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Existence of a common solution of an integral equations system by (ψ,α,β)-weakly contractions

Abstract

In this paper, we consider a system of integral equations and apply the coincidence and common fixed point theorems for four mappings satisfying a (ψ,α,β)-weakly contractive condition in ordered metric spaces to prove the existence of a common solution to integral equations. Also we furnish suitable examples to demonstrate the validity of the hypotheses of our results.

MSC:54H25, 47H10.

1 Introduction and preliminary

Fixed point theory has wide and endless applications in many fields of engineering and science. Its core, the Banach contraction principle (see [1]), has attracted many researchers who tried to generalize it in different aspects. In particular, Alber and Guerre-Delabriere [2] introduced the concept of weak contractions in Hilbert spaces. Rhoades [3] showed that the result which Alber et al. had proved in Hilbert spaces was also valid in complete metric spaces. Eshaghi Gordji et al. [4] proved a new coupled fixed point theorem related to the Pata contraction for mappings having the mixed monotone property in partially ordered metric spaces. Singh et al. [5] obtained coincidence and common fixed point theorems for a class of Suzuki hybrid contractions involving two pairs of single-valued and multi-valued maps in a metric space.

Definition 1.1 ([6])

The function ψ:[0,+)[0,+) is called an altering distance function if the following properties are satisfied:

  1. (i)

    ψ is continuous and non-decreasing,

  2. (ii)

    ψ(t)=0 if and only if t=0.

Definition 1.2 ([3])

Let (X,d) be a metric space. A mapping f:XX is said to be weakly contractive if

d(fx,fy)d(x,y)φ ( d ( x , y ) ) for each x,yX,

where φ:[0,+)[0,+) is an altering distance function.

In [3], Rhoades proved that if X is complete, then every weak contraction has a unique fixed point.

The weak contraction principle, its generalizations and extensions and other fixed point results for mappings satisfying weak contractive type inequalities have been considered in a number of recent works.

In 2008, Dutta and Choudhury [7] proved the following theorem.

Theorem 1.3 ([7])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and f:XX be such that

ψ ( d ( f x , f y ) ) ψ ( d ( x , y ) ) φ ( d ( x , y ) ) for each x,yX,

where ψ,φ:[0,+):[0,+) are altering distance functions. Then f has a fixed point in X.

In [8], Eslamian and Abkar introduced the concept of (ψ,α,β)-weak contraction. They stated the following theorem as a generalization of Theorem 1.3.

Theorem 1.4 ([8])

Let (X,d) be a complete metric space and f:XX be a mapping satisfying

ψ ( d ( f x , f y ) ) α ( d ( x , y ) ) β ( d ( x , y ) )

for all x,yX, where ψ,α,β:[0,+)[0,+) are such that ψ is an altering distance function, α is continuous, β is lower semi-continuous, and

ψ(t)α(t)+β(t)>0for each t>0,

and α(0)=β(0)=0. Then f has a unique fixed point.

Aydi et al. [9] proved that Theorem 1.4 is a consequence of Theorem 1.3. (Define φ:[0,+)[0,+) by φ(t)=ψ(t)α(t)+β(t) for all t0.)

It is also known that common fixed point theorems are generalizations of fixed point theorems. Recently, many researchers have been interested in generalizing fixed point theorems to coincidence point theorems and common fixed point theorems.

Definition 1.5 ([10])

Let X be a non-empty set, N be a natural number such that N2 and f 1 , f 2 ,, f N 1 , f N :XX be given self-mappings of X. If w= f 1 x= f 2 x== f N 1 x= f N x for some xX, then x is called a coincidence point of f 1 , f 2 ,, f N 1 and f N , and w is called a point of coincidence of f 1 , f 2 ,, f N 1 and f N . If w=x, then x is called a common fixed point of f 1 , f 2 ,, f N 1 and f N .

On the other hand, compatibility of two mappings introduced by Jungck [11, 12] is an important concept in the context of common fixed point problems in metric spaces.

Definition 1.6 ([11])

Let (X,d) be a metric space and f,g:XX be given self-mappings on X. The pair (f,g) is said to be compatible if lim n d(fg x n ,gf x n )=0, whenever { x n } is a sequence in X such that lim n f x n = lim n g x n =t, for some tX.

Definition 1.7 ([12])

Two mappings f,g:XX, where (X,d) is a metric space, are weakly compatible if they commute at their coincidence points, that is, if ft=gt for some tX implies that fgt=gft.

It is clear that if the pair (f,g) is compatible, then (f,g) is weakly compatible.

Recently, fixed point theory has developed rapidly in partially ordered metric spaces (for example, see [1323] and the references therein). Harjani and Sadarangani in [19, 20] extended Theorem 1.3 in the framework of partially ordered metric spaces in the following way. In 2012, Choudhury and Kundu [24] established the (ψ,α,β)-weak contraction principle to coincidence point and common fixed point results in partially ordered metric spaces and proved the following fixed point theorem as a generalization of Theorem 1.4.

Theorem 1.8 ([24])

Let (X,d,) be a partially ordered complete metric space. Let f,g:XX be such that fXgX, f is g-non-decreasing, gX is closed and

ψ ( d ( f x , f y ) ) α ( d ( g x , g y ) ) β ( d ( g x , g y ) ) for all x,yX such that gxgy,

where ψ,α,β:[0,+)[0,+) are such that ψ is continuous and monotone non-decreasing, α is continuous, β is lower semi-continuous,

ψ(t)α(t)+β(t)>0for all t>0,

and ψ(t)=0 if and only if t=0 and α(0)=β(0)=0. Also, if any non-decreasing sequence { x n } in X converges to z, then we assume x n z for all nN{0}. If there exists x 0 X such that g x 0 f x 0 , then f and g have a coincidence point.

Altun and Simsek [15] introduced the concept of weakly increasing mappings as follows.

Definition 1.9 Let f, g be two self-maps on a partially ordered set (X,). A pair (f,g) is said to be

  1. (i)

    weakly increasing if fxg(fx) and gxf(gx) for all xX [15],

  2. (ii)

    partially weakly increasing if fxg(fx) for all xX [13].

Note that a pair (f,g) is weakly increasing if and only if the ordered pairs (f,g) and (g,f) are partially weakly increasing.

Nashine and Samet [25] introduced weakly increasing mappings with respect to another map as follows.

Definition 1.10 ([25])

Let (X,) be a partially ordered set and f,g,h:XX be given mappings such that fXhX and gXhX. We say that f and g are weakly increasing with respect to h if and only if for all xX, we have

fxgy,y h 1 (fx)

and

gxfy,y h 1 (gx),

where h 1 (x):={uXhu=x} for xX.

If f=g, we say that f is weakly increasing with respect to h.

If h:XX is the identity mapping (hx=x for all xX), then f and g being weakly increasing with respect to h implies that f and g are weakly increasing mappings.

Nashine et al. [26] proved some new coincidence point and common fixed point theorems for a pair of weakly increasing mappings with respect to another map.

In [17], Esmaily et al. gave the following definition.

Definition 1.11 ([17])

Let (X,) be a partially ordered set and f,g,h:XX be given mappings such that fXhX. We say that (f,g) is partially weakly increasing with respect to h if and only if for all xX, we have

fxgy,y h 1 (fx).

Theorem 1.12 ([17])

Let (X,d,) be a partially ordered complete metric space. Let f,g,S,T:XX be given mappings satisfying the following:

  1. (i)

    fXTX, gXSX,

  2. (ii)

    f, g, S and T are continuous,

  3. (iii)

    the pairs (f,S) and (g,T) are compatible,

  4. (iv)

    (f,g) is partially weakly increasing with respect to T and (g,f) is partially weakly increasing with respect to S.

Suppose that for every x,yX such that Sx and Ty are comparable, we have

ψ ( d ( f x , g y ) ) ψ ( M ( x , y ) ) ϕ ( N ( x , y ) ) ,
(1)

where

M ( x , y ) = max { d ( S x , T y ) , d ( S x , f x ) , d ( T y , g y ) , 1 2 [ d ( S x , g y ) + d ( f x , T y ) ] } , N ( x , y ) = max { d ( S x , T y ) , d ( S x , g y ) , d ( T y , f x ) } ,

and ψ:[0,+)[0,+) is an altering distance function, and ϕ:[0,+)[0,+) is a continuous function with ϕ(t)=0 if only if t=0. Then the pairs (f,S) and (g,T) have a coincidence point uX; that is, fu=Su and gu=Tu. Moreover, if Su and Tu are comparable, then uX is a coincidence point f, g, S and T.

Definition 1.13 ([25])

Let (X,d,) be an ordered metric space. We say that X is regular if the following hypothesis holds: if { x n } is a non-decreasing sequence in X with respect to such that x n xX as n, then x n x for all nN.

Theorem 1.14 ([17])

Let (X,d,) be a partially ordered complete metric space such that X is regular. Let f,g,S,T:XX be given mappings satisfying the following:

  1. (i)

    fXTX, gXSX,

  2. (ii)

    SX and TX are closed subsets of (X,d),

  3. (iii)

    pairs (f,S) and (g,T) are weakly compatible,

  4. (iv)

    (f,g) is partially weakly increasing with respect to T and (g,f) is partially weakly increasing with respect to S.

Suppose that for every x,yX such that Sx and Ty are comparable, (1) holds. Then the pairs (f,S) and (g,T) have a coincidence point uX.

In this paper, an attempt is made to derive some coincidence and common fixed point theorems for four mappings on complete ordered metric spaces, satisfying a (ψ,α,β)-weak contractive condition, which generalizes the existing results. Our results are supported by some examples.

2 Coincidence and common fixed point results

We begin our study with the following result.

Theorem 2.1 Let (X,d,) be a partially ordered complete metric space. Let f,g,S,T:XX be given mappings satisfying:

  1. (i)

    fXTX, gXSX,

  2. (ii)

    f, g, S and T are continuous,

  3. (iii)

    the pairs (f,S) and (g,T) are compatible,

  4. (iv)

    (f,g) is partially weakly increasing with respect to T and (g,f) is partially weakly increasing with respect to S.

Suppose that for every x,yX such that Sx and Ty are comparable, we have

ψ ( d ( f x , g y ) ) α ( M ( x , y ) ) β ( N ( x , y ) ) ,
(2)

where

M ( x , y ) = max { d ( S x , T y ) , d ( S x , f x ) , d ( T y , g y ) , 1 2 [ d ( S x , g y ) + d ( f x , T y ) ] } , N ( x , y ) = max { d ( S x , T y ) , d ( S x , f x ) , d ( T y , g y ) } ,

and ψ,α,β:[0,+)[0,+) are such that ψ is a continuous and monotone non-decreasing function, α is an upper semi-continuous function, β is a lower semi-continuous function and for all t>0,

ψ(t)α(t)+β(t)>0.
(3)

Then the pairs (f,S) and (g,T) have a coincidence point uX; that is, fu=Su and gu=Tu. Moreover, if Su and Tu are comparable, then uX is a coincidence point of f, g, S and T.

Proof Let x 0 be an arbitrary point in X. Since fXTX, there exists x 1 X such that T x 1 =f x 0 . Since gXSX, there exists x 2 X such that S x 2 =g x 1 . Continuing this process, we can construct sequences { x n } and { y n } in X defined by

y 2 n =f x 2 n =T x 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 1 =g x 2 n + 1 =S x 2 n + 2 ,nN{0}.
(4)

By construction we have x 2 n + 1 T 1 (f x 2 n ). Then, using the fact that (f,g) is partially weakly increasing with respect to T, we obtain

T x 2 n + 1 =f x 2 n g x 2 n + 1 =S x 2 n + 2 ,nN{0}.

On the other hand, we have x 2 n + 2 S 1 (g x 2 n + 1 ). Then, using the fact that (g,f) is partially weakly increasing with respect to S, we obtain

S x 2 n + 2 =g x 2 n + 1 f x 2 n + 2 =T x 2 n + 3 ,nN{0}.

Therefore, we can then write

T x 1 S x 2 T x 3 T x 2 n + 1 S x 2 n + 2 T x 2 n + 3

or

y 0 y 1 y 2 y 2 n y 2 n + 1 y 2 n + 2 .
(5)

We will prove our result in four steps.

Step 1.

lim n d( y n , y n + 1 )=0.
(6)

Since S x 2 n and T x 2 n + 1 are comparable, by applying inequality (2), we have

ψ ( d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) ) = ψ ( d ( f x 2 n , g x 2 n + 1 ) ) α ( M ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) ) β ( N ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) ) ,
(7)

where

M ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) = max { d ( S x 2 n , T x 2 n + 1 ) , d ( S x 2 n , f x 2 n ) , d ( T x 2 n + 1 , g x 2 n + 1 ) , 1 2 [ d ( S x 2 n , g x 2 n + 1 ) + d ( f x 2 n , T x 2 n + 1 ) ] } = max { d ( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n ) , d ( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n ) , d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) , 1 2 [ d ( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n + 1 ) + d ( y 2 n , y 2 n ) ] } = max { d ( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n ) , d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) , 1 2 d ( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n + 1 ) } .

Since 1 2 d( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n + 1 ) 1 2 [d( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n )+d( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 )], it follows that

M( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 )=max { d ( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n ) , d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) }
(8)

and

N ( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 ) = max { d ( S x 2 n , T x 2 n + 1 ) , d ( S x 2 n , f x 2 n ) , d ( T x 2 n + 1 , g x 2 n + 1 ) } = max { d ( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n ) , d ( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n ) , d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) } = max { d ( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n ) , d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) } .
(9)

If d( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n )<d( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ), then it follows from (8) and (9) that

M( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 )=N( x 2 n , x 2 n + 1 )=d( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ).

Therefore, (7) implies that

ψ ( d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) ) α ( d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) ) β ( d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) ) .
(10)

By (3), we have d( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 )=0; that is, y 2 n = y 2 n + 1 , and consequently we obtain

M( x 2 n + 2 , x 2 n + 1 )=N( x 2 n + 2 , x 2 n + 1 )=d( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ).

Now, by applying inequality (2), we have

ψ ( d ( y 2 n + 2 , y 2 n + 1 ) ) = ψ ( d ( f x 2 n + 2 , g x 2 n + 1 ) ) α ( M ( x 2 n + 2 , x 2 n + 1 ) ) β ( N ( x 2 n + 2 , x 2 n + 1 ) ) = α ( d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) ) β ( d ( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 ) ) ,

and (3) implies that d( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 )=0; that is, y 2 n + 1 = y 2 n + 2 . Repeating the above process inductively, one obtains y k = y 2 n for all k2n, which implies that (6) holds. On the other hand, if

d( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 )d( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n ),
(11)

by a similar calculation we obtain

d( y 2 n + 1 , y 2 n + 2 )d( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ).
(12)

Thus by (11) and (12) we obtain

d( y n + 1 , y n + 2 )d( y n , y n + 1 ),

which implies that the sequence {d( y n , y n + 1 )} is monotonically non-increasing. Hence, there exists r0 such that

lim n d( y n , y n + 1 )=r.

Taking the upper limit on both sides of (7) and using (8), (9), the upper semi-continuity of α, the lower semi-continuity of β and the continuity of ψ, we obtain ψ(r)α(r)β(r), which by (3) implies that r=0. So equation (6) holds and the proof of Step 1 is completed.

Step 2. We claim that { y n } is a Cauchy sequence in X. By (6), it suffices to show that the subsequence { y 2 n } of { y n } is a Cauchy sequence in X. If not, then there exists ϵ>0 for which we can find two subsequences { y 2 m ( k ) } and { y 2 n ( k ) } of { y 2 n } such that n(k) is the smallest integer and, for all k>0,

n(k)>m(k)>k,d( y 2 m ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) )ϵ.
(13)

This means that

d( y 2 m ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) 2 )<ϵ.
(14)

Therefore we use (13), (14) and the triangular inequality to get

ϵ d ( y 2 m ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) ) d ( y 2 m ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) 2 ) + d ( y 2 n ( k ) 2 , y 2 n ( k ) 1 ) + d ( y 2 n ( k ) 1 , y 2 n ( k ) ) < ϵ + d ( y 2 n ( k ) 2 , y 2 n ( k ) 1 ) + d ( y 2 n ( k ) 1 , y 2 n ( k ) ) .

Letting k in the above inequality and using (6), we obtain

lim k d( y 2 m ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) )=ϵ.
(15)

Again, using the triangular inequality, we have

|d( y 2 m ( k ) 1 , y 2 n ( k ) )d( y 2 m ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) )|d( y 2 m ( k ) 1 , y 2 m ( k ) ).

Letting again k in the above inequality and using (6), (15), we get

lim k d( y 2 m ( k ) 1 , y 2 n ( k ) )=ϵ.
(16)

On the other hand we have

d( y 2 m ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) )d( y 2 m ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) + 1 )+d( y 2 n ( k ) + 1 , y 2 n ( k ) ).

Thanks to (6), (15), letting k, we have from the above inequality that

ϵ lim n d( y 2 m ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) + 1 ).
(17)

Also, by the triangular inequality, we have

d( y 2 m ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) )d( y 2 m ( k ) , y 2 m ( k ) 1 )+d( y 2 m ( k ) 1 , y 2 n ( k ) + 1 )+d( y 2 n ( k ) + 1 , y 2 n ( k ) ).

Letting again k in the above inequality and using (6) and (15), we obtain

ϵ lim k d( y 2 m ( k ) 1 , y 2 n ( k ) + 1 ).

Similarly, we can show that lim k d( y 2 m ( k ) 1 , y 2 n ( k ) + 1 )ϵ, so

lim n d( y 2 m ( k ) 1 , y 2 n ( k ) + 1 )=ϵ.
(18)

From (2) we have

ψ ( d ( y 2 m ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) ) = ψ ( d ( f x 2 m ( k ) , g x 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) ) α ( M ( x 2 m ( k ) , x 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) ) β ( N ( x 2 m ( k ) , x 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) ) ,
(19)

where

M ( x 2 m ( k ) , x 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) = max { d ( S x 2 m ( k ) , T x 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) , d ( S x 2 m ( k ) , f x 2 m ( k ) ) , d ( T x 2 n ( k ) + 1 , g x 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) , 1 2 [ d ( S x 2 m ( k ) , g x 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) + d ( f x 2 m ( k ) , T x 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) ] } = max { d ( y 2 m ( k ) 1 , y 2 n ( k ) ) , d ( y 2 m ( k ) 1 , y 2 m ( k ) ) , d ( y 2 n ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) , 1 2 [ d ( y 2 m ( k ) 1 , y 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) + d ( y 2 m ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) ) ] }

and

N ( x 2 m ( k ) , x 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) = max { d ( S x 2 m ( k ) , T x 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) , d ( S x 2 m ( k ) , f x 2 m ( k ) ) , d ( T x 2 n ( k ) + 1 , g x 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) } = max { d ( y 2 m ( k ) 1 , y 2 n ( k ) ) , d ( y 2 m ( k ) 1 , y 2 m ( k ) ) , d ( y 2 n ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) } .

Since ψ is a non-decreasing function, (17) implies that

ψ(ϵ)ψ ( lim k d ( y 2 m ( k ) , y 2 n ( k ) + 1 ) ) .
(20)

Taking the upper limit on both sides of (19) and using (6), (15), (16), (18), (20) and the upper semi-continuity of α, the lower semi-continuity of β and the continuity of ψ, we obtain

ψ(ϵ)α ( max { ϵ , 0 , 0 , 1 2 ( ϵ + ϵ ) } ) β ( max { ϵ , 0 , 0 } ) .

By (3), we have ϵ=0, which is a contradiction. Thus { y 2 n } is a Cauchy sequence in X, and hence { y n } is a Cauchy sequence.

Step 3. Existence of a coincidence point for (f,S) and (g,T).

From the completeness of (X,d), there is uX such that

lim n y n =u.
(21)

From (4) and (21), we obtain

d ( S x 2 n , u ) 0 , d ( f x 2 n , u ) 0 , d ( S x 2 n + 2 , u ) 0 , d ( g x 2 n + 1 , u ) 0 , d ( T x 2 n + 1 , u ) 0 .
(22)

Since the pairs (f,S) and (g,T) are compatible,

d ( S ( f x 2 n ) , f ( S x 2 n ) ) 0,d ( T ( g x 2 n + 1 ) , g ( T x 2 n + 1 ) ) 0.
(23)

Using the continuity of f, g, S, T and (22), we have

d ( f ( S x 2 n ) , f u ) 0 , d ( g ( T x 2 n + 1 ) , g u ) 0 , d ( S ( T x 2 n + 1 ) , S u ) 0 , d ( T ( S x 2 n + 2 ) , T u ) 0 .
(24)

The triangular inequality and (4) yield

d ( S u , f u ) d ( S u , S ( T x 2 n + 1 ) ) + d ( S ( f x 2 n ) , f ( S x 2 n ) ) + d ( f ( S x 2 n ) , f u ) , d ( T u , g u ) d ( T u , T ( S x 2 n + 2 ) ) + d ( T ( g x 2 n + 1 ) , g ( T x 2 n + 1 ) ) + d ( g ( T x 2 n + 1 ) , g u ) .

Taking n and using (23) and (24), we obtain

d(Su,fu)0,d(Tu,gu)0,

which means that Su=fu and Tu=gu.

Step 4. The existence of a coincidence point for f, g, S and T.

Since Su and Tu are comparable, we can apply inequality (2)

ψ ( d ( f u , g u ) ) α ( M ( u , u ) ) β ( N ( u , u ) ) ,

where

M ( u , u ) = max { d ( S u , T u ) , d ( S u , f u ) , d ( T u , g u ) , 1 2 [ d ( S u , g u ) + d ( f u , T u ) ] } = max { d ( S u , T u ) , 0 , 0 , 1 2 [ d ( S u , T u ) + d ( S u , T u ) ] } = d ( S u , T u )

and

N ( u , u ) = max { d ( S u , T u ) , d ( S u , f u ) , d ( T u , g u ) } = max { d ( S u , T u ) , 0 , 0 } = d ( S u , T u ) .

Therefore we have

ψ ( d ( S u , T u ) ) α ( d ( S u , T u ) ) β ( d ( S u , T u ) ) .

By (3), we have d(Su,Tu)=0; that is, Su=Tu. Therefore u is a coincidence point of f, g, S and T. □

Now, we relax the conditions of Theorem 2.1, the continuity of f, g, S and T and the compatibility of the pairs (f,S) and (g,T), and we replace them by other conditions in order to find the same result. This will be the purpose of the next theorems.

Theorem 2.2 Let (X,d,) be a partially ordered complete metric space such that X is regular. Let f,g,S,T:XX be given mappings satisfying:

  1. (i)

    fXTX, gXSX,

  2. (ii)

    SX and TX are closed subsets of (X,d),

  3. (iii)

    pairs (f,S) and (g,T) are weakly compatible,

  4. (iv)

    (f,g) is partially weakly increasing with respect to T and (g,f) is partially weakly increasing with respect to S.

Suppose that for every x,yX such that Sx and Ty are comparable, (2) holds.

Then the pairs (f,S) and (g,T) have a coincidence point uX; that is, fu=Su and gu=Tu. Moreover, if Su and Tu are comparable, then uX is a coincidence point of f, g, S and T.

Proof We take the same sequences { x n } and { y n } as in the proof of Theorem 2.1. In particular, { y n } is a Cauchy sequence in (X,d). Hence, there exists vX such that

lim n y n =v.
(25)

Since SX and TX are closed subsets of (X,d), there exist u 1 , u 2 X such that

y 2 n =T x 2 n + 1 T u 1 , y 2 n + 1 =S x 2 n + 2 S u 2 .

Therefore v=T u 1 =S u 2 .

Since { y n } is a non-decreasing sequence and X is regular, it follows from (25) that y n v for all nN{0}. Hence,

T x 2 n + 1 = y 2 n v=S u 2 .

Applying inequality (2), we have

ψ ( d ( f u 2 , y 2 n + 1 ) ) = ψ ( d ( f u 2 , g x 2 n + 1 ) ) α ( M ( u 2 , x 2 n + 1 ) ) β ( N ( u 2 , x 2 n + 1 ) ) ,
(26)

where

M ( u 2 , x 2 n + 1 ) = max { d ( S u 2 , T x 2 n + 1 ) , d ( S u 2 , f u 2 ) , d ( T x 2 n + 1 , g x 2 n + 1 ) , 1 2 [ d ( S u 2 , g x 2 n + 1 ) + d ( f u 2 , T x 2 n + 1 ) ] } = max { d ( v , y 2 n ) , d ( v , f u 2 ) , d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) , 1 2 [ d ( v , y 2 n + 1 ) + d ( f u 2 , y 2 n ) ] }

and

N ( u 2 , x 2 n + 1 ) = max { d ( S u 2 , T x 2 n + 1 ) , d ( S u 2 , f u 2 ) , d ( T x 2 n + 1 , g x 2 n + 1 ) } = max { d ( v , y 2 n ) , d ( v , f u 2 ) , d ( y 2 n , y 2 n + 1 ) } .

Letting n in (26) and using (25), we obtain

ψ ( d ( f u 2 , v ) ) α ( max { 0 , d ( v , f u 2 ) , 0 , 1 2 [ 0 + d ( f u 2 , v ) ] } ) β ( max { 0 , d ( v , f u 2 ) , 0 } )

or

ψ ( d ( v , f u 2 ) ) α ( d ( v , f u 2 ) ) β ( d ( v , f u 2 ) ) .

By (3), we have d(v,f u 2 )=0, and hence v=f u 2 . Similarly, we have

S x 2 n = y 2 n 1 v=T u 1 .

Therefore we can apply inequality (2) to obtain

ψ ( d ( y 2 n , g u 1 ) ) = ψ ( d ( f x 2 n , g u 1 ) ) α ( M ( x 2 n , u 1 ) ) β ( N ( x 2 n , u 1 ) ) ,
(27)

where

M ( x 2 n , u 1 ) = max { d ( S x 2 n , T u 1 ) , d ( S x 2 n , f x 2 n ) , d ( T u 1 , g u 1 ) , 1 2 [ d ( S x 2 n , g u 1 ) + d ( f x 2 n , T u 1 ) ] } = max { d ( y 2 n 1 , v ) , d ( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n ) , d ( v , g u 1 ) , 1 2 [ d ( y 2 n 1 , g u 1 ) + d ( y 2 n , v ) ] }

and

N ( x 2 n , u 1 ) = max { d ( S x 2 n , T u 1 ) , d ( S x 2 n , f x 2 n ) , d ( T u 1 , g u 1 ) } = max { d ( y 2 n 1 , v ) , d ( y 2 n 1 , y 2 n ) , d ( v , g u 1 ) } .

Letting n in (27) and using (25), we obtain

ψ ( d ( v , g u 1 ) ) α ( max { 0 , 0 , d ( v , g u 1 ) , 1 2 [ d ( v , g u 1 ) + 0 ] } ) β ( max { 0 , 0 , d ( v , g u 1 ) } )

or

ψ ( d ( v , g u 1 ) ) α ( d ( v , g u 1 ) ) β ( d ( v , g u 1 ) ) .

By (3), we have d(v,g u 1 )=0 and hence v=g u 1 .

Therefore we have obtained

v=S u 2 =f u 2 ,v=T u 1 =g u 1 .

Now, if (f,S) and (g,T) are weakly compatible, then fv=fS u 2 =Sf u 2 =Sv and gv=gT u 1 =Tg u 1 =Tv, and v is a coincidence point of (f,S) and (g,T).

The rest of the conclusion follows as in the proof of Theorem 2.1. □

Definition 2.3 ([27])

Let (X,d) be a metric space and f,g:XX be given self-mappings on X. The pair (f,g) is said to be semi-compatible if the two conditions hold:

  1. (i)

    ft=gt implies fgt=gft,

  2. (ii)

    lim n f x n = lim n g x n =t for some tX, implies lim n fg x n =gt.

Singh and Jain [28] observe that (ii) implies (i). Hence, they defined the semi-compatibility by condition (ii) only. It is clear that if the pair (f,g) is semi-compatible, then (f,g) is weakly compatible.

Definition 2.4 ([29])

Let (X,d) be a metric space and f,g:XX be given self-mappings on X. The pair (f,g) is said to be reciprocally continuous if lim n fg x n =ft and lim n gf x n =gt whenever { x n } is a sequence such that lim n f x n = lim n g x n =t for some tX.

Definition 2.5 ([30])

Let (X,d) be a metric space and f,g:XX be given self-mappings on X. The pair (f,g) is said to be f-weak reciprocally continuous if lim n fg x n =ft whenever { x n } is a sequence such that lim n f x n = lim n g x n =t for some tX.

In the next theorem, the concepts of semi-compatibility and f-weakly reciprocal continuity are used.

Theorem 2.6 Let (X,d,) be a partially ordered complete metric space. Let f,g,S,T:XX be given mappings satisfying:

  1. (i)

    fXTX, gXSX,

  2. (ii)

    the pair (f,S) is f-weak reciprocally continuous and semi-compatible,

  3. (iii)

    the pair (g,T) is g-weak reciprocally continuous and semi-compatible,

  4. (iv)

    (f,g) is partially weakly increasing with respect to T and (g,f) is partially weakly increasing with respect to S.

Suppose that for every x,yX such that Sx and Ty are comparable, (2) holds.

Then the pairs (f,S) and (g,T) have a coincidence point uX; that is, fu=Su and gu=Tu. Moreover, if Su and Tu are comparable, then uX is a coincidence point f, g, S and T.

Proof We take the same sequences { x n } and { y n } as in the proof of Theorem 2.1. In particular, { y n } is a Cauchy sequence in (X,d). Hence, there exists uX such that

lim n y n =u.
(28)

From (4) and (28), we obtain

d(S x 2 n ,u)0andd(f x 2 n ,u)0.

Hence by (ii) we deduce that

lim n fS x 2 n =fuand lim n fS x 2 n =Su,

which implies that fu=Su. Similarly, we can apply (4) and (28) to obtain

d(g x 2 n + 1 ,u)0andd(T x 2 n + 1 ,u)0.

Hence by (iii) we deduce that

lim n gT x 2 n + 1 =guand lim n gT x 2 n + 1 =Tu,

which implies that gu=Tu. Therefore, we have proved that u is a coincidence point of (f,S) and (g,T).

The rest of the conclusion follows as in the proof of Theorem 2.1. □

Now, we shall prove the existence and uniqueness theorem of a common fixed point.

Theorem 2.7 If, in addition to the hypotheses of Theorems 2.1, 2.2 and 2.6, we suppose that Tu with T 2 u and Su with S 2 u are comparable, where u is a coincidence point of f, g, S and T, then f, g, S and T have a common fixed point in X. Moreover, if a set of fixed points of one of the mappings f, g, S and T is totally ordered, then f, g, S and T have a unique common fixed point.

Proof We set

w:=Su=fu=Tu=gu.
(29)

Since the pair (g,T) is compatible in Theorem 2.1, the pair (g,T) is weakly compatible in Theorem 2.2 and the pair (g,T) is semi-compatible in Theorem 2.6, we have

gw=gTu=Tgu=Tw.
(30)

Since Tu and TTu are comparable, it follows that Su and Tw are comparable. Applying inequality (2) and using (29) and (30), we obtain

ψ ( d ( w , g w ) ) =ψ ( d ( f u , g w ) ) α ( M ( u , w ) ) β ( N ( u , w ) ) ,
(31)

where

M ( u , w ) = max { d ( S u , T w ) , d ( S u , f u ) , d ( T w , g w ) , 1 2 [ d ( S u , g w ) + d ( f u , T w ) ] } = max { d ( w , g w ) , d ( w , w ) , d ( g w , g w ) , 1 2 [ d ( w , g w ) + d ( w , g w ) ] } = max { d ( w , g w ) , 0 , 0 , d ( w , g w ) } = d ( w , g w )

and

N ( u , w ) = max { d ( S u , T w ) , d ( S u , f u ) , d ( T w , g w ) } = max { d ( w , g w ) , d ( w , w ) , d ( g w , g w ) } = d ( w , g w ) .

Therefore, (31) implies that

ψ ( d ( w , g w ) ) α ( d ( w , g w ) ) β ( d ( w , g w ) ) .

By (3), we have d(w,gw)=0, that is, w=gw. Then, by (30), we have

w=gw=Tw.
(32)

Similarly, we can show that

w=fw=Sw.
(33)

Hence, by (32) and (33), we deduce that w=fw=gw=Sw=Tw. Therefore w is a common fixed point of f, g, S and T.

Now, suppose that the set of fixed points of f is totally ordered. Assume on the contrary that fp=gp=Sp=Tp=p and fq=gq=Sq=Tq but pq. Since p and q contain a set of fixed points of f, we obtain p=Sp and q=Tq are comparable, by inequality (2), we have

ψ ( d ( p , q ) ) =ψ ( d ( f p , g q ) ) α ( M ( p , q ) ) β ( N ( p , q ) ) ,
(34)

where

M ( p , q ) = max { d ( S p , T q ) , d ( S p , f p ) , d ( T q , g q ) , 1 2 [ d ( S p , g q ) + d ( f p , T q ) ] } = max { d ( p , q ) , d ( p , p ) , d ( q , q ) , 1 2 [ d ( p , q ) + d ( p , q ) ] } = d ( p , q )

and

N ( p , q ) = max { d ( S p , T q ) , d ( S p , f p ) , d ( T q , g q ) } = max { d ( p , q ) , d ( p , p ) , d ( q , q ) } = d ( p , q ) .

Therefore, (34) implies that

ψ ( d ( p , q ) ) α ( d ( p , q ) ) β ( d ( p , q ) ) ,

by (3), d(p,q)=0, a contradiction. Therefore f, g, S and T have a unique common fixed point. Similarly, the result follows when the set of fixed points of g, S or T is totally ordered. This completes the proof of Theorem 2.7. □

3 Some examples

In this section we present some examples which illustrate our results.

Now, we present an example to illustrate the obtained result given by the previous theorems.

Example 3.1 Let X=[0,+). We define an order on X as xy if and only if xy for all x,yX. We take the usual metric d(x,y)=|xy| for x,yX. It is easy to see that (X,d,) is a partially ordered complete metric space. Let f,g,S,T:XX be defined by

fx=ln(1+x),gx=ln ( 1 + x 3 ) ,Sx= e 3 x 1,Tx= e x 1.

Define ψ,α,β:[0,+)[0,+) by ψ(t)=t,

α(t)= { 1 3 t if  0 t < 1 , 1 3 t + 1 2 if  t 1 andβ(t)= { 0 if  0 t 1 , 1 2 if  t > 1 .

Then f, g, S, T, ψ, α and β satisfy all the hypotheses of Theorems 2.1 and 2.7.

Proof The proof of (i) and (ii) is clear. To prove (iii), let { x n } be any sequence in X such that

lim n f x n = lim n S x n =t

for some tX. Since f x n =ln(1+ x n ) and S x n = e 3 x n 1, we have x n e t 1 and x n 1 3 ln(1+t). By the uniqueness of limit, we get that e t 1= 1 3 ln(1+t) and hence t=0. Thus, x n 0 as n. Since f and S are continuous, we have f x n f0=0 and S x n S0=0 as n. Therefore,

lim n d ( S ( f x n ) , f ( S x n ) ) =d(S0,f0)=d(0,0)=0.

Thus, the pair (f,S) is compatible. Similarly, one can show that the pair (g,T) is compatible.

To prove that (f,g) is partially weakly increasing with respect to T, let x,yX be such that y T 1 (fx). Then Ty=fx. By the definition of f and T, we have ln(1+x)= e y 1. So, we have y=ln(1+ln(1+x)). Now, since e 3 x 13xxln(1+x), we have

1+x1+ 1 3 ln ( 1 + ln ( 1 + x ) )

or

fx=ln(1+x)ln ( 1 + 1 3 ln ( 1 + ln ( 1 + x ) ) ) =ln ( 1 + y 3 ) =gy.

Therefore, fxgy. Thus, we have proved that (f,g) is partially weakly increasing with respect to T. Similarly, one can show that (g,f) is partially weakly increasing with respect to S.

Now, we prove that ψ, α and β do satisfy the inequality of (3). If t>1, then ψ(t)α(t)+β(t)=t 1 3 t 1 2 + 1 2 = 2 3 t>0; if t=1, then ψ(1)α(1)+β(1)=1 1 3 1 2 = 1 6 >0. And if 0t<1, then ψ(t)α(t)+β(t)=t 1 3 t= 2 3 t>0.

In order to show that f, g, S, T, ψ, α and β do satisfy the contractive condition (2) in Theorem 2.1, using a mean value theorem, we have, for x,yX,

|fxgy|=|ln(1+x)ln ( 1 + y 3 ) | 1 3 |3xy| 1 3 | e 3 x e y | = 1 3 |SxTy| 1 3 M(x,y).

Then the following cases are possible.

Case I. M(x,y)1.

In this case, we have N(x,y)>1 or N(x,y)1. If N(x,y)>1, then α(M(x,y))= 1 3 M(x,y)+ 1 2 and β(N(x,y))= 1 2 . Therefore, we have

ψ ( d ( f x , g y ) ) =|fxgy| 1 3 M(x,y)= 1 3 M(x,y)+ 1 2 1 2 =α ( M ( x , y ) ) β ( N ( x , y ) ) .

If N(x,y)1, then α(M(x,y))= 1 3 M(x,y)+ 1 2 and β(N(x,y))=0. Therefore, we have

ψ ( d ( f x , g y ) ) =|fxgy| 1 3 M(x,y)< 1 3 M(x,y)+ 1 2 0=α ( M ( x , y ) ) β ( N ( x , y ) ) .

Therefore in this case (2) is satisfied.

Case II. M(x,y)<1.

In this case, since N(x,y)M(x,y), we obtain N(x,y)<1. Therefore, we have α(M(x,y))= 1 3 M(x,y) and β(N(x,y))=0. So, we obtain

ψ ( d ( f x , g y ) ) =|fxgy| 1 3 M(x,y)0=α ( M ( x , y ) ) β ( N ( x , y ) ) .

Therefore in this case (2) is satisfied.

Thus, f, g, S, T, ψ and φ satisfy all the hypotheses of Theorems 2.1. Therefore, f, g, S and T have a coincidence point. Moreover, since f, g, S and T satisfy all the hypotheses of Theorem 2.7, we obtain that f, g, S and T have a unique common fixed point. In fact, 0 is the unique common fixed point of f, g, S and T. □

Clearly, the above example satisfies all the hypotheses of Theorem 2.6.

Example 3.2 Let X={1,2,3,4}. Let d:X×XR be given as

d(x,y)= { 0 , x = y , x + y , x y

and :={(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(1,4),(2,4),(3,4)} on X. Clearly, (X,d,) is a partially ordered complete metric space.

Let { x n } be a non-decreasing sequence in X with respect to such that x n x. By the definition of metric d, there exists kN such that x n =x for all nk. So (X,d,) is regular.

Let ψ,α,β:[0,)[0,) be defined by ψ(t)=t,

α(t)= { 3 4 t + 1 t , t 5 , 1 , t < 5 andβ(t)= { 1 t , t > 5 , 1 + t 2 , t 5

and self-maps f, g, S and T on X be given by

f = ( 1 2 3 4 2 1 3 3 ) , g = ( 1 2 3 4 2 3 1 3 ) , S = ( 1 2 3 4 2 1 3 4 ) , T = ( 1 2 3 4 2 3 1 4 ) .

It is easy to see that f, g, S and T satisfy all the conditions given in Theorem 2.2. Thus 1, 2 and 3 are coincidence points of the pairs (f,S) and (g,T). Since S1=2 and T1=2 are comparable, 1 is a coincidence point f, g, S and T. Moreover, since S1=2 and SS1=1 are not comparable, so Theorem 2.7 is not applicable for this example. It is observed that 1 is not a common fixed point f, g, S and T.

4 Application: existence of a common solution to integral equations

Consider the integral equations:

x ( t ) = a b K 1 ( t , s , x ( s ) ) d s , x ( t ) = a b K 2 ( t , s , x ( s ) ) d s ,
(35)

where b>a0. The purpose of this section is to give an existence theorem for a solution of (35) using Theorem 2.1 or 2.2.

Theorem 4.1 Consider the integral equations (35).

  1. (i)

    K 1 , K 2 :[a,b]×[a,b]×RR are continuous;

  2. (ii)

    for all t,s[a,b],

    K 1 ( t , s , x ( s ) ) K 2 ( t , s , a b K 1 ( s , τ , x ( τ ) ) d τ ) , K 2 ( t , s , x ( s ) ) K 1 ( t , s , a b K 2 ( s , τ , x ( τ ) ) d τ ) ,
  3. (iii)

    for all s,t[a,b] and comparable u,vR,

    | K 1 (t,s,u) K 2 (t,s,v) | 2 p(t,s)log ( 1 + | u v | 2 ) ,

where p:[a,b]×[a,b][0,+) is a continuous function satisfying

sup a t b a b p(s,t)ds< 1 b a .

Then integral equations (35) have a solution xC[a,b].

Proof Let X:=C[a,b] (the set of continuous functions defined on C[a,b] and taking value in ) with the usual supremum norm, that is, x= sup a t b |x(t)|, for xC[a,b]. Consider on X the partial order defined by

x,yX,xyx(t)y(t),t[a,b].

Then (X,) is a partially ordered set and regular. Also (X,) is a complete metric space. Define f,g:XX by

fx(t)= a b K 1 ( t , s , x ( s ) ) ds,t[a,b]

and

gx(t)= a b K 2 ( t , s , x ( s ) ) ds,t[a,b].

Now, let x,yX such that xy. From condition (iii), for all t[a,b], we can write

| f x ( t ) g y ( t ) | 2 ( a b | K 1 ( t , s , x ( s ) ) K 2 ( t , s , y ( s ) ) | d s ) 2 a b 1 2 d s a b | K 1 ( t , s , x ( s ) ) K 2 ( t , s , y ( s ) ) | 2 d s ( b a ) a b p ( t , s ) log ( 1 + | x ( s ) y ( s ) | 2 ) d s ( b a ) a b p ( t , s ) log ( 1 + d ( x , y ) 2 ) d s = ( b a ) ( a b p ( t , s ) d s ) log ( 1 + d ( x , y ) 2 ) < log ( 1 + d ( x , y ) 2 ) log ( 1 + M ( x , y ) 2 ) = 4 3 M ( x , y ) 2 ( M ( x , y ) 2 log ( 1 + M ( x , y ) 2 ) ) .

Since M(x,y)N(x,y) and ϕ(t)= t 2 log(1+ t 2 ) is a non-decreasing function in [0,), we have

( sup a t b | f x ( t ) g y ( t ) | ) 2 4 3 M ( x , y ) 2 ( N ( x , y ) 2 log ( 1 + N ( x , y ) 2 ) ) .

Put ψ(t)= t 2 , α(t)= 4 3 t 2 and β(t)= t 2 log(1+ t 2 ), we get

ψ ( d ( f x , g y ) ) α ( M ( x , y ) ) β ( N ( x , y ) ) ,

and ψ(t)α(t)+β(t)>0 for each t>0. By taking S=T= I X (the identity mapping on X), all the required hypotheses of Theorem 2.1 (or Theorem 2.2) are satisfied. Then there exists xX, a common fixed point of f and g, that is, x is a solution to (35). □

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Lo’lo’, P., Vaezpour, S.M., Saadati, R. et al. Existence of a common solution of an integral equations system by (ψ,α,β)-weakly contractions. J Inequal Appl 2014, 517 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-517

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