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Homogenization of a semilinear variational inequality in a thick multi-level junction
Journal of Inequalities and Applications volume 2016, Article number: 104 (2016)
Abstract
We consider a semilinear variation inequality in a thick multi-level junction \(\Omega_{\varepsilon}\), which is the union of a domain \(\Omega_{0}\) (the junction’s body) and a large number of thin cylinders. The thin cylinders are divided into m classes depending on the geometrical characteristics and the semilinear perturbed boundary conditions of the Signorini type given on their lateral surfaces. In addition, the thin cylinders from each class are ε-periodically alternated along some manifold on the boundary of the junction’s body.
The purpose is to study the asymptotic behavior of the solution \(u_{\varepsilon}\) of this variation inequality as \(\varepsilon\to0\), i.e. when the number of the thin cylinders from each class infinitely increases and their thickness tends to zero. The passage to the limit is accompanied by special intensity factors \(\{ \varepsilon^{\alpha_{k}}\}_{k=1}^{m}\) in the boundary conditions. We establish two qualitatively different cases in the asymptotic behavior of the solution depending on the value of parameters \(\{{\alpha_{k}}\}_{k=1}^{m}\). For each case we prove a convergence theorem. As a consequence, we see that \(u_{\varepsilon}\) converges (as \(\varepsilon\to0\)) to the solution of the corresponding nonstandard homogenized problem and show that the semilinear boundary conditions are transformed in the limiting variational inequalities in the region that is filled up by the thin cylinders from each class.
1 Introduction and statement of the problem
It is known that some properties of materials are controlled by their geometrical structure. Therefore, the study of the influence of the material microstructure can improve its useful properties and reduce undesirable effects. Mathematical models for this study are boundary-value problems (BVPs) in domains with complex structures: perforated domains, grid-domains, domains with rapidly oscillating boundaries, junctions of thin domains of different configuration, thick junctions, etc.
The present paper is devoted to further development of the asymptotic method proposed in [1], where we studied the linear Signorini boundary-value problem in a thick junction.
A thick junction of type \(k:p:d\) is a union of some domain in \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) (called the junction’s body) and a large number of thin domains, which are ε-periodically attached to some manifold on the boundary of the junction’s body. This manifold is called the joint zone. The small parameter ε characterizes the distance between neighboring thin domains and also their thickness. The type \(k:p:d\) of a thick junction refers, respectively, to the limiting dimensions (as \(\varepsilon\to0\)) of the junction’s body, the joint zone and each of the attached thin domains.
Various constructions of thick-junction type are successfully used in nanotechnologies [2, 3], microtechnique [4], modern engineering constructions (microstrip radiator, ferrite-filled rod radiator), as well as many other physical and biological systems such as, for example, efficient sensors (inertial, biological, chemical) (see the review [5]), signal processing filters (ultra large band), micro-fractal constructions, the structure of the intestine lining with different levels of absorption of nutrients on different part of the tissues, and so on.
It is often impossible to solve problems in thick junctions directly with numerical methods, because this would require too much CPU resources considering a large number of components of thick junctions (in some cases few thousands). Therefore development of new mathematical tools is necessary. One of them is asymptotic analysis of BVPs in thick junctions as \(\varepsilon\to0\), i.e., when the number of attached thin domains infinitely increases and their thickness decreases to zero. Asymptotic results give us the possibility to replace the original problem in a thick junction by the corresponding homogenized problem that is simpler and then apply computer simulation.
1.1 A model thick multi-level junction
In contrast to the paper [1] we consider thick junctions with more complex structure, namely thick multi-level junctions.
Let B be a finite union of smooth, disjoint, and nontangent 2D-domains \(B_{1},\ldots,B_{m}\) strictly lying in the unit square \(\square:= \{ \xi'=(\xi_{1}, \xi_{2}): 0<\xi_{1}<1, 0<\xi_{2}<1 \}\).
A model thick multi-level junction \(\Omega_{\varepsilon}\) of type \(3:2:1\) consists of the junction body
where \(\gamma\in C^{1}(\overline{Q})\) and \(\min_{x' \in\overline {Q}}\gamma(x')=\gamma_{0}>0\), and a large number of thin cylinders \(G_{\varepsilon}:=\bigcup_{k=1}^{m} G_{\varepsilon}(k)\), which are divided into m classes:
\(k=1,2,\ldots,m\), i.e., \(\Omega_{\varepsilon}= \Omega_{0} \cup G_{\varepsilon}\) (see e.g. Figure 1). Here N is a large natural number, \(\varepsilon= \frac{a}{N}\) is a small discrete parameter that characterizes the distance between nearby thin cylinders and their thickness.
The second novelty of this paper is the following nonlinear boundary conditions of the Signorini type:
on \(S_{\varepsilon}(k)\), \(k = 1,\ldots,m\), where \(\partial_{\nu}=\frac{\partial}{\partial\nu}\) is the outward normal derivative, and \(S_{\varepsilon}(k)\) is the union of the lateral surfaces of the thin cylinders \(G_{\varepsilon}(k)\).
Thus, each class \(G_{\varepsilon}(k)\) is characterized by their geometrical characteristics (the cross-sectional area \(B_{k}\) and the length \(d_{k}\)) and their physical properties described by the positive coefficient \(a_{k}\), the functions \(\{g_{k}, h_{k}, \mu_{k}\}\) and the parameter \(\alpha_{k} \in\Bbb {R}\).
Many problems in applied mathematics involve the Signorini boundary conditions. Applications arise in groundwater hydrology, in plasticity, in crack theory, in optimal control problems, etc. (see [6]). Many of these problems can be recast as variational inequalities (see [6, 7]).
1.2 Statement of the problem
In \(\Omega_{\varepsilon}\) we consider the following semilinear problem:
with the boundary condition (1.2) on \(S_{\varepsilon}(k)\), where the brackets denote the jump of the enclosed quantities, \(\Gamma_{0}\) is a surface on \(\partial\Omega_{0}\) located in \(\{x: x_{3} > 0\}\) and \(\vert \Gamma_{0}\vert _{2}>0\) (\(\vert \Gamma_{0}\vert _{2}\) is the surface Lebesgue measure of \(\Gamma_{0}\)), \(Q_{\varepsilon}(k):=\partial\Omega_{0} \cap\partial G_{\varepsilon }(k)\), and \(S_{\varepsilon}:=\bigcup_{k=0}^{m} S_{\varepsilon}(k)\).
For the given functions f, \(\{g_{k}, \mu_{k}, h_{k}\}_{k=1}^{m}\) we assume the following conditions:
-
C1.
\(f \in L^{2}(\Omega_{0})\); \(g_{k} \in H^{1}(D_{k};Q)=\{\varphi\in H^{1}(D_{k}): \varphi|_{Q}=0 \text{ in sense of the trace}\}\), where \(D_{k}:=Q\times(-d_{k},0)\) is parallelepiped that is filled up with the thin cylinders \(G_{\varepsilon}(k)\) as \(\varepsilon\to0\);
-
C2.
functions \(\{\mu_{k}\}_{k=0}^{m}\) and \(\{h_{k}\}_{k=1}^{m}\) are Lipschitz continuous (it is equivalent that they belong to \(W_{\mathrm{loc}}^{1,\infty }(\mathbb{R})\)) and there exist positive constants \(c_{1}>0\) and \(c_{2}>0\) such that
$$ c_{1}\leq\mu'_{k}(s)\leq c_{2}, \qquad c_{1}\leq h'_{k}(s) \leq c_{2} \quad \mbox{for a.e. } s\in\mathbb{R}; $$(1.4) -
C3.
in the case if some \(\alpha_{k_{0}}<1\) we suppose that \(g_{k_{0}}\equiv0\) and \(h_{k_{0}}(0)=0\) (the condition of zero-absorption).
Our goal is to study the asymptotic behavior of the solution \({u_{\varepsilon}}\) to the problem (1.2)-(1.3) as \({\varepsilon \to0}\), i.e. when the number of thin attached cylinders from each class increases unboundedly, while their thickness tends to zero.
The passage to the limit is accompanied by the perturbed coefficients \({\{\varepsilon^{\alpha_{k}}\}_{k=1}^{m}}\) in the boundary conditions (1.2). In the paper we also study the influence of these perturbations on the asymptotic behavior of the solution.
1.3 Comments to the statement and methods of the study. Description of some results
1. Thick junctions have special character of the connectedness: there are points in a thick junction, which are at a short distance of order \(\mathcal{O}(\varepsilon)\), but the length of all curves, which connect these points in the junction, is of order \(\mathcal{O}(1)\). As a result, there are no extension operators that would be bounded uniformly in the corresponding Sobolev spaces (see [8]). At the same time the availability of an uniformly bounded family of extension operators is typical supposition in overwhelming majority of the existing homogenization schemes for problems in perforated domains with the Neumann or Robin boundary conditions (see e.g. [9, 10]). In addition, thick junctions are non-convex domains with non-smooth boundaries. Therefore, solutions of boundary-value problems in such domains have only minimal \(H^{1}\)-smoothness, while (see e.g. [10]) the \(H^{2}\)-smoothness of a solution is necessary to prove the convergence theorem. All these factors create special difficulties in the asymptotic analysis of boundary-value problems in thick junctions.
2. In a typical interpretation the solution to the problem (1.2)-(1.3) denotes the density of some quantity (chemical concentration, temperature, electronic potential) at equilibrium within the thick junction \(\Omega_{\varepsilon}\). Usually the source of the quantity is located in the junction’s body. Therefore, the right-hand side f is defined in \(\Omega_{0}\).
3. Standard assumptions for nonlinear terms of semilinear equations are as follows:
-
\(\vert \mu(s)\vert \le C (1 + \vert s\vert )\) for each \(s \in\Bbb {R}\) and some constant C;
-
\(\mu(s) s \ge C_{1} \vert s\vert ^{2} - C_{2}\) for all \(s \in\Bbb {R}\) and appropriate constants \(C_{1}> 0\), \(C_{2} \ge0\).
However, many physical processes, especially in chemistry and medicine, have a monotonous nature. Therefore, it is naturally to impose special monotonous conditions for nonlinear terms. In our case we propose simple conditions (1.4) which are easy to verify. For instance, the function
corresponds to the Michaelis-Menten hypothesis in biochemical reactions and to the Langmuir kinetics adsorption models (see [10, 11] for more details) and satisfies condition (1.4) if \(f \ge0\).
From conditions (1.4) it follows (see [8]) that the inequalities
are satisfied for all \(s \in\mathbb{R}\) and \(k=1,\ldots,m\).
4. The boundary conditions (1.2) mean that there is a flux of this quantity through some part of the lateral sides of the thin cylinders. It is evident from the results we have presented that these conditions have a substantial influence on the asymptotic behavior of the solution to the problem (1.2)-(1.3). To study the influence of the boundary interactions on the asymptotic behavior of the solution, we introduce special intensity factors \(\varepsilon^{\alpha_{k}}\), \(k=1,\ldots,m\).
If some \(\alpha_{k} \ge1\), then the differential equation \(-a_{k}\Delta u_{\varepsilon}+\mu_{k}(u_{\varepsilon})=0\) in the thin cylinders \(G_{\varepsilon}(k)\) and conditions (1.2) are transformed (as \(\varepsilon\to0\)) into the following variational relations:
in \(D_{k}\), where \(\delta_{\alpha_{k},1}\) is the Kronecker delta, \(\vert B_{k}\vert \) and \(l_{k}\) are, respectively, the area and perimeter of the plane domain \(B_{k}\).
If \(\alpha_{k} < 1\), then the extension \(\widetilde{u_{\varepsilon}}^{(k)}\) by zero of the solution \(u_{\varepsilon}\) from \(G_{\varepsilon}(k)\) into \(D_{k}\) converges strongly in \(L^{2}(D_{k})\) to 0 as \(\varepsilon\to0\).
Therefore, we consider two qualitatively different cases.
-
For all \(k\in\{1,\ldots,m\}\), we assume that the parameters \(\alpha_{k} \ge1\). Then the solution \(u_{\varepsilon}\) converges in some sense (see Section 3) to the multi-valued function \(\mathbf{u}_{0}\), which is a solution of the following semilinear variational inequality:
$$ \langle\mathcal{A}\mathbf{u}_{0}, {\boldsymbol{\varphi}} - \mathbf{u}_{0}\rangle \geq\langle F, {\boldsymbol{\varphi}}- \mathbf{u}_{0}\rangle\quad \forall {\boldsymbol{\varphi}} \in \mathcal{K}_{0}. $$(1.8) -
For some \(k=k_{0}\) parameter \(\alpha_{k_{0}}<1\) and the other parameters \(\{ \alpha_{k}\}\) are greater or equal to one. In this case the problem (1.2)-(1.3) splits (as \(\varepsilon\to0\)) into m independent problems: one of them is a semilinear boundary-value problem in the junction’s body \(\Omega_{0}\), the other ones are semilinear variational inequalities in \(D_{k}\) for \(k\in\{1,\ldots,m\}\setminus\{k_{0}\}\) (see Section 4).
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 we prove the existence and uniqueness of a weak solution to the problem (1.2)-(1.3) and the corresponding uniform estimate. Then in Section 3, using the method of monotone operators approach developed in [1], we derive the corresponding nonstandard homogenized problem, establish the existence and uniqueness of a weak solution to the homogenized problem in an anisotropic Sobolev space of multi-valued functions, and prove the convergence theorem in the case if all parameters \(\alpha _{k} \geq1\), \(k=1,\ldots,m\). In Section 4 we study the asymptotic behavior of the solution to the problem (1.2)-(1.3) in the second case. All these results are discussed in Section 5, where we also cite additional literature.
2 Variational statements for problem (1.2)-(1.3)
In the Sobolev space \(H^{1}(\Omega_{\varepsilon}; \Gamma_{0}) = \{ u \in H^{1}(\Omega_{\varepsilon}): u\vert _{\Gamma_{0}}=0 \}\), we define the subset
where \(\psi \vert _{S}\) denotes the trace of a Sobolev function ψ on a surface S. Obviously, \(\mathcal{K}_{\varepsilon}\) is a closed and convex set for every fixed value of \(\varepsilon>0\).
Since for each \(k\in\{1,\ldots,m\}\) the function \(g_{k}\) belongs to \(H^{1}(D_{k}; Q)\), we can regard \(g_{k}=0\) in \(\Omega_{0}\). As a result, the function
belongs to \(H^{1}(\Omega_{\varepsilon};\Gamma_{0})\) and \(\mathcal{G} \in \mathcal{K}_{\varepsilon}\).
Let us suppose that a classical solution of the problem (1.2)-(1.3) exists. Multiplying the equations of the problem (1.2)-(1.3) by the function \(u_{\varepsilon}- \mathcal{G}\), integrating by parts in \(\Omega_{\varepsilon}\) and taking into account the boundary conditions for \(u_{\varepsilon}\), we find
Now we take any function \(\varphi\in\mathcal{K}_{\varepsilon}\) and multiply the equations of the problem (1.2)-(1.3) by the function \(\varphi- \mathcal{G}\). Similarly as before, we get
Since \(\varphi\leq g_{k}\) and \(a_{k}\partial_{\nu}u_{\varepsilon }+\varepsilon^{\alpha_{k}} h_{k}(u_{\varepsilon})\leq0\) on \(S_{\varepsilon}(k)\),
Taking into account (2.4), it follows from (2.3) that
Definition 2.1
A function \(u_{\varepsilon} \in\mathcal{K}_{\varepsilon}\) is called a weak solution to the problem (1.2)-(1.3) if it satisfies equality (2.2) and inequality (2.5) for any function \(\varphi\in\mathcal{K}_{\varepsilon}\).
Let us give variational operator statements for the problem (1.2)-(1.3). For this purpose in the space \(H^{1}(\Omega_{\varepsilon}; \Gamma_{0})\) along with the ordinary norm \(\Vert u\Vert _{H^{1}(\Omega_{\varepsilon})}= (\int_{\Omega_{\varepsilon }} (u^{2} + \vert \nabla u\vert ^{2} )\,dx )^{\frac{1}{2}}\), we introduce the new norm \(\Vert \cdot \Vert _{\varepsilon}\), which is generated by the scalar product
Due to the uniform Dirichlet condition on \(\Gamma_{0}\), the norms \(\Vert \cdot \Vert _{\varepsilon}\) and \(\Vert \cdot \Vert _{H^{1}(\Omega_{\varepsilon})}\) are uniformly equivalent, i.e., there exist constants \(C_{1}>0\) and \(\varepsilon_{0}>0\) such that for all \(\varepsilon\in(0,\varepsilon_{0})\) and for all \(u \in H^{1}(\Omega_{\varepsilon}; \Gamma_{0})\) the following estimates hold:
Denote by \((H^{1}(\Omega_{\varepsilon};\Gamma_{0}))^{*}\) the dual space to \(H^{1}(\Omega_{\varepsilon};\Gamma_{0})\) and defined a nonlinear operator \(\mathcal{A}_{\varepsilon}: H^{1}(\Omega_{\varepsilon};\Gamma_{0}) \longmapsto(H^{1}(\Omega_{\varepsilon};\Gamma_{0}))^{*} \) through the relation
where \(\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_{\varepsilon}\) is the duality pairing of \((H^{1}(\Omega_{\varepsilon};\Gamma_{0}))^{*}\) and \(H^{1}(\Omega _{\varepsilon};\Gamma_{0})\).
Then Definition 2.1 can be re-written as follows.
Definition 2.2
A function \(u_{\varepsilon} \in\mathcal{K}_{\varepsilon}\) is called a weak solution to the problem (1.2)-(1.3) if it satisfies the equality
and inequality
In (2.7) and (2.8) \(F\in(H^{1}(\Omega _{\varepsilon};\Gamma_{0}))^{*}\), it is defined by \(\langle F, v \rangle_{\varepsilon} := \int_{\Omega_{0}} f v \,dx\). Obviously \(\Vert F\Vert \leq C \Vert f\Vert _{L^{2}(\Omega_{0})}\).
An equivalent definition reads as follows.
Definition 2.3
A function \(u_{\varepsilon} \in\mathcal{K}_{\varepsilon}\) is called a weak solution to the problem (1.2)-(1.3) if it satisfies the inequality
Let us show that definitions 2.2 and 2.3 indeed are equivalent. Subtracting equality (2.7) from inequality (2.8), we arrive at (2.9). Setting \(\varphi= \mathcal {G}\) into (2.9), we have
Putting \(\varphi= 2 u_{\varepsilon} - \mathcal{G}\) into (2.9), we get the reversed inequality
This means that (2.7) holds. Setting \(\varphi= \psi+ u_{\varepsilon} - \mathcal{G}\) in (2.9), where ψ is an arbitrary function from \(\mathcal{K}_{\varepsilon}\), we get (2.8).
2.1 Existence and uniqueness of the weak solution. Uniform estimate
In the following we will often use the following identities (see [8])
\(k=1,\ldots,m\). Here \(\vert B_{k}\vert \) is the area of the plane domain \(B_{k}\), \(l_{k}\) is the length of \(\partial B_{k}\), the auxiliary function \(Y_{k}\) is a unique solution to the following problem:
and then \(Y_{k}\) is ε-periodically continued with respect to \(\xi_{1}\) and \(\xi_{2}\). Due to the regularity properties of solutions to elliptic boundary-value problems we have
Using Cauchy’s inequality with δ (\(a b\leq\delta a^{2} + \frac {b^{2}}{4\delta}\), \(a, b >0\)) and (2.12), we deduce from (2.10) the following estimates:
for arbitrary function \(v \in H^{1}(G_{\varepsilon}(k))\), \(k=1,\ldots,m\).
Remark 2.1
In (2.13), (2.14), and in the following all constants \({C_{i}}\) and \(c_{i}\) in inequalities are independent of the parameter ε.
To prove the well-posedness result, we verify some properties of the operator \(\mathcal{A}_{\varepsilon}\).
1. Using (1.5) and (1.6), and Cauchy’s inequality with \(\delta>0\), we obtain
where \(c_{0}=\min(1,a_{1},\ldots,a_{m})\) and \(c_{4}=\min(c_{0},c_{1})\). Here it should be noted that the total measure \(\vert G_{\varepsilon}(k)\vert \) of the thin cylinders is order of \(\mathcal{O}(1)\) and the total measure \(\vert S_{\varepsilon}(k)\vert \) of the lateral surfaces of the thin cylinders \(G_{\varepsilon}(k)\) is order of \(\mathcal{O}(\varepsilon^{-1})\).
Then taking into account the condition of zero-absorption if some \(\alpha_{k} < 1\) and using (2.13), we can select appropriate δ such that
This inequality means that the operator \(\mathcal{A}_{\varepsilon}\) is coercive.
2. Let us show that it is monotone. Taking into account (1.4), we get
3. The operator \(\mathcal{A}_{\varepsilon}\) is hemicontinuous. Indeed, the real valued function
is continuous on \([0,1]\) for all fixed \(u_{1},u_{2},v\in K_{\varepsilon}\) due to the continuity of the functions \(\mu_{0}\), \(\mu_{k}\), \(h_{k}\), and Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem.
4. Let us prove that operator \(\mathcal{A}_{\varepsilon}\) is bounded. Using the Cauchy-Bunyakovsky integral inequality, (2.6) and (1.5)-(1.6), we deduce the following inequality:
Now, with the help of (2.13) and the condition of zero-absorption in the case if some \({\alpha_{k_{0}} <1}\), we obtain
Thus, the operator \(\mathcal{A}_{\varepsilon}\) is bounded, strongly monotone, and hemicontinuous, i.e., it is pseudo monotone operator (see Proposition 2.5 from [7], Section 2.4). As a result, existence and uniqueness of a solution of the variational inequality (2.9) for every fixed value ε now follow directly from Theorems 8.2, 8.3 (see [7]).
5. Taking into account (2.15), (2.16) and condition C3, we derive from (2.7) that
Selecting appropriate \(\delta>0\), we obtain the uniform estimate
3 Convergence theorem in the case \(\alpha_{k}\geq1\), \(k=1,\ldots,m\)
For every \(k\in\{1,\ldots,m\}\) let us introduce the following extensions by zero:
where \(D_{k}=Q\times(-d_{k},0)\) is parallelepiped that filled up with the thin cylinders \(G_{\varepsilon}(k)\) as \({\varepsilon\to0}\). It is obvious that this extension belongs to the anisotropic Sobolev space \(W^{0,0,1}(D_{k}):=\{v \in L^{2}(D_{k}): \exists \mbox{ weak derivative } \partial_{x_{3}}v \in L^{2}(D_{k})\}\) with the scalar product
Theorem 3.1
(The case \(\alpha_{k}\geq1\), \(k=1,\ldots,m\))
The sequence of the weak solutions \(\{u_{\varepsilon}\}_{\varepsilon>0}\) of the problem (1.2)-(1.3) satisfies the following relations:
for \(k=1,\ldots,m\), and the multi-valued function
is the unique weak solution to the following problem:
which is called the homogenized problem for the problem (1.2)-(1.3).
3.1 Existence and uniqueness of a weak solution to the homogenized problem (3.4)
We introduce the space \(\mathcal{V}_{0}:=L^{2}(\Omega_{0})\times L^{2}(D_{1})\times\cdots \times L^{2}(D_{m})\) with the scalar product
where \(\mathbf{u}=(u_{0}, u_{1}, \ldots, u_{m})\) and \(\mathbf{v}=(v_{0}, v_{1}, \ldots, v_{m})\). Also we define the Hilbert space
with the scalar product
Define also the subset
It is obvious that \(\mathcal{K}_{0}\) is a closed and convex in \(\mathcal{H}_{0}\).
The homogenized problem (3.4) is associated with the operator \(\mathcal{A}:\mathcal{H}_{0} \mapsto\mathcal{H}_{0}^{*}\)
where \(\langle\cdot,\cdot\rangle_{0}\) is the duality pairing of \(\mathcal {H}_{0}^{*}\) and \(\mathcal{H}_{0}\).
With the help of (1.5)-(1.6) and similarly as in Section 2.1, we prove that the operator \(\mathcal{A}\) is coercive, strongly monotone, bounded, and hemicontinuous.
By the same way as in Section 2 we can give equivalent definitions of a weak solution to the problem (3.4). For this purpose define the multi-valued function
Obviously \(\mathbf{g} \in\mathcal{K}_{0}\).
Definition 3.1
A function \(\mathbf{u}_{0} \in\mathcal {K}_{0}\) is called a weak solution to problem (3.4) if it satisfies the equality
and inequality
where the linear functional \(F \in\mathcal{H}_{0}^{*}\) is defined as follows:
Definition 3.2
A function \(\mathbf{u}_{0} \in\mathcal {K}_{0}\) is called a weak solution to problem (3.4) if it satisfies the inequality
Due to the inequality
which is valid because of (1.5)-(1.6), we can give another equivalent definition.
Definition 3.3
A function \(\mathbf{u}_{0} \in\mathcal {K}_{0}\) is called a weak solution to problem (3.4) if it satisfies the equality
Let us show that these definitions are equivalent. Setting the arbitrary multi-valued function \({\boldsymbol{\varphi}}=\mathbf{u}_{0}+ t({\boldsymbol{\psi}}-\mathbf{u}_{0}) \in\mathcal{K}_{0}\) (\(t \in[0,1]\), \({\boldsymbol{\psi}} \in\mathcal{K}_{0}\)) in inequality (3.7), we get
from which, using hemicontinuousness of the operator \(\mathcal{A}\), we obtain (3.5). Adding the inequality (3.6) to (3.5), we get (3.7).
Thus, by virtue of properties of the operator \(\mathcal{A}\) and Theorems 8.2, 8.3 from [7], the homogenized problem (3.4) has the unique weak solution.
3.2 The proof of the convergence theorem
From (2.17) it follows that the values \(\|u_{\varepsilon}\| _{H^{1}(\Omega_{0})}\), \(\|\widetilde{u_{\varepsilon}}^{(k)}\|_{L^{2}(D_{k})}\), \(\|\widetilde{\partial_{x_{i}} u_{\varepsilon}}^{(k)}\|_{L^{2}(D_{k})}\) (\(i=1,2,3\), \({k=1,\ldots,m}\)) are uniformly bounded with respect to ε. Therefore we can choose a subsequence \(\{\varepsilon'\} \subset\{\varepsilon\}\) (again denoted by ε) such that
where \(u^{+}_{0}\), \(u^{(k)}_{0}\), \(\gamma_{i}^{(k)}\), \(k=1,\ldots,m\), \(i=1,2,3\) are some functions that will be determined in the following.
1. At first we determine functions \(\gamma_{i}^{(k)}\), \(i=1,2,3\), \(k=1,\ldots,m\). Consider an arbitrary function \(\psi\in C_{0}^{\infty}(D_{k})\). Since \(\partial_{x_{3}}(\widetilde{u_{\varepsilon }}^{(k)})=\widetilde{\partial_{x_{3}}u_{\varepsilon}}^{(k)}\),
Passing to the limit as \(\varepsilon\to0\) in this identities, we obtain
whence it follows that there exist a weak derivative \(\partial_{x_{3}} u^{(k)}_{0}\) and \(\gamma_{3}^{(k)}=\vert B_{k}\vert \partial_{x_{3}} u_{0}^{(k)}\) a.e. in \(D_{k}\), \(k=1,\ldots,m\).
Consider the functions \(Z_{j}(\xi_{j})=-\xi_{j}+[\xi_{j}]\), \(j=1,2\), where \([t]\) is the integer part of t. With the help of these functions we determine for every \(k_{0} \in\{1,\ldots,m\}\) the following test-functions:
where \(\psi_{k_{0}}\) is arbitrary positive function from \(C_{0}^{\infty}(D_{k_{0}})\).
Since \(Z_{j}\leq0\) and \(\psi_{k_{0}} \geq0\), the functions \(\{\Phi _{1}^{(k_{0})}, \Phi_{2}^{(k_{0})}\}_{k_{0} =1}^{m}\) belong to \(\mathcal {K}_{\varepsilon}\) and
Substituting the functions \(\{\Phi_{j}^{(k_{0})}\}\) into the integral inequality (2.5), we get
Owing to (1.5), (1.6), (2.13), and (2.17), we deduce from (3.11) the estimate
whence we get \(\gamma_{1}^{(k_{0})}=\gamma_{2}^{(k_{0})}=0\) a.e. in \(D_{k_{0}}\), \(k_{0}=1,\ldots, m\).
2. By virtue of the continuity of the trace operator, the compact embedding \(H^{1/2}(Q) \subset L^{2}(Q)\), and the first relation in (3.8), we have
Consider 1-periodic functions
It is known that
Since \(\widetilde{u_{\varepsilon}}^{(k)}(x',0-0)=\chi_{k}(\frac {x'}{\varepsilon})u_{\varepsilon}(x',0+0)\) a.e. in Q,
On the other hand,
for any function \(\psi\in C_{0}^{\infty}(Q)\) and \(k \in\{1,\ldots,m\}\). Passing to the limit in this equality and taking into account the second relation in (3.8) and the convergence results obtained above, we obtain
whence
3. Let us show that
For this purpose we take any nonnegative function \(\phi\in C^{\infty}(\overline{D_{k}})\) and insert \(u_{\varepsilon}\phi\) into (2.10) instead of v. Since \(\phi\geq0\) and \(u_{\varepsilon}\in\mathcal{K}_{\varepsilon}\), we get
Taking into account (2.17), the second limit in (3.8) and (2.12), we can pass to the limit in (3.14) as \(\varepsilon\to0\). As a result, we have
whence (3.13) follows.
4. Consider the following set of multi-valued functions:
Obviously, for all \({\boldsymbol{\varphi}} \in C^{\infty}_{\mathcal {G}}(\Omega_{0}, D_{1},\ldots, D_{m})\) its restriction \(( \varphi_{0}, \varphi_{1}|_{G_{\varepsilon}(1)},\ldots, \varphi _{m}|_{G_{\varepsilon}(m)} )\) belongs to \(\mathcal{K}_{\varepsilon}\).
Now let us add to inequality (2.9) the inequality
where φ is arbitrary function from \(C^{\infty }_{\mathcal{G}}(\Omega_{0}, D_{1},\ldots, D_{m})\). We get
which with the help of (2.10) we can rewrite as
Taking into account (2.12), (2.17), (3.12), the convergence results (3.2) obtained in the first item of the proof, and the assumption that \(\alpha_{k} \geq1\), we can pass to the limit in (3.17) as \(\varepsilon\to0\). As a result, we obtain the inequality
Since \(C^{\infty}_{\mathcal{G}}(\Omega_{0}, D_{1}, \ldots,D_{m})\) is dense in \(\mathcal{K}_{0}\), the integral inequality (3.18) is valid for any multi-valued function \({\boldsymbol{\varphi}} \in\mathcal{K}_{0}\). This and inequalities (3.13) mean that the multi-valued function \(\mathbf{u}_{0}\) defined by (3.3) is the unique solution of inequality (3.7) (see Definition 3.3) and, moreover, it is the weak solution to the homogenized problem (3.4). Owing to the uniqueness of this solution, the above argumentations are true for any subsequence of \(\{\varepsilon\}\) chosen at the beginning of the proof. Thus the limits in (3.2) hold. □
4 Convergence theorem in the case \(\alpha_{k_{0}} < 1\)
Now let us suppose that for some \(k=k_{0}\) parameter \(\alpha_{k_{0}}<1\) and the other parameters \(\{\alpha_{k}\}\) are greater than or equal to one; for definiteness let \(k_{0}=1\), i.e., \(\alpha_{1}<1\), \(\alpha_{k} \geq 1\), \(k=2,\ldots,m\). In this case we additionally assume that the condition C3 is satisfied.
Theorem 4.1
(Case \(\alpha_{1}<1\), \(\alpha_{k} \geq1\), \(k=2,\ldots,n\))
Let the conditions described above are performed. Then the sequence of solutions \(\{u_{\varepsilon}\}_{\varepsilon>0}\) to the problem (1.2)-(1.3) satisfies the relations
for \(k=2,\ldots,m\), where \(u_{0}^{+}\) is the unique weak solution to the following problem:
and for every \(k \in\{2,\ldots,m\}\) the function \(u_{0}^{(k)}\) is the unique weak solution of the following problem:
4.1 Weak solutions of problems (4.2) and (4.3)
Definition 4.1
A function \(u_{0}^{+} \in H^{1}(\Omega_{0}; \Gamma_{0}\cup Q)\) is called a weak solution to the problem (4.2) if it satisfies the integral identity
where \(H^{1}(\Omega_{0}; \Gamma_{0}\cup Q):=\{u \in H^{1}(\Omega_{0}): u|_{\Gamma _{0}\cup Q}=0\}\).
Due to the condition C2, it follows from the main results of the theory of semilinear boundary-value problems that the problem (4.2) has the unique weak solution.
For the treatment of the problem (4.3) at fixed \(k\in \{2,\ldots,m\}\) we introduce the anisotropic Sobolev space \(W^{0,0,1}(D_{k}; Q):= \{u\in W^{0,0,1}(D_{k}): u|_{Q}=0\}\) and define an operator \(\mathcal{A}_{k}: W^{0,0,1}(D_{k}; Q)\mapsto (W^{0,0,1}(D_{k}; Q))^{*}\) through the relation
for any \(u, v \in W^{0,0,1}(D_{k}; Q)\), where \(\langle\cdot, \cdot\rangle_{k}\) is pairing of \((W^{0,0,1}(D_{k};Q))^{*}\) and \(W^{0,0,1}(D_{k};Q)\).
Also we determine the subset
Obviously \(\mathfrak{K}_{k}\) is closed and convex in \(W^{0,0,1}(D_{k}; Q)\).
With the help of (1.5)-(1.6) and Cauchy’s inequality with \(\delta>0\), similarly to Section 2.1, we prove that the operator \(\mathcal{A}_{k}\) is coercive, strong monotone, bounded, and hemicontinuous. Then, in the same way as in Section 2, we can give the definition of a weak solution to the problem (4.3) at any fixed index \(k \in\{2,\ldots,m\}\).
Definition 4.2
A function \(u_{0}^{(k)} \in \mathfrak{K}_{k}\) is called a weak solution to the problem (4.3) if it satisfies the inequality
Thanks to Theorems 8.2, 8.3 from [7], the problem (4.3) has a unique weak solution.
4.2 The proof of Theorem 4.1
1. The convergences
for every \(k\in\{2,\ldots,m\}\) over a subsequence are proved in practically the same way as in the first item in the proof of Theorem 3.1.
2. We now show that the traces of the functions \(u^{+}_{0}\) and \(\{ u_{0}^{(k)}\}\) are equal to zero on Q. Using (1.5), (1.6), (2.17), and condition C3, we deduce from the integral identity (2.2) the following inequality:
Then, with the help of (2.14) we get
where \(\theta:=\min (2;1-\alpha_{1} )>0\). Therefore
Arguing as in the second item in the proof of Theorem 3.1, we obtain
Also similarly to the proof of (3.13), we deduce that
3. Consider the arbitrary function \(\varphi_{0} \in C^{\infty}(\overline {\Omega_{0}})\) such that \(\varphi_{0}|_{\Gamma_{0}\cup Q}=0\). Obviously, the function
where \(\tau\in\mathbb{R}\), belongs to \(\mathcal{K}_{\varepsilon}\). Writing the inequality (2.8) with \(\varphi= \phi_{\tau}\), we have
Replacing τ with −τ, we deduce that in fact equality holds above, i.e.,
Since \(u_{\varepsilon}|_{\Omega_{0}} \stackrel{w}{\longrightarrow} u^{+}_{0}\) weakly in \(H^{1}(\Omega_{0}; \Gamma_{0})\) and strongly in \(L^{2}(\Omega_{0})\), we can pass to the limit over a subsequence of the sequence \(\{\varepsilon\}\) in (4.8) and arrive at the identity
Hence, with regard to (4.6), \(u_{0}^{+}\) is indeed the unique weak solution to the problem (4.2).
4. Denote by \(C^{\infty}_{\mathcal{G},0}(\Omega_{0}, D_{1},\ldots, D_{m}; Q)\) the subset of \(C^{\infty}_{\mathcal{G}}(\Omega_{0}, D_{1},\ldots , D_{m})\) (see (3.15)) having the property that \(\varphi_{1}\equiv0\) (recall that \(g_{1}\equiv0\)). Obviously
for every \({\boldsymbol{\varphi}} \in C^{\infty}_{\mathcal{G},0}(\Omega _{0}, D_{1},\ldots, D_{m}; Q)\).
Inserting the restriction \(( \varphi_{0}, 0|_{G_{\varepsilon }(1)},\ldots, \varphi_{m}|_{G_{\varepsilon}(m)} )\) of \({\boldsymbol{\varphi}} \in C^{\infty}_{\mathcal{G},0}(\Omega_{0}, D_{1},\ldots, D_{m}; Q)\) in inequality (3.16) and then passing to the limit as \(\varepsilon\to0\) similarly to the fourth item of the proof of Theorem 3.1, we find that
for an arbitrary multi-valued function \({\boldsymbol{\varphi}} \in C^{\infty}_{\mathcal{G},0}(\Omega_{0}, D_{1},\ldots, D_{m}; Q)\). Here we have essentially used \(h_{1}(0)=0\) and (4.5).
Now let us take any \(k_{0} \in\{2,\ldots,m\}\). Due to (4.6) and (4.7) we can consider (4.9) with the following multi-valued function:
where \(\varphi_{k_{0}}\) is arbitrary function from \(\mathfrak{K}_{k_{0}}\). As a result, we have
This variational inequality means that \(u_{0}^{({k_{0}})}\) is the unique solution to the problem (4.3) (see Definition 4.2). Owing to the uniqueness of this solution, the above argumentations are true for any subsequence of \(\{\varepsilon\}\) chosen at the beginning of the proof. Thus the limits in (4.1) hold. □
5 Conclusion
1. In the Signorini boundary conditions there are two alternative sets of boundary conditions the solution must satisfy and it is not a priori known what of the two sets is satisfied for each point. This type of boundary conditions are most suitable for simulation of different processes in domains with complex structure of the boundary. For our problem (1.2)-(1.3) this is an inhomogeneous Dirichlet condition or a nonlinear Robin condition:
on the lateral surfaces \(S_{\varepsilon}(k)\) of the thin cylinders \(G_{\varepsilon}(k)\) (\(k = 1,\ldots,m\)).
This Robin condition describes the motion of a flux of a quantity having different features that are described by the function \(h_{k}\) and by the presence of special intensity factor \(\varepsilon^{\alpha_{k}}\). At first glance it may seem that there is no difference between the Robin condition and the homogeneous Neumann condition, since the term \(h_{k}(u_{\varepsilon})\) is multiplied by \(\varepsilon^{\alpha_{k}}\). However, as we can see from Theorems 3.1 and 4.1, this is true only if \(\alpha_{k} >1\). If \(\alpha_{k} =1\), then the new blow-up term \(l_{k} h_{k}(u_{0}^{(k)})\) appears in the variational relations in \(D_{k}\) (see (3.4) and (4.3)). Just the appearance of this term in the homogenized relations provides mathematical justification of the chemical activity of nanostructural materials (see [8] for more detail).
If physical properties of the thin cylinders from the different classes are almost similar (\(\alpha_{k} \geq1\), \(k=1,\ldots,m\)), then the global flow described by the multi-valued function \(\mathbf{u}_{0}\) (see (3.3)) behaves as a many-phase system in the region which is filled up by the thin cylinder from each class in the limit passage as the parameter \(\varepsilon\to0\). An analogous effect was observed in the asymptotic behavior of solutions of various boundary-value problems in thick multi-level junctions of different types [12–15].
If some \(\alpha_{k_{0}} <1\), then the interaction between the lateral surfaces \(S_{\varepsilon}(k_{0})\) of the thin cylinders \(G_{\varepsilon}(k_{0})\) and the outside medium is very intensive and plays a dominant role in the asymptotic behavior of the problem (1.2)-(1.3). Note that this interaction may not be too strong locally if \(0 \leq \alpha_{k_{0}} <1\), but it produces this effect due to the total area of the surfaces \(S_{\varepsilon}(k_{0})\). As a result, the solution \(u_{\varepsilon}\) tends to zero in the thin cylinders \(G_{\varepsilon}(k_{0})\). Since the cylinders \(G_{\varepsilon}(k_{0})\) are ε-periodically alternated with cylinders from the other classes, the problem (1.2)-(1.3) splits, in passing to the limit as \(\varepsilon\to0\), into the boundary-value problem (4.2) and the spatial variational inequalities (4.3).
Successful applications of thick-junction constructions have stimulated active study of BVPs in thick junctions with strongly contrasting physical properties (see [16–18]).
2. We can obtain similar results if the functions \(\{\mu_{k}\} _{k=1}^{m}\) and \(\{h_{k}\}_{k=1}^{m}\) depend both on \(x_{3}\in[-d_{k}, 0]\) and \(s\in\Bbb {R}\). In this case we have to assume that the inequalities (1.4) are satisfied uniformly regarding \(x_{3}\), functions \(\{\mu_{k}\}_{k=1}^{m}\) and \(\{h_{k}\}_{k=1}^{m}\) vanish at \(x_{3}=0\), and their derivatives with respect to \(x_{3}\) are uniformly bounded.
3. Also we think that the solution to the homogenized problem (3.4) can be constructed by using a penalty formulation and successive iteration similarly to the proposal by Wendland in [1], Section 7.
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Mel’nyk, T.A., Nakvasiuk, I.A. Homogenization of a semilinear variational inequality in a thick multi-level junction. J Inequal Appl 2016, 104 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-016-1051-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-016-1051-y