Skip to main content

Fixed point of nonlinear contractions in modular spaces

Abstract

Razani et al. studied the fixed points of nonlinear and asymptotic contractions in the modular space in 2007. In this paper, we generalize the kind of nonlinear contraction that is the result of Razani et al. (Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2007:40575, 2007) and prove the existence and uniqueness of fixed points for the generalized nonlinear contractions in modular spaces.

1 Introduction

The notion of modular spaces, as a generalization of metric spaces, was introduced by Nakano [1] in 1950 in connection with the theory of order spaces and redefined and generalized by Musielak and Orlicz [2] in 1959. These spaces were developed following the successful theory of Orlicz spaces, which replaces the particular integral form of the nonlinear functional, which controls the growth of members of the space, by an abstractly given functional with some good properties. The monographic exposition of the theory of Orlicz spaces may be found in the book of Krasnosel’skii and Rutickii [3]. For a current review of the theory of Musielak-Orlicz spaces and modular spaces, the reader is referred to the books of Musielak [2] and Kozlowski [4].

Fixed point theorems in modular spaces, generalizing the classical Banach fixed point theorem in metric spaces, have been studied extensively. In 2007, Razani et al. [5] studied some fixed points of nonlinear and asymptotic contractions in the modular spaces. In addition, quasi-contraction mappings in modular spaces without Δ 2 -condition were considered by Khamsi [6] in 2008. In 2011, Kuaket and Kumam [7] proved the existence of fixed points of asymptotic pointwise contractions in modular spaces. Recently, we proved the fixed points of asymptotic pointwise nonexpansive mappings in modular spaces [8].

In this paper, we introduce the notions of nonlinear contractions in modular spaces and establish their fixed points theorems in modular spaces.

2 Preliminaries

Definition 2.1 Let X be an arbitrary vector space over K (=R or C).

  1. (a)

    A functional ρ:X[0,] is called modular if

  2. (i)

    ρ(x)=0 if and only if x=0;

  3. (ii)

    ρ(αx)=ρ(x) for αK with |α|=1, for all xX;

  4. (iii)

    ρ(αx+βy)ρ(x)+ρ(y) if α,β0, for all x,yX.

If (iii) is replaced by

(iii′) ρ(αx+βy)αρ(x)+βρ(y), for α,β0, α+β=1, for all x,yX,

then the modular ρ is called convex modular.

  1. (b)

    A modular ρ defines a corresponding modular space, i.e., the space X ρ given by

    X ρ = { x X | ρ ( α x ) 0  as  α 0 } .

Remark 2.2 Note that ρ is an increasing function. Suppose 0<a<b. Then, property (iii) with y=0 shows that ρ(ax)=ρ( a b (bx))ρ(bx).

Definition 2.3 Let X ρ be a modular space.

  1. (a)

    A sequence { x n } X ρ is said to be ρ-convergent to x X ρ , and write x n ρ x if ρ( x n x)0 as n.

  2. (b)

    A sequence { x n } is called ρ-Cauchy whenever ρ( x n x m )0 as n,m.

  3. (c)

    X ρ is called ρ-complete if any ρ-Cauchy sequence is ρ-convergent.

  4. (d)

    A subset B X ρ is called ρ-closed if for any sequence { x n }B ρ-convergent to x X ρ , we have xB.

  5. (e)

    A ρ-closed subset B X ρ is called ρ-compact if any sequence { x n }B has a ρ-convergent subsequence.

  6. (f)

    ρ is said to satisfy the Δ 2 -condition if ρ(2 x n )0 whenever ρ( x n )0 as n.

  7. (g)

    We say that ρ has the Fâtou property if ρ(xy) lim inf n ρ( x n y n ), whenever x n ρ x and y n ρ y as n.

  8. (h)

    A subset B X ρ is said to be ρ-bounded if

    diam ρ (B)<,

where diam ρ (B)=sup{ρ(xy);x,yB} is called the ρ-diameter of B.

  1. (i)

    Define the ρ-distance between x X ρ and B X ρ as

    dis ρ (x,B)=inf { ρ ( x y ) ; y B } .
  2. (j)

    Define the ρ-ball, B ρ (x,r), centered at x X ρ with radius r as

    B ρ (x,r)= { y X ρ ; ρ ( x y ) r } .

Theorem 2.4 [[5], RNMP]

Let X ρ be a ρ-complete modular space, where ρ satisfies the Δ 2 -condition. Assume that ψ: R + [0,) is an increasing and upper semi-continuous function satisfying

ψ(t)<t,t>0.
(2.1)

Let B be a ρ-closed subset of X ρ , and let T:BB be a mapping such that there exist c,l R + with c>l,

ρ ( c ( T x T y ) ) ψ ( ρ ( l ( x y ) ) )
(2.2)

for all x,yB. Then T has a fixed point.

The Banach contraction mapping principle shows the existence and uniqueness of a fixed point in a complete metric space; this has been generalized by many mathematicians such as Arandelovic [9], Edelstein [10], Ciric [11], Rakotch [12], Reich [13], Kirk [14], and so forth. In addition, Boyd and Wong [15] studied mappings, which are nonlinear contractions in the metric space. It is necessary to mention that the applications of contraction, generalized contraction principle for self-mappings, and the applications of nonlinear contractions are well known. In the next section, we will prove the existence fixed points theorems for nonlinear contractions in modular space.

3 Fixed points of nonlinear contractions

In the sequel, we assume that ψ: R + [0,) is an increasing and upper semi-continuous function satisfying

{ ψ ( t ) < t , t > 0 , ψ ( 0 ) = 0 .
(3.1)

Lemma 3.1 [16]

Let t>0, ψ(t)<t if and only if lim n ψ n (t)=0, where ψ n denotes the n-times repeated composition of ψ with itself.

Theorem 3.2 Let X ρ be a ρ-complete modular space, where ρ satisfies the Δ 2 -condition. Let ψ be as in the previous definition, let C be a ρ-closed subset of X ρ , and let T:CC be a mapping such that there exist c,l R + with c>l,

ρ ( c ( T x T y ) ) ψ ( max { ρ ( l ( x y ) ) , ρ ( l ( x T x ) ) , ρ ( l ( y T y ) ) , 1 2 [ ρ ( l ( x T y ) ) + ρ ( l ( y T x ) ) ] } )
(3.2)

for all x,yC. Then T has a unique fixed point.

Proof Let x X ρ . At first, we show that the sequence {ρ(c( T n x T n 1 x))} converges to 0.

For nN, we have

ρ ( c ( T n x T n 1 x ) ) ψ ( max { ρ ( l ( T n 1 x T n 2 x ) ) , ρ ( l ( T n 1 x T n x ) ) , ρ ( l ( T n 2 x T n 1 x ) ) , 1 2 [ ρ ( l ( T n 1 x T n 1 x ) ) + ρ ( l ( T n 2 x T n x ) ) ] } ) .
(3.3)

Note that

ρ ( l ( T n 2 x T n x ) ) = ρ ( l ( T n x T n 1 x + T n 1 x T n 2 x ) ) ρ ( l ( T n x T n 1 x ) ) + ρ ( l ( T n 1 x T n 2 x ) ) .
(3.4)

By (3.3) and (3.4), therefore, we have

ρ ( c ( T n x T n 1 x ) ) ψ ( ρ ( l ( T n 1 x T n 2 x ) ) ) < ρ ( l ( T n 1 x T n 2 x ) ) < ρ ( c ( T n 1 x T n 2 x ) ) .
(3.5)

Consequently, ρ(c( T n x T n 1 x)) is decreasing and bounded from below (ρ(x)0).

Therefore, ρ(c( T n x T n 1 x)) converges to a.

Now, if a0

a = lim n ρ ( c ( T n x T n 1 x ) ) lim n ψ ( ρ ( l ( T n 1 x T n 2 x ) ) ) lim n ψ ( ρ ( c ( T n 1 x T n 2 x ) ) ) ,
(3.6)

then

aψ(a),
(3.7)

which is a contradiction, therefore, a=0.

Now, we show that { T n x} is a ρ-Cauchy sequence for x X ρ . Suppose that {l T n x} is not a ρ-Cauchy sequence. Then, there are an ε>0 and sequences of integers { m k }, { n k }, with m k > n k k, and such that

d k =ρ ( l ( T m k x T n k x ) ) εfor k=1,2,
(3.8)

we can assume that

ρ ( l ( T m k 1 x T n k x ) ) <ε.
(3.9)

Let m k be the smallest number exceeding n k , for which (3.8) holds, and

Σ k = { m N | n k N ; ρ ( l ( T m x T n k x ) ) ε , m > n k k } .
(3.10)

Obviously, Σ k and since Σ k N, then by Well Ordering Principle, the minimum element of Σ k is denoted by m k , and clearly (3.9) holds.

Now, we assume that α 0 R + and l c + 1 α 0 =1, then we have

d k = ρ ( l ( T m k x T n k x ) ) = ρ ( l c c ( T m k x T n k + 1 x + T n k + 1 x T n k x ) ) ρ ( c ( T m k x T n k + 1 x ) ) + ρ ( α 0 l ( T n k + 1 x T n k x ) ) ψ ( ρ ( l ( T m k 1 x T n k x ) ) ) + ρ ( α 0 l ( T n k + 1 x T n k x ) ) ρ ( l ( T m k 1 x T n k x ) ) + ρ ( α 0 l ( T n k + 1 x T n k x ) ) ε + ρ ( α 0 l ( T n k + 1 x T n k x ) ) .
(3.11)

If k and by Δ 2 -condition, ρ( α 0 l( T n k + 1 x T n k x))0. Hence, d k ε. Now,

d k = ρ ( l ( T m k x T n k x ) ) ρ ( c ( T m k + 1 x T n k + 1 x ) ) + ρ ( 2 α 0 l ( T m k x T m k + 1 x ) ) + ρ ( 2 α 0 l ( T n k + 1 x T n k x ) ) ψ ( ρ ( l ( T m k + 1 x T n k + 1 x ) ) ) + ρ ( 2 α 0 l ( T m k x T m k + 1 x ) ) + ρ ( 2 α 0 l ( T n k + 1 x T n k x ) ) .
(3.12)

Thus, as k, we obtain εψ(ε), which is a contradiction for ε>0. So, {l T n x} is a ρ-Cauchy sequence, and by Δ 2 -condition, { T n x} is a ρ-Cauchy sequence, and X ρ is ρ-complete, there is a ωC such that ρ( T n xω)0 as n. Now, it is enough to show that ω is a fixed point of T. Indeed,

ρ ( c 2 ( T ω ω ) ) = ρ ( c 2 ( T ω T n + 1 x ) + c 2 ( T n + 1 x ω ) ) ρ ( c ( T ω T n + 1 x ) ) + ρ ( c ( T n + 1 x ω ) ) ψ ( ρ ( l ( ω T n x ) ) ) + ρ ( c ( T n + 1 x ω ) ) ρ ( c ( ω T n x ) ) + ρ ( c ( T n + 1 x ω ) ) .
(3.13)

Since ρ(c(ω T n x))+ρ(c( T n + 1 xω))0 as n, therefore, ρ( c 2 (Tωω))=0 and Tω=ω.

Next, we prove that T has a unique fixed point. Letting ω be another fixed point of T, we have

ρ ( c ( ω ω ) ) =ρ ( c ( T ω T ω ) ) ψ ( ρ ( l ( ω ω ) ) ) ρ ( c ( ω ω ) ) ,
(3.14)

which implies that ρ(c(ω ω ))=0, so ω= ω .

The proof is complete. □

The next corollary is immediate consequence of Theorem 3.2.

Corollary 3.3 Let X ρ be a ρ-complete modular space, where ρ satisfies the Δ 2 -condition. Let C be a ρ-closed subset of X ρ , and let T:CC be a mapping such that there exist c,k,l R + with c>l and k(0,1),

ρ ( c ( T x T y ) ) k max { ρ ( l ( x y ) ) , ρ ( l ( x T x ) ) , ρ ( l ( y T y ) ) , 1 2 [ ρ ( l ( x T y ) ) + ρ ( l ( y T x ) ) ] }

for all x,yC. Then T has a unique fixed point.

Next, we continue to generalize the above consequences.

Firstly, for any xC, define the orbit

O(x)= { x , T x , T 2 x , }

and its ρ-diameter by

δ ρ (x)=diam ( O ( x ) ) =sup { ρ ( T n x T m x ) ; n , m { 0 } N }

then, define

δ ˜ ρ (x)=sup { ρ ( c ( T n x T m x ) ) ; n , m { 0 } N } .
(3.15)

The following lemmas will be helpful to prove the main result.

Lemma 3.4 Let X ρ , C, ψ be as in the definitions above, let T:CC be a mapping such that there exist c,l R + with c>l,

ρ ( c ( T x T y ) ) ψ ( max { ρ ( l ( x y ) ) , ρ ( l ( x T x ) ) , ρ ( l ( y T y ) ) , ρ ( l ( x T y ) ) , ρ ( l ( y T x ) ) } )
(3.16)

for all x,yC. Let xC such that δ ˜ ρ (x)<. Then for any n1, one has

δ ˜ ρ ( T n x ) ψ n ( δ ˜ ρ ( x ) ) .
(3.17)

Moreover, one has

ρ ( c ( T n x T n + m x ) ) ψ n ( δ ˜ ρ ( x ) )
(3.18)

for all n1 and mN.

Proof Letting n,m1, we have

ρ ( c ( T n x T m y ) ) ψ ( max { ρ ( l ( T n 1 x T m 1 y ) ) , ρ ( l ( T n 1 x T n x ) ) , ρ ( l ( T m 1 y T m y ) ) , ρ ( l ( T n 1 x T m y ) ) , ρ ( l ( T n x T m 1 y ) ) } )

for all x,yC. This obviously implies the following

δ ˜ ρ ( T n x ) ψ ( δ ˜ ρ ( T n 1 x ) )

for any n1.

Hence, for any n1, we have

δ ˜ ρ ( T n x ) ψ n ( δ ˜ ρ ( x ) ) .

Moreover, for any n1 and mN, we have

ρ ( c ( T n x T n + m x ) ) δ ˜ ρ ( T n x ) ψ n ( δ ˜ ρ ( x ) ) .

 □

Lemma 3.5 Let X ρ , T, C, ψ, x be as in the previous lemma, and let ρ satisfy the Fâtou property. Then { T n x} ρ-converges to ωC. Moreover, one has

ρ ( c ( T n x ω ) ) ψ n ( δ ˜ ρ ( x ) )
(3.19)

for any n1.

Proof From the previous lemma, it is easy to know that { T n x} is ρ-Cauchy. Since C is ρ-closed, then there exists ωC such that { T n x} ρ ω. Since

ρ ( c ( T n x T n + m x ) ) ψ n ( δ ˜ ρ ( x ) )

for any n1, mN, and ρ satisfies the Fâtou property, we let m to get

ρ ( c ( T n x ω ) ) ψ n ( δ ˜ ρ ( x ) ) .

 □

Theorem 3.6 Let X ρ , ρ, T, C, ψ be as in Lemma 3.5. Assume that ωC is the ρ-limit of { T n x}, and ρ(c(ωTω))<, ρ(c(xTω))<. Then ω is a fixed point of T, i.e., T(ω)=ω. Moreover, if ω is another fixed point of T in C such that ρ(c(ω ω ))<, then we have ω= ω .

Proof We have

ρ ( c ( T x T ω ) ) ψ ( max { ρ ( l ( x ω ) ) , ρ ( l ( x T x ) ) , ρ ( l ( ω T ω ) ) , ρ ( l ( x T ω ) ) , ρ ( l ( ω T x ) ) } ) .

From (3.15) and the previous results, we get

ρ ( c ( T x T ω ) ) ψ ( max { δ ˜ ρ ( x ) , ρ ( c ( ω T ω ) ) , ρ ( c ( x T ω ) ) } ) .

Assume that for n1, we have

ρ ( c ( T n x T ω ) ) max { ψ n ( δ ˜ ρ ( x ) ) , ψ ( ρ ( c ( ω T ω ) ) ) , ψ n ( ρ ( c ( x T ω ) ) ) } .

Then

ρ ( c ( T n + 1 x T ω ) ) ψ ( max { ρ ( l ( T n x ω ) ) , ρ ( l ( T n x T n + 1 x ) ) , ρ ( l ( ω T ω ) ) , ρ ( l ( T n x T ω ) ) , ρ ( l ( T n + 1 x ω ) ) } ) .

Hence

ρ ( c ( T n + 1 x T ω ) ) ψ ( max { ψ n ( δ ˜ ρ ( x ) ) , ρ ( c ( ω T ω ) ) , ρ ( c ( T n x T ω ) ) } ) .

Using our previous assumption, we get

ρ ( c ( T n + 1 x T ω ) ) max { ψ n + 1 ( δ ˜ ρ ( x ) ) , ψ ( ρ ( c ( ω T ω ) ) ) , ψ n + 1 ( ρ ( c ( x T ω ) ) ) } .

So, by induction, we have

ρ ( c ( T n x T ω ) ) max { ψ n ( δ ˜ ρ ( x ) ) , ψ ( ρ ( c ( ω T ω ) ) ) , ψ n ( ρ ( c ( x T ω ) ) ) }

for any n1. Therefore, we have

lim sup n ρ ( c ( T n x T ω ) ) ψ ( ρ ( c ( ω T ω ) ) ) .

Using the Fâtou property, satisfied by ρ, we get

ρ ( c ( ω T ω ) ) lim inf n ρ ( c ( T n x T ω ) ) ψ ( ρ ( c ( ω T ω ) ) ) ,

so, we get ρ(c(ωTω))=0, i.e., T(ω)=ω.

Let ω be another fixed point of T such that ρ(c(ω ω ))<. Then we get

ρ ( c ( ω ω ) ) =ρ ( c ( T ω T ω ) ) ψ ( ρ ( c ( ω ω ) ) ) ,

which implies ρ(c(ω ω ))=0, i.e., ω= ω .

We complete the proof of our theorem. □

The following corollary is an immediate consequence of Theorem 3.6.

Corollary 3.7 [6]

Let X ρ be a ρ-complete modular space, where ρ satisfies the Fâtou property. Let C be a ρ-closed subset of X ρ , and let T:CC be a mapping such that there exist c,k,l R + with c>l and k(0,1),

ρ ( c ( T x T y ) ) k max { ρ ( l ( x y ) ) , ρ ( l ( x T x ) ) , ρ ( l ( y T y ) ) , ρ ( l ( x T y ) ) , ρ ( l ( y T x ) ) }

for all x,yC. Assume that ωC is the ρ-limit of { T n x}, and ρ(c(ωTω))<, ρ(c(xTω))<. Then ω is a fixed point of T, i.e., T(ω)=ω. Moreover, if ω is another fixed point of T in C such that ρ(c(ω ω ))<, then we have ω= ω .

References

  1. Nakano H: Modulared Semi-Ordered Spaces. Maruzen Co., Tokyo; 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Musielak J, Orlicz W: On modular space. Stud. Math. 1959, 18: 49–65.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  3. Krasnoselskii MA, Rutickii YB: Convex Functions and Orlicz Spaces. Fizmatgiz, Moscow; 1961. (in Russian). English translation: Noordhoff, Groningen

    Google Scholar 

  4. Koslowski WM: Modular Function Spaces. Dekker, New York; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Razani A, Nabizadeh E, Mohamadi MB, Pour SH: Fixed points of nonlinear and asymptotic contraction in the modular spaces. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2007., 2007: Article ID 40575

    Google Scholar 

  6. Khamsi MA:Quasi-contraction mappings in modular spaces without Δ 2 -condition. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2008., 2008: Article ID 916187

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kuaket K, Kumam P: Fixed points of asymptotic pointwise contractions in modular spaces. Appl. Math. Lett. 2011, 24: 1795–1798. 10.1016/j.aml.2011.04.035

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Wang X, Chen Y, Chen R: Fixed points of asymptotic pointwise nonexpansive mappings in modular spaces. J. Appl. Math. 2012., 2012: Article ID 319394

    Google Scholar 

  9. Arandelovic ID: On a fixed point theorem of Kirk. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 2005, 301(2):384–385. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2004.07.031

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Edelstein M: On fixed and periodic points under contractive mappings. J. Lond. Math. Soc. 1962, 37(1):74–79.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  11. Ciric LB: A generalization of Banach’s contraction principle. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 1974, 45(2):267–273.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Rakotch E: A note on contractive mappings. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 1962, 13(3):459–465. 10.1090/S0002-9939-1962-0148046-1

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  13. Reich S: Fixed points of contractive functions. Boll. Unione Mat. Ital. 1972, 5(4):26–42.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kirk WA: Contraction mappings and extensions. In Handbook of Metric Fixed Point Theory. Edited by: Kirk WA, Sims B. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht; 2001:1–34.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Boyd DW, Wong JSW: On nonlinear contractions. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 1969, 20(2):458–464. 10.1090/S0002-9939-1969-0239559-9

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. Singh SP, Meade BA: On common fixed point theorem. Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 1977, 16: 49–53. 10.1017/S000497270002298X

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the NSFC Grant No. 11071279.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rudong Chen.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

RC was introduce and design the question, proof of theorem by XW, RC finally to revise, finalized, submit it to journal.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chen, R., Wang, X. Fixed point of nonlinear contractions in modular spaces. J Inequal Appl 2013, 399 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-399

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2013-399

Keywords