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A note on fractional integral operators on Herz spaces with variable exponent

Abstract

In this note, we prove that the fractional integral operators from Herz spaces with variable exponent \(\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}\) to Lipschitz-type spaces are bounded provided \(p(\cdot)\) is locally log-Hölder continuous and log-Hölder continuous at infinity.

1 Introduction

Let \(\mathbb {R}^{n}\) be the n-dimensional Euclid space. For \(0<\beta<n\), the fractional integral operator \(I_{\beta}\) is defined by

$$I_{\beta}f(x)= \int_{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\frac{f(y)}{|x-y|^{n-\beta}}\,dy. $$

The famous Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev theorem tells us that \(I_{\beta}\) is a bounded operator from the usual Lebesgue spaces \(L^{p}\) to \(L^{q}\) with \(1/q=1/p-\beta/n\), where \(1< p< n/\beta\). Also \(I_{\beta}\) is bounded from \(L^{\frac{n}{\beta}}\) into \(BMO\). As for \(p>n/\beta\), Gatto and Vagi [1] proved that \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}\) is bounded from \(L^{p}\) into Lipschitz spaces whose smoothness is controlled by p and α, where \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}\) is defined as

$$\tilde{I}_{\beta}f(x)= \int_{\mathbb{R}^{n}} \biggl(\frac{1}{|x-y|^{n-\beta}} -\frac{\chi_{\{|\cdot|\geq1\}}(y)}{|y|^{n-\beta}} \biggr)f(y)\,dy. $$

Indeed Gatto and Vagi’s result was proved in the setting of the spaces of homogeneous type. Also there are extensions like weighted function spaces theory, see [2]. Recently, Ramseyer et al. [3] extended Gatto and Vagi’s result in the variable exponent function spaces case.

For the sake of convenience, we briefly recall some basic elements of the Lebesgue spaces with variable exponent, while more results can be found in [4, 5] and the references therein. Let Ω be a non-empty open set in \(\mathbb {R}^{n}\) and \(p(\cdot ):\Omega\rightarrow[1,\infty)\) be a measurable function. The variable exponent Lebesgue space \(L^{p(\cdot)}(\Omega)\) is defined by

$$L^{p(\cdot)}(\Omega):= \biggl\{ f \mbox{ is measurable}: \int_{\Omega}\biggl\vert \frac{f(x)}{\lambda}\biggr\vert ^{p(x)}\,dx< \infty \mbox{ for some constant } \lambda>0 \biggr\} . $$

It is easy to check that \(L^{p(\cdot)}(\Omega)\) is a Banach space with the norm defined by

$$\|f\|_{L^{p(\cdot)}(\Omega)}:=\inf \biggl\{ \lambda>0: \int_{\Omega}\biggl\vert \frac{f(x)}{\lambda}\biggr\vert ^{p(x)}\,dx\leq1 \biggr\} . $$

We let

$$p^{-}(\Omega):=\mathop{\operatorname {ess\,inf}}\limits_{x\in\Omega}p(x),\qquad p^{+}(\Omega):= \mathop{\operatorname {ess\,sup}}\limits_{x\in \Omega}p(x), $$

and we denote by \(\mathcal{P}(\Omega)\) the set of measurable function \(p(\cdot)\) on Ω with value in \([1,\infty)\) such that \(1< p^{-}(\Omega)\leq p(\cdot)\leq p^{+}(\Omega)<\infty\). For the sake of simplicity, we write \(L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb {R}^{n})\) as \(L^{p(\cdot)}\) and \(\|f\|_{L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb {R}^{n})}\) as \(\|f\| _{{p(\cdot)}}\), respectively.

We say a function \(p(\cdot) : \mathbb{R}^{n} \longrightarrow\mathbb{R}\) is locally log-Hölder continuous, if there exists a constant C such that

$$\bigl|p(x)-p(y)\bigr|\leq\frac{C}{\log(e+1/|x-y|)} $$

for all \(x, y\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\). If, for some \(p_{\infty}\in\mathbb{R}\) and \(C>0\), we have

$$\bigl|p(x)-p_{\infty}\bigr|\leq\frac{C}{\log(e+|x|)} $$

for all \(x\in\mathbb{R}^{n}\), then we say \(p(\cdot)\) is log-Hölder continuous at infinity.

The notation \(\mathcal{P}^{\log}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) is used for all those exponents \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) which are locally log-Hölder continuous and log-Hölder continuous at infinity with \(p_{\infty} :=\lim _{|x|\rightarrow\infty}p(x)\). Moreover, we can easily show that \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{P}^{\log}(\mathbb {R}^{n})\) implies \(p^{\prime}(\cdot)\in\mathcal{P}^{\log}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\).

Ramseyer, Salinas and Viviani introduced the following function space, which can be viewed as the variable exponent counterpart of Lipschitz space defined by Peetre in [6].

Definition 1

([3])

Let \(0<\beta<n\) and \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) and denote the Lebesgue measure of B by \(|B|\). We say that a locally integrable function f belongs to \(\mathcal{L}_{\beta,p(\cdot )}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) if there exists a constant C such that

$$ \frac{1}{|B|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{Q}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}} \int _{B}|f-m_{B}f|\,dx\leq C, $$
(1.1)

for every ball \(B=B(x, R)\subset\mathbb{R}^{n}\), with \(m_{B}f=\frac {1}{|B|}\int_{B}f\). The least constant C in (1.1) will be denoted by \(\|f\| _{Lip_{\beta, p(\cdot)}}\).

Ramseyer, Salinas and Viviani proved the following theorem.

Theorem 1.1

([3])

Given \(0<\beta<n\) and \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\). Then the following two statements are equivalent.

  1. (1)

    \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}\) is bounded from \(L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb {R}^{n})\) into \(\mathcal{L}_{\beta,p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\).

  2. (2)

    \(p(\cdot)\in P_{\beta}\), i.e., there exists a positive constant C such that for any ball B,

    $$ \biggl\Vert \frac{\chi_{\mathbb{R}^{n}\setminus B}}{|x_{B}-\cdot|^{n-\beta +1}}\biggr\Vert _{p^{\prime}(\cdot)} \leq C|B|^{\frac{\beta}{n}-\frac{1}{n}-1}\|\chi_{B}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)} $$
    (1.2)

    hold for every ball B, where \(x_{B}\) denotes its center.

Corollary 2.16 in [3] says that if \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal {P}^{\log}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) with \(0<\beta-1<\frac{n}{p^{+}}\), then \(p(\cdot)\) satisfies (1.2). With the help of Theorem 1.1, \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}\) is bounded from \(L^{p(\cdot )}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) to \(\mathcal{L}_{\beta,p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\). It is natural to ask what the target space is when \(L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb {R}^{n})\) is replaced by other more general spaces. The main result of this note is that the target space of mapping \(\tilde {I}_{\beta}\) is just the variant Lipschitz space when \(L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) is replaced by the so-called variable exponent Herz space.

2 Herz spaces and main results

Variable exponent Herz spaces were considered by many authors in recent years. Especially Herz spaces with two variable exponents and even with three variable exponents were produced by Almeida and Drihem [7] and Samko [8], respectively. For brevity, we only consider the Herz space with one variable exponent case, which was introduced by Izuki in [9]. Let \(B(x,r)=\{y\in\mathbb{R}^{n} : |x-y|< r\}\), \(B_{k}=\{x\in\mathbb{R}^{n} : |x|< 2^{k}\}\), \(A_{k}=B_{k}\setminus B_{k-1}\), and \(\chi_{A_{k}}=\chi_{k}\) be the characteristic function of the set \(A_{k}\) for \(k\in\mathbb{Z}\).

Definition 2

([9])

Let \(\alpha\in\mathbb{R}\), \(0< q\leq\infty\) and \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal {P}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\). The homogeneous Herz space \(\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) is defined as the set of all \(f\in L^{p(\cdot)}_{\mathrm{loc}}(\mathbb {R}^{n}\setminus\{0\})\) such that

$$\|f\|_{\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})} := \biggl(\sum _{k\in\mathbb{Z}}2^{k\alpha q}\|f \chi_{k}\|_{p(\cdot )}^{q} \biggr)^{1/q}< \infty. $$

It is obvious that if \(p(\cdot)\) is a constant, then \(\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})=\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p, q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) are classical Herz spaces. We can refer to [10] for more properties of the classical one.

Our main result is to establish a result of mapping property of \(\tilde {I}_{\beta}\) on \(\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\). For this purpose we need to define a variant of the Lipschitz space.

Definition 3

Given \(-\infty<\lambda<+\infty\), \(0<\beta<n\), and \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal {P}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\). We say that a locally integrable function f belongs to \(\mathcal{L}^{\lambda }_{\beta, p(\cdot)}\) if there exists a constant C such that

$$ \frac{1}{(|x|+R)^{\lambda}}\frac{1}{|B|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{B}\| _{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}} \int_{B}|f-m_{B}f|\,dx\leq C, $$
(2.1)

for every ball \(B=B(x, R)\subset\mathbb{R}^{n}\), with \(m_{B}f=\frac {1}{|B|}\int_{B}f\). The least constant C in (2.1) will be denoted by \(\|f\| _{\mathcal{L}^{\lambda}_{\beta, p(\cdot)}}\).

Remark 2.1

It is easy to see that in Definition 3 the average \(m_{B}f\) can be replaced by a constant in the following sense:

$$\frac{1}{2}\|f\|_{Lip^{\lambda}_{\beta, p(\cdot)}}\leq\sup _{B\in \mathbb{R}^{n}, R>0}\inf _{c\in\mathbb{R}} \frac{1}{(|x|+R)^{\lambda}}\frac{1}{|B|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{B}\| _{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}} \int_{B}|f-c|\,dx \leq\|f\|_{Lip^{\lambda}_{\beta, p(\cdot)}}. $$

Also by Definition 3, we obtain \(\mathcal{L}^{\lambda_{1}}_{\beta_{1}, p(\cdot)}\subset\mathcal {L}^{\lambda}_{\beta, p(\cdot)}\), where \(\lambda-\lambda_{1}=\beta_{1}-\beta\geq0\). Especially, \(\mathcal{L}^{\lambda}_{\beta, p(\cdot)}\subset\mathcal {L}_{\beta+\lambda, p(\cdot)}\) for \(\lambda<0\) and \(\mathcal{L}_{\beta+\lambda, p(\cdot)}\subset\mathcal{L}^{\lambda }_{\beta, p(\cdot)}\) for \(\lambda>0\).

Now we are in a position to state our results.

Theorem 2.1

Suppose that \(0< q<\infty\) and \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{P}^{\log}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\). If \(\beta-\frac {n}{p^{+}}-1<\alpha<n-\frac{n}{p^{-}}\), \(1<\beta<\frac{n}{p^{+}}+1\), then the operator \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}\) is bounded from \(\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) to \(\mathcal {L}^{-\alpha}_{\beta, p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\).

Theorem 2.2

Suppose that \(0< q<\infty\) and \(p(x)\in\mathcal{P}^{\log}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\). If \(\varepsilon>0\), then \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}\) is not bounded from \(\dot {K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}(\mathbb{R}^{1})\) to \(\mathcal{L}^{-\alpha-\varepsilon}_{\beta+\varepsilon, p(\cdot )}(\mathbb{R}^{1})\).

Remark 2.2

According to Remark 2.1, \(\mathcal{L}^{-\alpha-\varepsilon}_{\beta +\varepsilon, p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R}^{1})\subset \mathcal{L}^{-\alpha}_{\beta, p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R}^{1})\) when \(\varepsilon>0\). This shows that Theorem 2.1 is optimal.

We give some lemmas in Section 3 and then prove the above theorems in Section 4. C always means a positive constant independent of the main parameters and it may change from one occurrence to another. \(f\sim g\) means \(C^{-1}g\leq f\leq Cg\).

3 Technique lemmas

Lemma 3.1

([11])

Let \(\Omega\subset\mathbb {R}^{n}\). If \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{P}(\Omega)\), then for all \(f\in L^{p(\cdot )}(\Omega)\) and all \(g\in L^{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}(\Omega)\) we have

$$\int_{\Omega}\bigl|f(x)g(x)\bigr|\,dx\leq r_{p}\|f\|_{L^{p(\cdot)}(\Omega)} \|g\| _{L^{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}(\Omega)}, $$

where \(r_{p}:=1+\frac{1}{p^{-}(\Omega)}-\frac{1}{p^{+}(\Omega)}\).

Given a function \(f\in L_{\mathrm{loc}}^{1}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\), the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator M is defined by

$$Mf(x):=\sup_{r>0}r^{-n} \int_{B(x,r)}\bigl|f(y)\bigr|\,dy,\quad x\in\mathbb{R}^{n}, $$

and we say \(\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) is the set of \(p(\cdot)\in \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) satisfying the condition that M is bounded on \(L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\).

Lemma 3.2

([12])

\(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{P}^{\log}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) implies \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\).

Lemma 3.3

([13])

Let \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\), then there exists a positive constant C such that

$$C^{-1}|B|\leq\|\chi_{B}\|_{p(\cdot)}\| \chi_{B}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot )}\leq C|B| $$

hold for every ball B.

Remark 3.1

According to Lemma 3.2, the conclusion of Lemma 3.3 is correct when the condition \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) is replaced by \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{P}^{\log}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\).

Lemma 3.4

(Corollary 4.5.9 in [5])

Let \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{P}^{\log}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\), then for every ball \(B\subset\mathbb{R}^{n}\),

$$\|\chi_{B}\|_{p(\cdot)}\sim|B|^{\frac{1}{p(x)}}, \quad\textit{if } |B| \leq2^{n}, x\in B, $$

and

$$\|\chi_{B}\|_{p(\cdot)}\sim|B|^{\frac{1}{p_{\infty}}}, \quad\textit{if } |B| \geq1. $$

Lemma 3.5

([3])

Let \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) and \(0<\beta-1<\frac{n}{p^{+}}\).

  1. (1)

    If \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{P}^{\log}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\) and \(0<\beta -1<\frac{n}{p^{+}}\), then \(p(\cdot)\in P_{\beta}\).

  2. (2)

    If \(p(\cdot)\in P_{\beta}\), then there exists a positive constant C such that

    $$ \|\chi_{2B}\|_{p(\cdot)}\leq C\|\chi_{B} \|_{p(\cdot)}, $$
    (3.1)

    for every ball B, where 2B is the ball having the same center as B but whose diameter is two times as large.

We point out that the two results collected in Lemma 3.5 are from [3]. The result (1) is Corollary 2.16 and (2) is Lemma 2.9 therein, respectively.

Lemma 3.6

Let \(p(\cdot)\in\mathcal{P}^{log}(\mathbb{R}^{n})\), then there exists a constant \(C>0\) such that for all balls B and all measurable subsets \(S=B(x_{0},r_{0})\subset B=B(x_{1},r_{1})\),

$$\frac{\|\chi_{S}\|_{p(\cdot)}}{\|\chi_{B}\|_{p(\cdot)}}\leq C \biggl(\frac {|S|}{|B|} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p^{+}}}. $$

Proof

We proved the lemma in the following three cases: (1) \(|S|<|B|<1\); (2) \(|S|<1<|B|\); (3) \(1\leq|S|<|B|\). Cases (2) and (3) are easy, we omit the details. Now for case (1). By Lemma 3.4,

$$\frac{\|\chi_{S}\|_{p(\cdot)}}{\|\chi_{B}\|_{p(\cdot)}}\sim\frac {|S|^{\frac{1}{p(x_{S})}}}{ |B|^{\frac{1}{p(x_{S})}}}|B|^{\frac{1}{p(x_{S})}-\frac {1}{p(x_{B})}}\leq C \biggl( \frac{|S|}{|B|} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p^{+}}}. $$

Indeed in the last inequality in the above equation, since \(|x_{B}-x_{S}|\leq2r_{1}\), we make use of the local-Hölder continuity of \(p(x)\), so

$$\begin{aligned} \biggl\vert \frac{1}{p(x_{S})}-\frac{1}{p(x_{B})}\biggr\vert \log \frac{1}{r_{1}} &\leq\frac{\log\frac{1}{r_{1}}}{\log(e+\frac{1}{|x_{S}-x_{B}|})} \\ &\leq\frac{\log\frac{1}{r_{1}}}{\log(e+\frac{1}{2r_{1}})} \leq C. \end{aligned}$$

The lemma is proved. □

4 Proofs of theorems

Proof of Theorem 2.1

Fix a ball \(Q = B(x_{0},R)\). To prove Theorem 2.1, we need to estimate

$$\frac{(|x_{0}|+R)^{\alpha}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{Q}\|_{p^{\prime }(\cdot)}} \int_{Q}\bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta}f(x)-c\bigr|\,dx. $$

Let k be the least integer such that \(Q\subset B(0, 2^{k})\), hence \(|x_{0}|+R\sim2^{k}\). We consider three cases:

  1. (1)

    \(Q\cap B(0, 2^{k-2})\neq\emptyset\),

  2. (2)

    \(Q\cap B(0, 2^{k-2})=\emptyset\) and \(R\geq2^{k-4}\),

  3. (3)

    \(Q\cap B(0, 2^{k-2})=\emptyset\) and \(R<2^{k-4}\).

Case (1) or (2). Note that \(|Q| \geq C2^{kn}\) in both cases. We write

$$ f(x)=f\chi_{B(0, 2^{k+1})}(x)+f\chi_{\mathbb{R}^{n}\setminus B(0, 2^{k+1})}(x)=:f_{1}(x)+f_{2}(x). $$
(4.1)

First we estimate \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{1}\).

Let \(c_{1}=-\int_{|y|\geq1}\frac{f_{1}(y)}{|y|^{n-\beta}}\,dy\), then \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{1}-c_{1}=I_{\beta}f_{1}\). For any \(x\in Q\), \(|I_{\beta}f_{1}(x)|\leq \int_{B(0,2^{k+1})}\frac{|f(y)|}{|x-y|^{n-\beta}}\,dy\). Then by Fubini’s theorem, we have

$$\begin{aligned} \int_{Q}\bigl|I_{\beta}f_{1}(x)\bigr|\,dx&\leq \int_{B(0, 2^{k+1})}\bigl|f(y)\bigr| \int _{Q}\frac{1}{|x-y|^{n-\beta}}\,dx\,dy \\ &\leq C|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}} \int_{B(0, 2^{k+1})}\bigl|f(y)\bigr|\,dy \\ &=C|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\sum _{j=-\infty}^{k+1} \int_{A_{j}}\bigl|f(y)\bigr|\,dy. \end{aligned}$$

Using Lemma 3.1 and Lemma 3.3, we derive the estimate

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{(|x_{0}|+R)^{\alpha}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{Q}\|_{p^{\prime }(\cdot)}} \int_{Q}\bigl|I_{\beta}f_{1}(x)\bigr|\,dx &\leq C\sum _{j=-\infty}^{k+1}\frac{(|x_{0}|+R)^{\alpha}}{\|\chi _{Q}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}} \int_{A_{j}}\bigl|f(y)\bigr|\,dy \\ &\leq C\sum _{j=-\infty}^{k+1}2^{k\alpha} \frac{\|\chi_{Q}\| _{p(\cdot)}}{|Q|}\|f\chi_{j}\|_{p(\cdot)} \|\chi_{j} \|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)} \\ &\leq C\sum _{j=-\infty}^{k+1}2^{k\alpha}2^{-kn} \|f\chi_{j}\| _{p(\cdot)}\|\chi_{B_{j}}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)} \| \chi_{B_{k}}\|_{p(\cdot)}. \end{aligned}$$
(4.2)

Now we can distinguish three cases as follows, by Lemma 3.4:

(1) If \(0\leq j-1\leq k\), we have

$$\begin{aligned} \|\chi_{B_{j}}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}\|\chi_{B_{k}}\|_{p(\cdot)} &\sim |B_{j}|^{\frac{1}{p^{\prime}_{\infty}}}|B_{k}|^{\frac{1}{p_{\infty}}} \sim \bigl(2^{jn}\bigr)^{\frac{1}{p^{\prime}_{\infty}}}\bigl(2^{kn} \bigr)^{\frac {1}{p_{\infty}}}\\ &\sim2^{jn}2^{(k-j)\frac{n}{p_{\infty}}}\leq C 2^{jn}2^{(k-j)\frac{n}{p^{-}}}. \end{aligned}$$

(2) If \(j-1< 0\leq k\), we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \|\chi_{B_{j}}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}\|\chi_{B_{k}}\|_{p(\cdot)} &\sim |B_{j}|^{\frac{1}{p^{\prime}(x_{j})}}|B_{k}|^{\frac{1}{p_{\infty}}} \sim \bigl(2^{jn}\bigr)^{\frac{1}{p^{\prime}(x_{j})}}\bigl(2^{kn} \bigr)^{\frac{1}{p_{\infty }}}\\ &\sim2^{jn}\bigl(2^{-jn}\bigr)^{\frac{1}{p(x_{j})}} \bigl(2^{kn}\bigr)^{\frac{1}{p_{\infty }}}\leq C 2^{jn}2^{(k-j)\frac{n}{p^{-}}}. \end{aligned}$$

(3) If \(j-1\leq k< 0\), we get

$$\begin{aligned} \|\chi_{B_{j}}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}\|\chi_{B_{k}}\|_{p(\cdot)} &\sim |B_{j}|^{\frac{1}{p^{\prime}(x_{j})}}|B_{k}|^{\frac{1}{p(x_{k})}} \sim \bigl(2^{jn}\bigr)^{\frac{1}{p^{\prime}(x_{j})}}\bigl(2^{kn} \bigr)^{\frac {1}{p(x_{k})}}\\ &\sim2^{jn}2^{(k-j)\frac{n}{p(x_{j})}}\bigl(2^{kn}\bigr)^{\frac {1}{p(x_{k})}-\frac{1}{p(x_{j})}} \leq C2^{jn}2^{(k-j)\frac{n}{p^{-}}}. \end{aligned}$$

Here in the last inequality we using the following facts: If \(k\geq 0\), \(|x_{k}|<2^{k}\), and \(|x_{j}|<2^{j}\leq2^{k}\), then the local-Hölder continuity of \(p(x)\) at the origin yields

$$\begin{aligned} \biggl\vert \frac{1}{p(x_{k})}-\frac{1}{p(x_{j})}\biggr\vert \log \frac{1}{2^{k}} &\leq\biggl\vert \frac{1}{p(x_{k})}-\frac{1}{p(0)}\biggr\vert \log\frac{1}{2^{k}} +\biggl\vert \frac{1}{p(x_{j})}- \frac{1}{p(0)}\biggr\vert \log\frac{1}{2^{k}} \\ &\leq C\frac{\log\frac{1}{2^{k}}}{\log(e+\frac{1}{2^{k}})}\leq C \end{aligned}$$

with \(C>0\) independent of k, j, \(x_{k}\), \(x_{j}\).

Therefore,

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{(|x_{0}|+R)^{\alpha}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{Q}\|_{p^{\prime }(\cdot)}} \int_{Q}\bigl|I_{\beta}f_{1}(x)\bigr|\,dx &\leq C\sum _{j=-\infty}^{k+1}2^{(k-j)(\alpha-n+\frac {n}{p^{-}})}2^{j\alpha}\|f \chi_{j}\|_{p(\cdot)}. \end{aligned}$$

Since

$$\begin{aligned} 2^{j\alpha}\|f\chi_{j}\|_{L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R}^{n})} &= \bigl(2^{jq\alpha}\|f\chi_{j}\|^{q}_{L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb {R}^{n})} \bigr)^{1/q} \leq \Biggl(\sum _{i=-\infty}^{\infty} 2^{iq\alpha}\|f \chi_{i}\|^{q}_{L^{p}(\cdot)}\bigl(\mathbb{R}^{n} \bigr) \Biggr)^{1/q} \leq\|f\|_{\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}. \end{aligned}$$

Thus by the condition \(\alpha-n+\frac{n}{p^{-}}<0\), it follows that

$$ \frac{(|x_{0}|+R)^{\alpha}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{Q}\|_{p^{\prime }(\cdot)}} \int_{Q}\bigl|I_{\beta}f_{1}(x)\bigr|\,dx \leq C\|f \|_{\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}. $$
(4.3)

Next we estimate \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{2}\). Let \(c_{2}=\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{2}(x_{0})\). For any \(x\in Q\), \(y\in A_{j}\) and \(j\geq k+2\), we have \(|x_{0}-y|\geq |y|-|x_{0}|>2^{j-1}-2^{k}\geq2^{j-2}\). Then

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{2}(x)-c_{2}\bigr|&\leq \int_{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\biggl\vert \frac{1}{ |x-y|^{n-\beta}}-\frac{1}{|x_{0}-y|^{n-\beta}} \biggr\vert \bigl|f_{2}(y)\bigr|\,dy \\ &\leq CR \int_{\mathbb{R}^{n}\setminus B(0, 2^{k+1})}\frac {|f(y)|}{|x_{0}-y|^{n-\beta+1}}\,dy \\ &\leq CR\sum _{j=k+2}^{\infty} \int_{A_{j}}\frac {|f(y)|}{|x_{0}-y|^{n-\beta+1}}\,dy \\ &\leq CR\sum _{j=k+2}^{\infty}2^{-j(n-\beta+1)} \int_{A_{j}}\bigl|f(y)\bigr|\,dy. \end{aligned}$$

By Lemma 3.1 and Lemma 3.3, we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{(|x_{0}|+R)^{\alpha}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{Q}\|_{p^{\prime }(\cdot)}} \int_{Q}\bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{2}(x)-c_{2}\bigr|\,dx &\leq CR\sum _{j=k+2}^{\infty}\frac{2^{k\alpha}2^{-j(n-\beta +1)}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{Q}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}} |Q| \int_{A_{j}}\bigl|f(y)\bigr|\,dy \\ &\leq CR\sum _{j=k+2}^{\infty}\frac{2^{k\alpha}2^{-j(n-\beta+1)}\| \chi_{Q}\|_{p(\cdot)}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}} \|f \chi_{j}\|_{p(\cdot)}\|\chi_{j}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)} \\ &\leq CR\sum _{j=k+2}^{\infty}\frac{2^{k\alpha}2^{-j(n-\beta +1)}}{2^{k\beta}} \|f \chi_{j}\|_{p(\cdot)}\|\chi_{B_{j}}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}\|\chi _{B_{k}}\|_{p(\cdot)}. \end{aligned}$$

Applying the arguments used in the corresponding step of the estimate of \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{1}\), we arrive at the inequality

$$ \|\chi_{B_{j}}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}\|\chi_{B_{k}} \|_{p(\cdot)} \leq C2^{jn}2^{(k-j)\frac{n}{p^{+}}}. $$
(4.4)

Since \(\alpha-\beta+\frac{n}{p^{+}}+1>0\),

$$ \begin{aligned} \frac{(|x_{0}|+R)^{\alpha}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{Q}\|_{p^{\prime }(\cdot)}} \int_{Q}\bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{2}(x)-c_{2}\bigr|\,dx &\leq C\sum _{j=k+2}^{\infty}2^{(k-j)(\alpha-\beta+\frac {n}{p^{+}}+1)}2^{j\alpha} \|f\chi_{j}\|_{p(\cdot)} \\ &\leq C\|f\|_{\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}. \end{aligned} $$
(4.5)

Combining (4.1)-(4.5), cases (1) and (2) are proved.

Case (3). We write

$$ \begin{aligned} f(x)&=f\chi_{B(x_{0}, 2R)}(x)+f \chi_{B_{k+1}\setminus(B_{k-3}\cup B(x_{0}, 2R))}(x) +f\chi_{B_{k-3}}(x)+f\chi_{\mathbb{R}^{n}\setminus B_{k+1}}(x)\\ &=:f_{1}(x)+f_{2}(x)+f_{3}(x)+f_{4}(x). \end{aligned} $$
(4.6)

First we estimate \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{1}\). Let \(c_{1}=-\int_{|y|\geq 1}\frac{f_{1}(y)}{|y|^{n-\beta}}\,dy\), then \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{1}-c_{1}=I_{\beta}f_{1}\). For any \(x\in Q\), \(|I_{\beta}f_{1}(x)|\leq \int_{B(x_{0},2R)}\frac{|f(y)|}{|x-y|^{n-\beta}}\,dy\). Then by Fubini’s theorem and Lemma 3.1, we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \int_{Q}\bigl|I_{\beta}f_{1}(x)\bigr|\,dx&\leq \int_{B(x_{0}, 2R)}\bigl|f(y)\bigl| \int_{Q}\frac {1}{|x-y|^{n-\beta}}\,dx\,dy \\ &\leq C|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}} \int_{B(x_{0}, 2R)}\bigl|f(y)\bigr|\,dy \\ &\leq C|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|f\chi_{B(x_{0}, 2R)}\|_{p(\cdot)}\|\chi _{B(x_{0}, 2R)}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}. \end{aligned}$$

Note that \(B(x_{0}, 2R)\subset\bigcup _{j=k-2}^{k+1}A_{j}\), so

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{(|x_{0}|+R)^{\alpha}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{Q}\|_{p^{\prime }(\cdot)}} \int_{Q}\bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{1}(x)-c_{1}\bigr|\,dx &\leq C2^{k\alpha}\|f\chi_{B(x_{0}, 2R)}\|_{p(\cdot)} \\ &\leq C\sum _{j=k-2}^{k+1}2^{j\alpha}\|f \chi_{j}\|_{p(\cdot)} \\ &\leq C\|f\|_{\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}. \end{aligned}$$
(4.7)

Next we estimate \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{2}\). Let \(c_{2}=\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{2}(x_{0})\). By Lemma 3.1, and then by the condition \(1<\beta<\frac {n}{p^{+}}+1\) with Lemma 3.5,

$$\begin{aligned}[b] \bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{2}(x)-c_{2}\bigr|&\leq CR \int_{|x_{0}-y|>2R}\frac {|f_{2}(y)|}{|x_{0}-y|^{n-\beta+1}}\,dy \\ &\leq CR\|f\chi_{B_{k+1}\setminus B_{k-3}}\|_{p(\cdot)}\biggl\Vert \frac{\chi _{\mathbb{R}^{n}\setminus B(x_{0}, 2R)}}{ |x_{0}-y|^{n-\beta+1}} \biggr\Vert _{p^{\prime}(\cdot)} \\ &\leq C\bigl|B(x_{0}, 2R)\bigr|^{\frac{\beta}{n}-1}\|f\chi_{B_{k+1}\setminus B_{k-3}} \|_{p(\cdot)} \|\chi_{B(x_{0}, 2R)}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)} \\ &\leq C|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}-1}\|f\chi_{B_{k+1}\setminus B_{k-3}}\| _{p(\cdot)} \| \chi_{Q}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}. \end{aligned} $$

Hence

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{(|x_{0}|+R)^{\alpha}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{Q}\|_{p^{\prime }(\cdot)}} \int_{Q}\bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{2}(x)-c_{2}\bigr|\,dx &\leq C2^{k\alpha}\|f\chi_{B_{k+1}\setminus B_{k-3}}\|_{p(\cdot)} \\ &\leq C\|f\|_{\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}. \end{aligned}$$
(4.8)

Now we estimate \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{4}\). Let \(c_{4}=\tilde{I}_{\beta }f_{4}(x_{0})\). For any \(x\in Q\), \(y\in B(0, 2^{k-3})\), we have \(|x_{0}-y|\geq |x_{0}|-|y|>2^{k-2}-2^{k-3}=2^{k-3}\). Then

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{4}(x)-c_{4}\bigr|&\leq \int_{\mathbb{R}^{n}}\biggl\vert \frac{1}{ |x-y|^{n-\beta}}-\frac{1}{|x_{0}-y|^{n-\beta}} \biggr\vert \bigl|f_{4}(y)\bigr|\,dy \\ &\leq CR \int_{B(0, 2^{k-3})}\frac{|f(y)|}{|x_{0}-y|^{n-\beta+1}}\,dy \\ &\leq CR2^{-k(n-\beta+1)} \int_{B(0, 2^{k-3})}\bigl|f(y)\bigr|\,dy \\ &=CR2^{-k(n-\beta+1)}\sum _{j=-\infty}^{k-3} \int_{A_{j}}\bigl|f(y)\bigr|\,dy. \end{aligned}$$

Now Lemma 3.1 yields

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{4}(x)-c_{4}\bigr| &\leq CR2^{-k(n-\beta+1)}\sum _{j=-\infty}^{k-3}\|f \chi_{j}\| _{p(\cdot)}\|\chi_{j}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}. \end{aligned}$$

Lemma 3.6 gives

$$ \frac{\|\chi_{Q}\|_{p(\cdot)}}{\|\chi_{B_{k}}\|_{p(\cdot)}} \leq C \biggl(\frac{|Q|}{|B_{k}|} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p^{+}}}. $$
(4.9)

Since \(\alpha-n+\frac{n}{p^{-}}<0\), we have

$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{(|x_{0}|+R)^{\alpha}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{Q}\| _{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}} \int_{Q}\bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{4}(x)-c_{4}\bigr|\,dx \\ &\quad\leq C\frac{2^{k\alpha}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta-1}{n}}}2^{-k(n-\beta+1)}\sum _{j=-\infty}^{k-3} \|f\chi_{j}\|_{p(\cdot)}\|\chi_{j}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}\| \chi_{Q}\| _{p(\cdot)} \\ &\quad\leq C\frac{2^{k\alpha}}{|B_{k}|^{\frac{\beta-1}{n}}}2^{-k(n-\beta+1)} \biggl(\frac{|Q|}{|B_{k}|} \biggr)^{\frac{1}{p^{+}}-\frac{\beta-1}{n}}\sum _{j=-\infty}^{k-3} \|f \chi_{j}\|_{p(\cdot)}\|\chi_{B_{j}}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}\|\chi _{B_{k}}\|_{p(\cdot)} \\ &\quad\leq C\sum _{j=-\infty}^{k-3}2^{(k-j)(\alpha-n+\frac {n}{p^{-}})}2^{j\alpha} \|f\chi_{j}\|_{p(\cdot)} \\ &\quad\leq C\|f\|_{\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}. \end{aligned}$$
(4.10)

Finally we estimate \(\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{3}\). Let \(c_{3}=\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{3}(x_{0})\). For any \(x\in Q\), \(y\in \mathbb{R}^{n}\setminus B(0, 2^{k+1})\), and \(j\geq k+2\), we have \(|x_{0}-y|\geq |y|-|x_{0}|>2^{k+1}-2^{k}=2^{k}\). Then we write

$$\begin{aligned} \bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{3}(x)-c_{3}\bigr| &\leq CR \int_{\mathbb{R}^{n}\setminus B(0, 2^{k+1})}\frac {|f(y)|}{|x_{0}-y|^{n-\beta+1}}\,dy \\ &\leq CR\sum _{j=k+2}^{\infty} \int_{A_{j}}\frac {|f(y)|}{|x_{0}-y|^{n-\beta+1}}\,dy \\ &\leq CR\sum _{j=k+2}^{\infty}2^{-j(n-\beta+1)} \int_{A_{j}}\bigl|f(y)\bigr|\,dy. \end{aligned}$$

Lemma 3.1 implies

$$\int_{A_{j}}\bigl|f(y)\bigr|\,dy\leq C\|f\chi_{j}\|_{p(\cdot)} \|\chi_{B_{j}}\| _{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}. $$

Applying Lemma 3.3 we obtain

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{(|x_{0}|+R)^{\alpha}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{Q}\|_{p^{\prime }(\cdot)}} \int_{Q}\bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{3}(x)-c_{3}\bigr|\,dx &\leq C\frac{2^{k\alpha}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta-1}{n}}}2^{-k(n-\beta+1)}\sum _{j=-\infty}^{k-3} \|f\chi_{j}\|_{p(\cdot)}\|\chi_{B_{j}}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}\| \chi_{Q}\| _{p(\cdot)}. \end{aligned}$$

Since \(\alpha-\beta+\frac{n}{p^{+}}+1>0\), by (4.4) and (4.9),

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{(|x_{0}|+R)^{\alpha}}{|Q|^{\frac{\beta}{n}}\|\chi_{Q}\|_{p^{\prime }(\cdot)}} \int_{Q}\bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{3}(x)-c_{3}\bigr|\,dx &\leq C\sum _{j=k+2}^{\infty}2^{(k-j)(\alpha-\beta+\frac {n}{p^{+}}+1)}2^{j\alpha} \|f\chi_{j}\|_{p(\cdot)} \\ &\leq C\|f\|_{\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}. \end{aligned}$$
(4.11)

Combining (4.6)-(4.8), (4.10), and (4.11), case (3) is proved and then the proof of the theorem is completed. □

Proof of Theorem 2.2

Let \(f_{i}(x) = 2^{-i\alpha}\chi_{[2^{i} ,2^{i} +1]}(x)\) for \(i\geq1\), then \(\|f_{i}\|_{\dot{K}^{\alpha}_{p(\cdot), q}(\mathbb{R}^{1})}\sim1\) and

$$\begin{aligned} \tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{i}(x)-\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{i} \bigl(2^{i}\bigr)&= \int_{\mathbb {R}^{1}} \biggl\{ \frac{1}{|x-y|^{1-\beta}}-\frac{1}{|2^{i}-y|^{1-\beta}} \biggr\} f_{i}(y)\,dy \\ &=\frac{2^{-i\alpha}}{\beta}\bigl\{ \bigl(2^{i}+1-x\bigr)^{\beta}- \bigl(2^{i}-x\bigr)^{\beta}-1\bigr\} . \end{aligned}$$

Let \(B_{i}=(2^{i}-1,2^{i})\) with \(|B_{i}|=1\), then

$$\frac{1}{|B_{i}|} \int_{B_{i}}\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{i}(x)\,dx= \frac {2^{-i\alpha}(2^{\beta+1}-\beta-3)}{ \beta(\beta+1)}+\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{i}\bigl(2^{i} \bigr). $$

Hence

$$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{|B_{i}|}& \int_{B_{i}}\bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{i}(x)-(\tilde {I}_{\beta}f_{i})_{B_{i}}\bigr|\,dx \\ &=\frac{2^{-i\alpha}}{\beta} \int^{2^{i}}_{2^{i}-1}\biggl|\bigl(2^{i}+1-x \bigr)^{\beta }-\bigl(2^{i}-x\bigr)^{\beta}-1- \frac{2^{\beta+1}-\beta-3}{\beta+1}\biggr|\,dx \\ &=\frac{2^{-i\alpha}}{\beta} \int^{1}_{0}\biggl|(2-x)^{\beta}-(1-x)^{\beta}-1- \frac{2^{\beta+1}-\beta-3}{\beta+1}\biggr|\,dx \\ &=C2^{-i\alpha} \end{aligned}$$

and

$$\begin{aligned} &\lim _{i\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{(|2^{i}-\frac{1}{2}|+\frac {1}{2})^{-\alpha-\varepsilon}|B_{i}|^{\beta+\varepsilon} \|\chi_{B_{i}}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}} \int_{B_{i}}\bigl|\tilde{I}_{\beta }f_{i}(x)-( \tilde{I}_{\beta}f_{i})_{B_{i}}\bigr|\,dx \\ &\quad=\lim _{i\rightarrow\infty}\frac{C2^{-i\alpha}}{(|2^{i}-\frac {1}{2}|+\frac{1}{2})^{-\alpha-\varepsilon} |B_{i}|^{\beta+\varepsilon-1}\|\chi_{B_{i}}\|_{p^{\prime}(\cdot)}} \\ &\quad=\lim _{i\rightarrow\infty}C2^{i\varepsilon}=\infty. \end{aligned}$$

This finishes the proof of Theorem 2.2. □

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Acknowledgements

The first author was supported by National Natual Science Foundation of China (11471033), Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (1408085MA01) and University NSR Project of Anhui Province (KJ2014A087).

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Qu, M., Wang, J. A note on fractional integral operators on Herz spaces with variable exponent. J Inequal Appl 2016, 2 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-015-0949-0

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