ii)

    0< lim inf n α n lim sup n α n <1;

  3. (iii)

    0< lim inf n σ n lim sup n σ n <1.

Then, for an arbitrary but fixed x 0 C, the sequence { x n } defined by (3.1) converges weakly to a point in F.

Proof First of all, by Lemma 1.1, we know that G:CC is nonexpansive. Take an arbitrary pF. Repeating the same arguments as those in the proof of Theorem 3.1, we know that { x n } is bounded, and so are the sequences { y n }, { z n }, {G x n }, { W n z n } and {f( x n )}.

It follows from (2.2) and (3.1) that

z n p 2 = σ n x n p 2 + ( 1 σ n ) G x n p 2 σ n ( 1 σ n ) x n G x n 2 σ n x n p 2 + ( 1 σ n ) x n p 2 σ n ( 1 σ n ) x n G x n 2 = x n p 2 σ n ( 1 σ n ) x n G x n 2 , y n p 2 = α n x n p 2 + ( 1 α n ) W n z n p 2 α n ( 1 α n ) x n W n z n 2 α n x n p 2 + ( 1 α n ) z n p 2 α n ( 1 α n ) x n W n z n 2 α n x n p 2 + ( 1 α n ) [ x n p 2 σ n ( 1 σ n ) x n G x n 2 ] α n ( 1 α n ) x n W n z n 2 = x n p 2 ( 1 α n ) σ n ( 1 σ n ) x n G x n 2 α n ( 1 α n ) x n W n z n 2 ,

and hence

x n + 1 p 2 ( 1 β n ) y n p 2 + β n f ( x n ) p 2 y n p 2 + β n f ( x n ) p 2 x n p 2 ( 1 α n ) σ n ( 1 σ n ) x n G x n 2 α n ( 1 α n ) x n W n z n 2 + β n f ( x n ) p 2 x n p 2 + β n f ( x n ) p 2 .
(3.24)

Since n = 0 β n < and {f( x n )} is bounded, we obtain n = 0 β n f ( x n ) p 2 <. Utilizing Lemma 2.14, we conclude that lim n x n p exists. Furthermore, it follows from (3.24) that for all e0,

( 1 α n ) σ n ( 1 σ n ) x n G x n 2 + α n ( 1 α n ) x n W n z n 2 x n p 2 x n + 1 p 2 + β n f ( x n ) p 2 .
(3.25)

Since β n 0, 0< lim inf n α n lim sup n α n <1 and

0< lim inf n σ n lim sup n σ n <1,

we deduce from (3.25) that

lim n x n G x n =0and lim n x n W n z n =0.
(3.26)

It immediately follows that

lim n z n x n = lim n (1 σ n )G x n x n =0.
(3.27)

Note that

x n W n x n x n W n z n + W n z n W n x n x n W n z n + z n x n .

Thus, from (3.26) and (3.27) we have

lim n x n W n x n =0.
(3.28)

Also, observe that

W x n x n W x n W n x n + W n x n x n .

From [[52], Remark 2.2] (see also [[53], Remark 3.1]), we have

lim n W x n W n x n =0.

This implies immediately that

lim n W x n x n =0.

Now, let us show that ω w ( x n )F (see (2.1)). Indeed, let x ¯ ω w ( x n ). Then there exists a subsequence { x n k } of { x n } such that x n k x ¯ . Since x n W x n 0 and x n G x n 0, by Lemma 2.15, we know that x ¯ Fix(W) and x ¯ Fix(G). Thus, x ¯ Fix(W)Fix(G)=F according to Lemmas 1.1 and 2.11.

Finally, let us show that ω w ( x n ) is a singleton. Indeed, let { x m l } be another subsequence of { x n } such that x m l x ˆ . Then x ˆ also lies in F. If x ¯ x ˆ , by Opial’s property of H, we reach the following contradiction:

lim n x n x ¯ = lim k x n k x ¯ < lim k x n k x ˆ = lim l x m l x ˆ < lim l x m l x ¯ = lim n x n x ¯ .

This implies that ω w ( x n ) is a singleton. Consequently, { x n } converges weakly to a point in F. □

Remark 3.1 Our Theorem 3.1 improves, extends, supplements and develops Ceng et al. [[4], Theorem 3.3], Cai and Bu [[5], Theorem 3.1] and Ceng and Yao [[2], Theorem 3.1] in the following aspects.

  1. (i)

    The problem of finding a point q i = 0 Fix( T i )Ω in our Theorem 3.1 is more general and more subtle than the problem of finding a point q i = 0 Fix( T i ) in [[4], Theorem 3.3], and the problem of finding a point qFix(T) in [[2], Theorem 3.1].

  2. (ii)

    The iterative scheme in [[4], Theorems 3.3] is extended to develop the iterative scheme (3.1) of our Theorem 3.1 by virtue of the iterative schemes of [[5], Theorem 3.1] and [[2], Theorem 3.1]. The iterative scheme (3.1) of our Theorem 3.1 is more advantageous and more flexible than the iterative schemes of [[2], Theorem 3.1] and [[4], Theorem 3.3] because it can be applied to solving two problems (i.e., GSVI (1.1), fixed point problem of infinitely many nonexpansive mappings) and involves several parameter sequences { σ n }, { α n } and { β n }.

  3. (iii)

    Our Theorem 3.1 extends and generalizes Ceng and Yao [[2], Theorem 3.1] from a nonexpansive mapping to a countable family of nonexpansive mappings, and Ceng and Yao [[4], Theorems 3.3] to the setting of infinitely many nonexpansive mappings and GSVI (1.1) for two strictly pseudocontractive and strongly accretive mappings. In the meantime, our Theorem 3.1 drops the following restrictions in Cai and Bu [[5], Theorem 3.1]:

Assume that n = 1 sup x D T n + 1 x T n x< for any bounded subset D of C, and let T be a mapping of C into X defined by Tx= lim n T n x for all xC and suppose that Fix(T)= n = 1 Fix( T n ).

  1. (iv)

    The iterative scheme (3.1) in our Theorem 3.1 is very different from every one in [[4], Theorem 3.3], [[5], Theorem 3.1] and [[2], Theorem 3.1] because the mapping T n in [[5], Theorem 3.1] and the mapping T in [[2], Theorem 3.1] are replaced by the same W-mapping W n in the iterative scheme (3.1) of our Theorem 3.1, and (3.1) in our Theorem 3.1 is three-step Mann iterations for finding a point q i = 0 Fix( T i )Ω in comparison with two-step Mann iterations for finding a point q i = 0 Fix( T i ) in [[4], Theorem 3.3].

  2. (v)

    Cai and Bu’s proof in [[5], Theorem 3.1] depends on the argument techniques in [6], the inequality in 2-uniformly smooth Banach spaces (see Lemma 1.1) and the inequality in smooth and uniform convex Banach spaces (see Proposition 1.1). However, the proof of our Theorem 3.1 does not depend on the argument techniques in [6], the inequality in 2-uniformly smooth Banach spaces (see Lemma 1.1), and the inequality in smooth and uniform convex Banach spaces (see Proposition 1.1). It depends only on the inequality in uniform convex Banach spaces (see Lemma 2.13 in Section 2 of this paper), the properties of reflexive Banach space having a weakly continuous duality map J φ with gauge φ, and the properties of the W-mapping (see Lemmas 2.6-2.7 and 2.10-2.11 in Section 2 of this paper).

  3. (vi)

    The assumption of the uniformly convex and 2-uniformly smooth Banach space X in [[5], Theorem 3.1] is weakened to the one of the uniformly convex Banach space X which either has a weakly continuous duality map J φ with gauge φ or is uniformly smooth in our Theorem 3.1. Moreover, our Theorem 3.1 shows that the assumption of the uniformly smooth Banach space X in [[2], Theorem 3.1] can be replaced by the assumption of the uniformly convex Banach space X having a weakly continuous duality map J φ with gauge φ in our Theorem 3.1. It is worth emphasizing that there is no assumption on the convergence of parameter sequences { α n }, { β n } and { σ n } to the zero in our Theorem 3.1.

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Acknowledgements

The first author was partially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (11071169), Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (09ZZ133) and Ph.D. Program Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (20123127110002). The second author was partially supported by a grant from NSC 102-2115-M-037-001.

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Ceng, LC., Wen, CF. Three-step Mann iterations for a general system of variational inequalities and an infinite family of nonexpansive mappings in Banach spaces. J Inequal Appl 2013, 539 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-539

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