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Common fixed point results for weak contractive mappings in ordered b-dislocated metric spaces with applications

Abstract

We first introduce a new concept of b-dislocated metric space as a generalization of dislocated metric space and analyze different properties of such spaces. A fundamental result for the convergence of sequences in b-dislocated metric spaces is established and is employed to prove some common fixed point results for four mappings satisfying the generalized weak contractive condition in partially ordered b-dislocated metric spaces. Moreover, some examples and applications to integral equations are given here to illustrate the usability of the obtained results.

MSC:47H10, 54H25.

1 Introduction and preliminaries

The Banach contraction principle is one of the simplest and most applicable results of metric fixed point theory. It is a popular tool for proving the existence of solution of problems in different fields of mathematics. There are several generalizations of the Banach contraction principle in literature on metric fixed point theory [110]. Hitzler and Seda [11] introduced the concept of dislocated topologies and named their corresponding generalized metric a dislocated metric. They have also established a fixed point theorem in complete dislocated metric spaces to generalize the celebrated Banach contraction principle. The notion of dislocated topologies has useful applications in the context of logic programming semantics (see [12]). Further useful results can be seen in [1323].

Definition 1.1 [11]

Let X be a nonempty set. A mapping d l :X×X[0,) is called a dislocated metric (or simply d l -metric) if the following conditions hold for any x,y,zX:

  1. (i)

    If d l (x,y)=0, then x=y;

  2. (ii)

    d l (x,y)= d l (y,x);

  3. (iii)

    d l (x,y) d l (x,z)+ d l (z,y).

The pair (X, d l ) is called a dislocated metric space or a d l -metric space. Note that when x=y, d l (x,y) may not be 0.

Example 1.2 If X= R + {0}, then d l (x,y)=x+y defines a dislocated metric on X.

Definition 1.3 [11]

A sequence { x n } in a d l -metric space is called: (1) a Cauchy sequence if, given ε>0, there exists n 0 N such that for all n,m n 0 , we have d l ( x m , x n )<ε or lim n , m d l ( x n , x m )=0, (2) convergent with respect to d l if there exists xX such that d l ( x n ,x)0 as n. In this case, x is called the limit of { x n } and we write x n x.

A d l -metric space X is called complete if every Cauchy sequence in X converges to a point in X.

Definition 1.4 A nonempty set X is called an ordered dislocated metric space if it is equipped with a partial ordering and there exists a dislocated metric d l on X.

Definition 1.5 Let (X,) be a partially ordered set. Then x,yX are called comparable if xy or yx holds.

Definition 1.6 [1]

Let (X,) be a partially ordered set. A self-mapping f on X is called dominating if xfx for each x in X.

Example 1.7 [1]

Let X=[0,1] be endowed with the usual ordering, and let f:XX be defined by fx= x n . Since x x 1 n =fx for all xX, therefore f is a dominating map.

Definition 1.8 [1]

Let (X,) be a partially ordered set. A self-mapping f on X is called dominated if fxx for each x in X.

Example 1.9 [1]

Let X=[0,1] be endowed with the usual ordering, and let f:XX be defined by fx= x n for some nN. Since fx= x n x for all xX, therefore f is a dominated map.

In the following, we give the definition of a b-dislocated metric space.

Definition 1.10 Let X be a nonempty set. A mapping b d :X×X[0,) is called a b-dislocated metric (or simply b d -metric) if the following conditions hold for any x,y,zX and s1:

( b d 1 ) If b d (x,y)=0, then x=y;

( b d 2 ) b d (x,y)= b d (y,x);

( b d 3 ) b d (x,y)s( b d (x,z)+ b d (z,y)).

The pair (X, b d ) is called a b-dislocated metric space or a b d -metric space. It should be noted that the class of b d -metric spaces is effectively larger than that of d l -metric spaces, since a b d -metric is a b l -metric when s=1.

Here, we present an example to show that in general a b-dislocated metric need not be a b l -metric.

Example 1.11 Let (X, d l ) be a dislocated metric space, and b d (x,y)= ( b l ( x , y ) ) p , where p>1 is a real number. We show that b d is a b-dislocated metric with s= 2 p 1 .

Obviously, conditions ( b d 1 ) and ( b d 2 ) of Definition 1.10 are satisfied.

If 1<p<, then the convexity of the function f(x)= x p (x>0) implies that ( a + b 2 ) p 1 2 ( a p + b p ). Hence, ( a + b ) p 2 p 1 ( a p + b p ) holds. Thus, for each x,y,zX, we obtain that

b d ( x , y ) = ( d l ( x , y ) ) p [ d l ( x , z ) + d l ( z , y ) ] p 2 p 1 [ ( d l ( x , z ) ) p + ( d l ( z , y ) ) p ] = 2 p 1 [ b d ( x , z ) + b d ( z , y ) ] .

So, condition ( b d 3 ) of Definition 1.10 is also satisfied and b d is a b d -metric.

However, if (X, d l ) is a dislocated metric space, then (X, b d ) is not necessarily a dislocated metric space. For example, if X=R is the set of real numbers, then d l (x,y)=|x|+|y| is a dislocated metric, and b d (x,y)= ( | x | + | y | ) 2 is a b-dislocated metric on with s=2, but not a dislocated metric on .

Recently, Sarma and Kumari [15] established the existence of a topology induced by a dislocated metric which is metrizable with a family of sets {B(x,ε){x}:xX,ε>0} as a base, where B(x,ε)={yX: d l (x,y)<ε} for all xX and ε>0. Also, B ( x , ε ) ¯ ={yX: d l (x,y)ε} is a closed ball.

On the similar lines, we show that each b-dislocated metric space on X generates a topology τ b d whose base is the family of open b d -balls

B b d (x,ε)= { y X : b d ( x , y ) < ε } .

Definition 1.12 We say that a net ( x α :αΔ) in X converges to x in (X, b d ) and write lim α Δ x α =x if lim α Δ b d ( x α ,x)=0.

Note that the limit of a net in (X, b d ) is unique. For AX, we write D(A)={xX:x is a limit of a net in (A, b d )}.

Proposition 1.13 If A,BX, then

  1. (i)

    D(A)= if A=,

  2. (ii)

    D(A)D(B) if AB,

  3. (iii)

    D(AB)=D(A)D(B),

  4. (iv)

    D(D(A))D(A).

Proof To prove (i), (ii) and (iii), we refer to [15]. To prove (iv), let xD(D(A)). Suppose that for each α in Δ, ( x α β :βΔ(α)) is a net in A such that x α = lim β Δ ( α ) x α β . Thus, for each positive integer i, there is α i Δ such that b d ( x α i ,x)< 1 2 i s , and β i Δ( α i ) such that b d ( x α i β i , x α i )< 1 2 i s . Take α i β i = γ i for each i, then { γ 1 , γ 2 , γ 3 ,} is a directed set γ i < γ j if i<j, and b d ( x γ i ,x)s( b d ( x γ i , x α i )+ b d ( x α i ,x))< 1 i . This implies that xD(A). □

As a corollary, we have the following.

Corollary 1.14 Let, for all AX, A ¯ =AD(A). Then the operation A A ¯ on P(X) satisfies Kuratowski’s closure axioms [2]:

  1. (i)

    ¯ =,

  2. (ii)

    A A ¯ ,

  3. (iii)

    A ¯ = A ¯ ¯ ,

  4. (iv)

    A B ¯ = A ¯ B ¯ .

Consequently, we have the following.

Theorem 1.15 Let ϒ be the family of all subsets A of X for which A ¯ =A and τ b d are the complements of members of ϒ. Then the τ b d is a topology for X and the τ b d -closure of a subset A of X is A ¯ .

Definition 1.16 The topology τ b d obtained in Theorem 1.15 is called the topology induced by b d and simply referred to as the b d -topology of X; and it is denoted by (X, b d , τ b d ).

Now we state some propositions and corollaries in (X, b d , τ b d ) which can be proved following similar arguments to those given in [15].

Proposition 1.17 Let AX. Then xD(A) iff for every δ>0, B δ (x)A.

Corollary 1.18 x A ¯ xA or B δ (x)A, δ>0.

Corollary 1.19 A set AX is open in (X, b d , τ b d ) if and only if for every xA, there is δ>0 such that {x} B δ (x)A.

Proposition 1.20 If xX and δ>0, then {x} B δ (x) is an open set in (X, b d , τ b d ).

Corollary 1.21 If xX and V r (x)= B r (x){x} for r>0, then the collection { V r (x)|xX} is an open base at x in (X, b d , τ b d ). If b d is a b-metric and V=B(x), then τ b d coincides with the metric topology.

Proposition 1.22 (X, b d , τ b d ) is a Hausdorff space.

Proof If x,yX and b d ( x , y ) 2 s =r>0, then V r (x) V r (y)=. □

Corollary 1.23 If xX, then the collection {V(x)|xX} is an open base at x for (X, b d , τ b d ). Hence, (X, b d , τ b d ) is first countable.

Remark 1.24 The above corollary enables us to deal with sequences instead of nets.

Motivated by Proposition 3.2 in [11], we have the following proposition for the b-dislocated metric space.

Proposition 1.25 Let (X, b d ) be a b-dislocated metric space. The following three conditions are equivalent:

  1. (i)

    For all xX, we have b d (x,x)=0.

  2. (ii)

    b d is a b-metric.

  3. (iii)

    For all xX and all r>0, we have B r (x).

Proof We show that (iii) implies (i). Since B r 2 s (x) for all r>0, there exists some yX with b d (x,y)< r 2 s . But for all yX, we have b d (x,x)2s b d (x,y). Therefore, b d (x,x)<r for all r>0. Hence, b d (x,x)=0. □

If (X, b d ) is a b-dislocated metric space, then ( X , b d ), where X ={xX| b d (x,x)=0} is a b-metric space. Indeed, ( X , b d ) is a b-dislocated metric space, so assertion now follows immediately from the above proposition.

Definition 1.26 A sequence { x n } in a b-dislocated metric space (X, b d ) converges with respect to b d ( b d -convergent) if there exists xX such that b d ( x n ,x) converges to 0 as n. In this case, x is called the limit of { x n }, and we write x n x.

Proposition 1.27 Limit of a convergent sequence in a b-dislocated metric space is unique.

Proof Let x and y be limits of the sequence { x n }. By properties ( b d 2 ) and ( b d 3 ) of Definition 1.10, it follows that b d (x,y)s( b d ( x n ,x)+ b d ( x n ,y))0. Hence, b d (x,y)=0, and by property ( b d 1 ) of Definition 1.10 it follows that x=y. □

Definition 1.28 A sequence { x n } in a b-dislocated metric space (X, b d ) is called a b d -Cauchy sequence if, given ε>0, there exits n 0 N such that for all n,m n 0 , we have b d ( x m , x n )<ε or lim n , m b d ( x n , x m )=0.

Proposition 1.29 Every convergent sequence in a b-dislocated space is b d -Cauchy.

Proof Let { x n } be a sequence which converges to some x, and ε>0. Then there exists n 0 N with b d ( x n ,x)< ε 2 s for all n n 0 . For m,n n 0 , we obtain b d ( x n , x m )s( b d ( x n ,x)+ b d ( x m ,x))<2s ε 2 s =ε. Hence, { x n } is b d -Cauchy. □

Definition 1.30 A b-dislocated metric space (X, b d ) is called complete if every b d -Cauchy sequence in X is b d -convergent.

The following example shows that in general a b-dislocated metric is not continuous.

Example 1.31 Let X=N{} and b d :X×XR be defined by

b d (m,n)={ 1 m + 1 n if  m , n  are even or  m n = , 5 if  m  and  n  are odd and  m n , 2 otherwise .

Then it is easy to see that for all m,n,pX, we have

b d (m,p)5 ( b d ( m , n ) + b d ( n , p ) ) .

Thus, (X, b d ) is a b-dislocated metric space. Let x 2 n =2n for each nN. Then

b d (2n,)= 1 2 n 0as n,

that is, x n , but b d ( x n ,1)=2 b d (,1) as n.

We need the following simple lemma about the b d -convergent sequences in the proof of our main results.

Lemma 1.32 Let (X, b d ) be a b-dislocated metric with parameter s1. Suppose that { x n } and { y n } are b d -convergent to x, y, respectively. Then we have

1 s 2 b d (x,y) lim inf n b d ( x n , y n ) lim sup n b d ( x n , y n ) s 2 b d (x,y).

In particular, if b d (x,y)=0, then we have lim n b d ( x n , y n )=0= b d (x,y). Moreover, for each zX, we have

1 s b d (x,z) lim inf n b d ( x n ,z) lim sup n b d ( x n ,z)s b d (x,z).

In particular, if b d (x,z)=0, then we have lim n b d ( x n ,z)=0= b d (x,z).

Proof Using the triangle inequality in a b-dislocated metric space, it is easy to see that

b d (x,y)s b d (x, x n )+ s 2 b d ( x n , y n )+ s 2 b d ( y n ,y)

and

b d ( x n , y n )s b d ( x n ,x)+ s 2 b d (x,y)+ s 2 b d (y, y n ).

Taking the lower limit as n in the first inequality and the upper limit as n in the second inequality, the result follows. Similarly, using again the triangle inequality, the last assertion follows. □

Definition 1.33 [3]

Let f and g be two self-maps on a nonempty set X. If w=fx=gx, for some x in X, then x is called a coincidence point of f and g, where w is called a point of coincidence of f and g.

Definition 1.34 [3]

Let f and g be two self-maps defined on a set X. Then f and g are said to be weakly compatible if they commute at every coincidence point.

Definition 1.35 Let (X, b d ) be a b-dislocated metric space. Then the pair (f,g) is said to be compatible if and only if lim n b d (fg x n ,gf x n )=0, whenever { x n } is a sequence in X so that lim n f x n = lim n g x n =t for some tX.

2 Common fixed point results

Suppose that

Ψ = { ψ : [ 0 , ) [ 0 , ) | ψ is a continuous non-decreasing function with ψ ( t ) = 0 t = 0 }

and

Φ = { φ : [ 0 , ) [ 0 , ) | φ is a lower semi-continuous function with φ ( t ) = 0 t = 0 } .

Theorem 2.1 Let (X, b d ,) be an ordered complete b-dislocated metric space, and let f, g, S and T be four self-maps on X such that (f,g) and (S,T) are dominated and dominating maps, respectively, with fXTX and gXSX. Suppose that for all two comparable elements x,yX,

ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( f x , g y ) ) ψ ( M s ( x , y ) ) φ ( M s ( x , y ) )
(2.1)

is satisfied, where

M s (x,y)=max { b d ( S x , T y ) , b d ( f x , S x ) , b d ( g y , T y ) , b d ( S x , g y ) + b d ( f x , T y ) 4 s } ,
(2.2)

ψΨ and φΦ. If for every non-increasing sequence { x n } and a sequence { y n } with y n x n , for all n such that y n u, we have u x n and either

(a1) (f,S) are compatible, f or S is continuous and (g,T) is weakly compatible, or

(a2) (g,T) are compatible, g or T is continuous and (f,S) is weakly compatible,

then f, g, S and T have a common fixed point. Moreover, the set of common fixed points of f, g, S and T is well ordered if and only if f, g, S and T have one and only one common fixed point.

Proof Let x 0 be an arbitrary point in X. We define inductively the sequences { x n } and { y n } in X by

y 2 n + 1 =f x 2 n =T x 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 =g x 2 n + 1 =S x 2 n + 2 ,n=0,1,2,.

This can be done as fXTX and gXSX. By given assumptions, x 2 n + 1 T x 2 n + 1 =f x 2 n x 2 n and x 2 n S x 2 n =g x 2 n 1 x 2 n 1 . Thus, we have x n + 1 x n for all n0. We will show that { y n } is b d -Cauchy. Suppose that b d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 )>0 for every n. If not, then for some k, b d ( y 2 k , y 2 k + 1 )=0, and from (2.1), we obtain

ψ ( b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k + 2 ) ) ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k + 2 ) ) = ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( f x 2 k , g x 2 k + 1 ) ) ψ ( M s ( x 2 k , x 2 k + 1 ) ) φ ( M s ( x 2 k , x 2 k + 1 ) ) ,
(2.3)

where

M s ( x 2 k , x 2 k + 1 ) = max { b d ( S x 2 k , T x 2 k + 1 ) , b d ( f x 2 k , S x 2 k ) , b d ( g x 2 k + 1 , T x 2 k + 1 ) , b d ( S x 2 k , g x 2 k + 1 ) + b d ( f x 2 k , T x 2 k + 1 ) 4 s } = max { b d ( y 2 k , y 2 k + 1 ) , b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k ) , b d ( y 2 k + 2 , y 2 k + 1 ) , b d ( y 2 k , y 2 k + 2 ) + b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k + 1 ) 4 s } = max { 0 , 0 , b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k + 2 ) , b d ( y 2 k , y 2 k + 2 ) + b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k + 1 ) 4 s } = b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k + 2 ) ,
(2.4)

since

b d ( y 2 k , y 2 k + 2 ) + b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k + 1 ) 4 s s b d ( y 2 k , y 2 k + 1 ) + s b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k + 2 ) + 2 s b d ( y 2 k , y 2 k + 1 ) 4 s = s b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k + 2 ) 4 s < b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k + 2 ) .

So, from (2.3) and (2.4), we obtain that

ψ ( b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k + 2 ) ) ψ ( b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k + 2 ) ) φ ( b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k + 2 ) ) ,

which gives φ( b d ( y 2 k + 1 , y 2 k + 2 ))0 and so y 2 k + 1 = y 2 k + 2 , which further implies that y 2 k + 2 = y 2 k + 3 . Thus, { y n } becomes a constant sequence, hence, y n is a Cauchy sequence.

Now, take b d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 )>0 for each n. As x 2 n and x 2 n + 1 are comparable, so from (2.1) we have

ψ ( b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) ) ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) ) = ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( f x 2 n , g x 2 n + 1 ) ) ψ ( M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) ) φ ( M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) ) ψ ( M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) ) .
(2.5)

Hence

b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ),
(2.6)

where

M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) = max { b d ( S x 2 n , T x 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( f x 2 n , S x 2 n ) , b d ( g x 2 n + 1 , T x 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( S x 2 n , g x 2 n + 1 ) + b d ( f x 2 n , T x 2 n + 1 ) 4 s } = max { b d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n ) , b d ( y 2 n + 2 , y 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 2 ) + b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 1 ) 4 s } max { b d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) , s b d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) + s b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) + 2 s b d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) 4 s } = max { b d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) , 3 s b d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) + s b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) 4 s } = max { b d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) } .

If for some n, b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) b d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 )>0, then (2.6) gives that M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 )= b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) and from (2.1) we have

ψ ( b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) ) ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) ) ψ ( M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) ) φ ( M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) ) = ψ ( b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) ) φ ( b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) ) ,

which yields that φ( b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ))0, or, equivalently, b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 )=0, a contradiction.

Hence, M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) b d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ). Since M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) b d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ), therefore, b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 )= b d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ). Following similar arguments to those given above, we have

b d ( y 2 n + 2 , y 2 n + 3 ) M s ( x 2 n + 1 , x 2 n + 2 )= b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ).
(2.7)

Therefore, { b d ( y n , y n + 1 )} is a non-increasing sequence and so there exists r0 such that

lim n b d ( y n 1 , y n )= lim n M s ( x n , x n + 1 )=r.

Suppose that r>0. As

ψ ( b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) ) ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) ) ψ ( M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) ) φ ( M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) ) ,

by taking the upper limit as n, we obtain

ψ ( r ) ψ ( r ) lim inf n φ ( M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) ) = ψ ( r ) φ ( lim inf n M s ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) ) = ψ ( r ) φ ( r ) ,

a contradiction. Hence

lim n b d ( y n 1 , y n )=0.
(2.8)

Now, we prove that { y n } is a b d -Cauchy sequence. To do this, it is sufficient to show that the subsequence { y 2 n } is b d -Cauchy in X. Assume on the contrary that { y 2 n } is not a b d -Cauchy sequence. Then there exists ε>0 for which we can find subsequences { y 2 m k } and { y 2 n k } of { y 2 n } so that n k is the smallest index for which 2 n k >2 m k >k,

b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k )ε
(2.9)

and

b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k 2 )<ε.
(2.10)

Using the triangle inequality and (2.10), we obtain that

ε b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k )s b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 m k + 1 )+s b d ( y 2 m k + 1 , y 2 n k ).

Taking the upper limit as k and using (2.8), we obtain

ε s lim sup k b d ( y 2 m k + 1 , y 2 n k ).
(2.11)

Using the triangle inequality and (2.10), we have

ε b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k ) s b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k 2 ) + s 2 b d ( y 2 n k 2 , y 2 n k 1 ) + s 2 b d ( y 2 n k 1 , y 2 n k ) < ε s + s 2 b d ( y 2 n k 2 , y 2 n k 1 ) + s 2 b d ( y 2 n k 1 , y 2 n k ) .

Taking the upper limit as k and using (2.8), we obtain

ε lim sup k b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k )εs.
(2.12)

Also,

ε b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k )s b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k 1 )+s b d ( y 2 n k 1 , y 2 n k ).

Hence

ε s lim sup k b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k 1 ).

On the other hand, we have

b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k 1 )s b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k )+s b d ( y 2 n k , y 2 n k 1 ).

So, from (2.8) and (2.12), we have

lim sup k b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k 1 )s lim sup k b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k )ε s 2 .

Consequently,

ε s lim sup k b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k 1 )ε s 2 .
(2.13)

Similarly,

ε s 2 lim sup k b d ( y 2 m k + 1 , y 2 n k 1 )ε s 2 .
(2.14)

As x 2 m k and x 2 n k 1 are comparable, from (2.1) we have

ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( y 2 m k + 1 , y 2 n k ) ) = ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( f x 2 m k , g x 2 n k 1 ) ) ψ ( M s ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k 1 ) ) φ ( M s ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k 1 ) ) ,

where

M s ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k 1 ) = max { b d ( S x 2 m k , T x 2 n k 1 ) , b d ( f x 2 m k , S x 2 m k ) , b d ( g x 2 n k 1 , T x 2 n k 1 ) , b d ( S x 2 m k , g x 2 n k 1 ) + b d ( f x 2 m k , T x 2 n k 1 ) 4 s } = max { b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k 1 ) , b d ( y 2 m k + 1 , y 2 m k ) , b d ( y 2 n k , y 2 n k 1 ) , b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k ) + b d ( y 2 m k + 1 , y 2 n k 1 ) 4 s } .

Taking the upper limit and using (2.8) and (2.12)-(2.13), we get

ε + ε s 2 4 s = min { ε s , ε + ε s 2 4 s } lim sup k M s ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k 1 ) = max { lim sup k b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k 1 ) , 0 , 0 , lim sup k b d ( y 2 m k , y 2 n k ) + lim sup k b d ( y 2 m k + 1 , y 2 n k 1 ) 4 s } max { ε s 2 , ε s + ε s 2 4 s } = ε s 2 .

Hence, we have

ε + ε s 2 4 s lim sup k M s ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k 1 )ε s 2 .
(2.15)

Similarly, we can obtain

ε + ε s 2 4 s lim inf k M s ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k 1 )ε s 2 .
(2.16)

As

ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( y 2 m k + 1 , y 2 n k ) ) = ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( f x 2 m k , g x 2 n k 1 ) ) ψ ( M s ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k 1 ) ) φ ( M s ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k 1 ) ) ,

so, by taking the upper limit as k, and from (2.11) and (2.15), we obtain

ψ ( 2 ε s 3 ) = ψ ( 2 s 4 ε s ) ψ ( 2 s 4 lim sup k b d ( y 2 m k + 1 , y 2 n k ) ) ψ ( lim sup k M s ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k 1 ) ) lim inf k φ ( M s ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k 1 ) ) ψ ( ε s 2 ) φ ( lim inf k M s ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k 1 ) ) ψ ( 2 ε s 3 ) φ ( lim inf k M s ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k 1 ) ) ,

which implies that

φ ( lim inf k M s ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k 1 ) ) =0,

so lim inf M s ( x 2 m k , x 2 n k 1 )=0, a contradiction to (2.16). Hence { y 2 n } is a b d -Cauchy sequence in X. Since X is complete, there exists yX such that

lim n f x 2 n = lim n T x 2 n + 1 = lim n g x 2 n + 1 = lim n S x 2 n =y.

Now, we show that y is a common fixed point of f, g, S and T.

Assume that (a1) holds and S is continuous. Then

lim n S 2 x 2 n + 2 =Syand lim n Sf x 2 n =Sy.

Using the triangle inequality, we have

b d (fS x 2 n ,Sy)s ( b d ( f S x 2 n , S f x 2 n ) + b d ( S f x 2 n , S y ) ) .

Since the pair (f,S) is compatible, lim n b d (fS x 2 n ,Sf x 2 n )=0. So, by taking the limit when n in the above inequality, we have

lim n b d (fS x 2 n ,Sy)s ( lim n b d ( f S x 2 n , S f x 2 n ) + lim n b d ( S f x 2 n , S y ) ) =0.

Hence, lim n fS x 2 n =Sy. As S x 2 n + 2 =g x 2 n + 1 x 2 n + 1 , from (2.1) we obtain

ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( f S x 2 n + 2 , g x 2 n + 1 ) ) ψ ( M s ( S x 2 n + 2 , x 2 n + 1 ) ) φ ( M s ( S x 2 n + 2 , x 2 n + 1 ) ) ,
(2.17)

where

M s ( S x 2 n + 2 , x 2 n + 1 ) = max { b d ( S 2 x 2 n + 2 , T x 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( f S x 2 n + 2 , S 2 x 2 n + 2 ) , b d ( g x 2 n + 1 , T x 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( S 2 x 2 n + 2 , g x 2 n + 1 ) + b d ( f S x 2 n + 2 , T x 2 n + 1 ) 4 s } .

Now, by using Lemma 1.32, we get

lim sup n M s ( S x 2 n + 2 , x 2 n + 1 ) max { s 2 b d ( S y , y ) , 0 , 0 , s 2 b d ( S y , y ) + s 2 b d ( S y , y ) 4 s } = s 2 b d ( S y , y ) .

Hence, by taking the upper limit in (2.17) and using Lemma 1.32, we obtain

ψ ( 2 s 2 b d ( S y , y ) ) = ψ ( 2 s 4 1 s 2 b d ( S y , y ) ) ψ ( s 2 b d ( S y , y ) ) φ ( s 2 b d ( S y , y ) ) ψ ( 2 s 2 b d ( S y , y ) ) φ ( s 2 b d ( S y , y ) )

which gives φ( s 2 b d (Sy,y))0, or, equivalently, Sy=y.

Now, since g x 2 n + 1 x 2 n + 1 and g x 2 n + 1 y as n, then y x 2 n + 1 and from (2.1) we have

ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( f y , g x 2 n + 1 ) ) ψ ( M s ( y , x 2 n + 1 ) ) φ ( M s ( y , x 2 n + 1 ) ) ,
(2.18)

where

M s ( y , x 2 n + 1 ) = max { b d ( S y , T x 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( f y , S y ) , b d ( g x 2 n + 1 , T x 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( S y , g x 2 n + 1 ) + b d ( f y , T x 2 n + 1 ) 4 s } .

Taking the upper limit as n in (2.18) and using Lemma 1.32, we have

ψ ( 2 s 3 b d ( f y , y ) ) = ψ ( 2 s 4 1 s b d ( f y , y ) ) ψ ( b d ( f y , y ) ) φ ( b d ( f y , y ) ) ψ ( 2 s 3 b d ( f y , y ) ) φ ( b d ( f y , y ) ) ,

which implies that φ( b d (fy,y))0, so fy=y.

Since f(X)T(X), there exists a point vX such that fy=Tv. Suppose that gvTv. Since vTv=fyy, from (2.1) we have

ψ ( b d ( T v , g v ) ) =ψ ( b d ( f y , g v ) ) ψ ( M s ( y , v ) ) φ ( M s ( y , v ) ) ,
(2.19)

where

M s ( y , v ) = max { b d ( S y , T v ) , b d ( f y , S y ) , b d ( g v , T v ) , b d ( S y , g v ) + b d ( f y , T v ) 4 s } = b d ( g v , T v ) .

So, from (2.19) we have

ψ ( b d ( T v , g v ) ) ψ ( b d ( g v , T v ) ) φ ( b d ( g v , T v ) ) ,

a contradiction. Therefore gv=Tv. Since the pair (g,T) is weakly compatible, gy=gfy=gTv=Tgv=Tfy=Ty and y is the coincidence point of g and T. Since S x 2 n x 2 n and S x 2 n y as n, it implies that y x 2 n and from (2.1) we obtain

ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( f x 2 n , g y ) ) ψ ( M s ( x 2 n , y ) ) φ ( M s ( x 2 n , y ) ) ,
(2.20)

where

M s ( x 2 n , y ) = max { b d ( S x 2 n , T y ) , b d ( f x 2 n , S x 2 n ) , b d ( g y , T y ) , b d ( S x 2 n , g y ) + b d ( f x 2 n , T y ) 4 s } .
(2.21)

Taking the upper limit as n in (2.21) and using Lemma 1.32, we have

max { 1 s b d ( y , g y ) , b d ( g y , T y ) , 2 s 4 s b d ( y , g y ) } lim inf n M s ( x 2 n , y ) lim sup n M s ( x 2 n , y ) max { s b d ( y , g y ) , b d ( g y , T y ) , 2 s 4 s b d ( y , g y ) } = max { s b d ( y , g y ) , b d ( g y , g y ) } max { s b d ( y , g y ) , 2 s b d ( y , g y ) } = 2 s b d ( y , g y ) .
(2.22)

Taking the upper limit as n in (2.20) and using Lemma 1.32 and (2.22), we have

ψ ( 2 s 3 b d ( y , g y ) ) = ψ ( 2 s 4 1 s b d ( y , g y ) ) ψ ( lim sup n M s ( x 2 n , y ) ) lim inf n φ ( M s ( x 2 n , y ) ) ψ ( 2 s b d ( y , g y ) ) φ ( lim inf n M s ( x 2 n , y ) ) ψ ( 2 s 3 b d ( y , g y ) ) φ ( lim inf n M s ( x 2 n , y ) ) ,

which implies that lim inf n M s ( x 2 n ,y)=0, so we have y=gy. Therefore, fy=gy=Sy=Ty=y.

The proof is similar when f is continuous.

Similarly, if (a2) holds, then the result follows.

Now, suppose that the set of common fixed points of f, g, S and T is well ordered. We show that they have a unique common fixed point. Assume on the contrary that fu=gu=Su=Tu=u and fv=gv=Sv=Tv=v, but uv. By assumption, we can apply (2.1) to obtain

ψ ( 2 s b d ( u , v ) ) = ψ ( 2 s b d ( f u , g v ) ) ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( f u , g v ) ) ψ ( M s ( u , v ) ) φ ( M s ( u , v ) ) ,

where

M s ( u , v ) = max { b d ( S u , T v ) , b d ( f u , S u ) , b d ( g v , T v ) , b d ( S u , g v ) + b d ( f u , T v ) 4 s } = max { b d ( u , v ) , b d ( u , u ) , b d ( v , v ) , b d ( u , v ) + b d ( u , v ) 4 s } = max { b d ( u , v ) , b d ( u , u ) , b d ( v , v ) } max { b d ( u , v ) , 2 s b d ( u , v ) , 2 s b d ( u , v ) } 2 s b d ( u , v ) .

Hence

ψ ( 2 s b d ( u , v ) ) ψ ( 2 s b d ( u , v ) ) φ ( M s ( u , v ) ) .

So, we have M s (u,v)=0, a contradiction. Therefore u=v. The converse is obvious. □

In the following theorem, we omit the continuity assumption of f, g, T and S and replace the compatibility of the pairs (f,S) and (g,T) by weak compatibility of the pairs, and we show that f, g, S and T have a common fixed point on X.

Theorem 2.2 Let (X, b d ,) be an ordered complete b-dislocated metric space, and f, g, S and T be four self-maps on X such that (f,g) and (S,T) are dominated and dominating maps, respectively, with fXTX and gXSX, and TX and SX are b d -closed subsets of X. Suppose that for all two comparable elements x,yX,

ψ ( 2 s 4 d ( f x , g y ) ) ψ ( M s ( x , y ) ) φ ( M s ( x , y ) )
(2.23)

is satisfied, where

M s (x,y)=max { b d ( S x , T y ) , b d ( f x , S x ) , b d ( g y , T y ) , b d ( S x , g y ) + b d ( f x , T y ) 4 s } ,

ψΨ and φΦ. If for every non-increasing sequence { x n } and a sequence { y n } with y n x n , for all n such that y n u, we have u x n , and the pairs (f,S) and (g,T) are weakly compatible, then f, g, S and T have a common fixed point. Moreover, the set of common fixed points of f, g, S and T is well ordered if and only if f, g, S and T have one and only one common fixed point.

Proof Following the proof of Theorem 2.1, there exists yX such that

lim k b d ( y k ,y)=0.
(2.24)

Since T(X) is b d -closed and { y 2 n + 1 }T(X), therefore yT(X). Hence, there exists uX such that y=Tu and

lim n b d ( y 2 n + 1 ,Tu)= lim n b d (T x 2 n + 1 ,Tu)=0.
(2.25)

Similarly, there exists vX such that y=Tu=Sv and

lim n b d ( y 2 n ,Sv)= lim n b d (S x 2 n ,Sv)=0.
(2.26)

Now we prove that v is a coincidence point of f and S.

Since T x 2 n + 1 y=Sv as n, so, by assumption, T x 2 n + 1 Sv. Therefore, from (2.23) we have

ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( f v , g x 2 n + 1 ) ) ψ ( M s ( v , x 2 n + 1 ) ) φ ( M s ( v , x 2 n + 1 ) ) ,
(2.27)

where

M s ( v , x 2 n + 1 ) = max { b d ( S v , T x 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( f v , S v ) , b d ( g x 2 n + 1 , T x 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( S v , g x 2 n + 1 ) + b d ( f v , T x 2 n + 1 ) 4 s } = max { b d ( T u , T x 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( f v , y ) , b d ( g x 2 n + 1 , T x 2 n + 1 ) , b d ( S v , y 2 n + 2 ) + b d ( f v , T x 2 n + 1 ) 4 s } .

Taking the upper limit as n and using (2.25)-(2.26) and Lemma 1.32, we obtain that

max { b d ( f v , y ) , 1 s 2 b d ( y , y ) , 1 4 s 2 b d ( y , y ) } lim inf n M s ( v , x 2 n + 1 ) lim sup n M s ( v , x 2 n + 1 ) max { 0 , b d ( f v , y ) , s 2 b d ( y , y ) , 0 + s 2 b d ( f v , y ) 4 s } max { b d ( f v , y ) , 2 s 2 b d ( f v , y ) } = 2 s 2 b d ( f v , y ) .
(2.28)

Taking the upper limit as n in (2.27) and using (2.28) and Lemma 1.32, we obtain that

ψ ( 2 s 3 d ( f v , y ) ) = ψ ( 2 s 4 1 s d ( f v , y ) ) ψ ( 2 s 2 b d ( f v , y ) ) φ ( lim inf n M s ( v , x 2 n + 1 ) ) ψ ( 2 s 3 b d ( f v , y ) ) φ ( lim inf n M s ( v , x 2 n + 1 ) ) ,

which implies that lim inf n M s (v, x 2 n + 1 )=0, so from (2.28) we obtain fv=y=Sv.

As f and S are weakly compatible, we have fy=fSv=Sfv=Sy. Thus, y is a coincidence point of f and S.

Similarly, it can be shown that y is a coincidence point of the pair (g,T). Now, we show that fy=gy. From (2.23) we have

ψ ( 2 s 4 d ( f y , g y ) ) ψ ( M s ( y , y ) ) φ ( M s ( y , y ) ) ,

where

M s ( y , y ) = max { b d ( S y , T y ) , b d ( f y , S y ) , b d ( g y , T y ) , b d ( S y , g y ) + b d ( f y , T y ) 4 s } = max { b d ( f y , g y ) , b d ( f y , f y ) , b d ( g y , g y ) , b d ( f y , g y ) + b d ( f y , g y ) 4 s } = max { b d ( f y , g y ) , b d ( f y , f y ) , b d ( g y , g y ) } max { b d ( f y , g y ) , 2 s b d ( f y , g y ) , 2 s b d ( f y , g y ) } = 2 s b d ( f y , g y ) .

So, we have

ψ ( 2 s 4 d ( f y , g y ) ) ψ ( M s ( y , y ) ) φ ( M s ( y , y ) ) ψ ( 2 s b d ( f y , g y ) ) φ ( M s ( y , y ) ) ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( f y , g y ) ) φ ( M s ( y , y ) ) ,

which implies that M s (y,y)=0, so we have fy=gy. Therefore, fy=gy=Sy=Ty.

Now, similar to the proof of Theorem 2.1, indeed from (2.20)-(2.22), we have gy=y. Therefore, fy=gy=Sy=Ty=y, as required. The last conclusion follows similarly as in the proof of Theorem 2.1. □

Now, we give an example to support our result.

Example 2.3 Let X=[0,) be equipped with the b-dislocated metric b d (x,y)= ( x + y ) 2 where s=2 and suppose that ‘’ is the usual ordering ≤ on X. Obviously, (X, b d ,) is an ordered complete b-dislocated metric space. Let f,g,S,T:XX be defined as

f ( x ) = ln ( 1 + x 4 ) , g ( x ) = ln ( 1 + x 5 ) , S ( x ) = e 5 x 1 , T ( x ) = e 4 x 1 .

For each xX, we have 1+ x 4 e x and 1+ x 5 e x , so f(x)=ln(1+ x 4 )x, g(x)=ln(1+ x 5 )x, x e 5 x 1=S(x) and x e 4 x 1=T(x). Thus, f and g are dominated and T and S are dominating with f(X)=g(X)=S(X)=T(X)=[0,). Also, the pair (g,T) is compatible, g is continuous and (f,S) is weakly compatible. Let the control functions ψ,φ:[0,)[0,) be defined as ψ(t)=bt and φ(t)=(b1)t, for all t[0,), where 1<b 400 32 . Note that

ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( f ( x ) , g ( y ) ) ) = 32 b ( f ( x ) + g ( y ) ) 2 = 32 b ( ln ( 1 + x 4 ) + ln ( 1 + y 5 ) ) 2 32 b ( x 4 + y 5 ) 2 = 32 400 b ( 5 x + 4 y ) 2 ( e 5 x 1 + e 4 y 1 ) 2 = b d ( S ( x ) , T ( y ) ) M 2 ( x , y ) = ψ ( M 2 ( x , y ) ) φ ( M 2 ( x , y ) ) , x , y X .

Thus, f, g, S and T satisfy all the conditions of Theorem 2.1. Moreover, 0 is a unique common fixed point of f, g, S and T.

Corollary 2.4 Let (X, b d ,) be an ordered complete b-dislocated metric space, and let f and g be two dominated self-maps on X. Suppose that for every two comparable elements x,yX,

ψ ( 2 s 4 b d ( f x , g y ) ) ψ ( M s ( x , y ) ) φ ( M s ( x , y ) )

is satisfied, where

M s (x,y)=max { b d ( x , y ) , b d ( f x , x ) , b d ( g y , y ) , b d ( x , g y ) + b d ( f x , y ) 4 s } ,

ψΨ and φΦ. If for every non-increasing sequence { x n } and a sequence { y n } with y n x n , for all n such that y n u, we have u x n , then f and g have a common fixed point. Moreover, the set of common fixed points of f and g is well ordered if and only if f and g have one and only one common fixed point.

Proof Taking S and T as identity maps on X, the result follows from Theorem 2.2. □

Corollary 2.5 Let (X, b d ,) be an ordered complete b-dislocated metric space. Let f and g be dominated self-maps on X. Suppose that for every two comparable elements x,yX,

2 s 4 b d (fx,gy) M s (x,y)φ ( M s ( x , y ) )

is satisfied, where

M s (x,y)=max { b d ( x , y ) , b d ( f x , x ) , b d ( g y , y ) , b d ( x , g y ) + b d ( f x , y ) 4 s } ,

and φΦ. If for every non-increasing sequence { x n } and a sequence { y n } with y n x n , for all n such that y n u, it implies that u x n , then f and g have a common fixed point. Moreover, the set of common fixed points of f and g is well ordered if and only if f and g have one and only one common fixed point.

Proof If we take S and T as the identity maps on X and ψ(t)=t for all t[0,), then from Theorem 2.2 it follows that f and g have a common fixed point. □

Remark 2.6 As corollaries we can state partial metric space as well as b-metric space versions of our proved results in a similar way, which extends recent results in these settings.

3 Existence of a common solution for a system of integral equations

Consider the following system of integral equations:

x ( t ) = a b K 1 ( t , r , x ( r ) ) d r , x ( t ) = a b K 2 ( t , r , x ( r ) ) d r ,
(3.1)

where b>a0. The purpose of this section is to present an existence theorem for a solution to (3.1) that belongs to X=C[a,b] (the set of continuous real functions defined on [a,b]) by using the obtained result in Corollary 2.4.

Here, K 1 , K 2 :[a,b]×[a,b]×RR. The considered problem can be reformulated in the following manner.

Let f,g:XX be the mappings defined by

f x ( t ) = a b K 1 ( t , r , x ( r ) ) d r , g x ( t ) = a b K 2 ( t , r , x ( r ) ) d r

for all xX and for all t[a,b].

Then the existence of a solution to (3.1) is equivalent to the existence of a common fixed point of f and g. According to Example 1.11, X equipped with

b d (u,v)= max t [ a , b ] ( | u ( t ) | + | v ( t ) | ) p

for all u,vX, is a complete b-dislocated metric space with s= 2 p 1 .

We endow X with the partial ordering given by

xyx(t)y(t)

for all t[a,b]. Moreover, in [4], it is proved that (X,) is regular.

Now, we will prove the following result.

Theorem 3.1 Suppose that the following hypotheses hold:

  1. (i)

    K 1 , K 2 :[a,b]×[a,b]×RR are continuous;

  2. (ii)

    for all t,r[a,b] and xX, we have

    x(t)min { a b K 1 ( t , r , x ( r ) ) d r , a b K 2 ( t , r , x ( r ) ) d r } ;
  3. (iii)

    for all r,t[a,b] and x,yX with xy, we have

    ( | K 1 ( t , r , x ( r ) ) | + | K 2 ( t , r , y ( r ) ) | ) ξ(t,r)ln ( 1 + ( | x ( r ) | + | y ( r ) | ) p ) ,

where ξ is a continuous function satisfying

sup t [ a , b ] ( a b ξ ( t , r ) p d r ) < 1 2 4 p 2 3 p ( b a ) p 1 .

Then the integral equations (3.1) have a common solution xX.

Proof From condition (ii), f and g are dominated self-maps on X.

Let 1p,q< with 1 p + 1 q =1.

Now, let x,yX be such that xy. From condition (iii), for all t[a,b], we have

( 2 4 p 3 ( | f x ( t ) | + | g y ( t ) | ) ) p 2 4 p 2 3 p ( a b ( | K 1 ( t , r , x ( r ) ) | + | K 2 ( t , r , x ( r ) ) | ) d r ) p 2 4 p 2 3 p [ ( a b 1 q d r ) 1 q ( a b ( | K 1 ( t , r , x ( r ) ) | + | K 2 ( t , r , x ( r ) ) | ) p d r ) 1 p ] p 2 4 p 2 3 p ( b a ) p q ( a b ξ ( t , r ) p ( ln ( 1 + ( | x ( r ) | + | y ( r ) | ) p ) ) p d r ) 2 4 p 2 3 p ( b a ) p q ( a b ξ ( t , r ) p ( ln ( 1 + b d ( x , y ) ) ) p d r ) 2 4 p 2 3 p ( b a ) p q ( a b ξ ( t , r ) p ( ln ( 1 + M s ( x , y ) ) ) p d r ) = 2 4 p 2 3 p ( b a ) p 1 ( a b ξ ( t , r ) p d r ) ( ln ( 1 + M s ( x , y ) ) ) p < ( ln ( 1 + M s ( x , y ) ) ) p = M s ( x , y ) p ( M s ( x , y ) p ( ln ( 1 + M s ( x , y ) ) ) p ) .

Hence,

( 2 s 4 b d ( f x , g y ) ) p = 2 s 4 sup t [ a , b ] ( | f x ( t ) | + | g y ( t ) | ) p M s ( x , y ) p ( M s ( x , y ) p ( ln ( 1 + M s ( x , y ) ) ) p ) .

Taking ψ(t)= t p and φ(t)= t p ( ln ( 1 + t ) ) p in Corollary 2.4, there exists xX, a common fixed point of f and g, that is, x is a solution for (3.1). □

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Acknowledgements

This article was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Therefore, the first author acknowledges with thanks DSR, KAU for financial support.

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Correspondence to Jamal Rezaei Roshan.

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Hussain, N., Roshan, J.R., Parvaneh, V. et al. Common fixed point results for weak contractive mappings in ordered b-dislocated metric spaces with applications. J Inequal Appl 2013, 486 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-486

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